 Welcome to the session. Today's topic of the discussion is the introduction and the parameter selection for the transducers. So my name is Ajit Subhash Suryanshi. I'm working as an assistant professor in Walsh Institute of the Technology in Electronics and Telecommunication Department. So what is the outcome of the today's session? At the end of the session, students will be able to select the appropriate transducers, which is suitable for the particular applications to measure the different physical parameters. So before proceed further into the session, what should the knowledge you possess before? That is the knowledge. You should have a knowledge of the different material and its electrical property, at least. Not a mechanical property, but its electrical properties. So different materials, for example, semiconductors, metals, and insulators. These are the different materials. And it's different types of the material and its electrical property. You should have knowledge of it. And second one is you should have the knowledge of the electrical circuit analysis, which is at the basic level. So transducers. So what does it mean by the transducer? Well, a transducer is a device which is used to convert one form of energy into another form of energy. So if you take an example of an electrical transducer, so electrical transducer converts mostly the physical parameters into the electrical parameters. So that is the electrical transducers. And mechanical transducer is a transducer which converts the one form of the physical energy. For example, a pressure force load into another form of the mechanical energy. So that is the mechanical transducers. So transducer is basically a converting device, converting one form of energy into another form of the energy. So if you see the transducer, you can have a transducer. You can use the transducer in the two sections. First section is the sensing element. And second section is the transduction element. So in the first section, in the sensing element, it will sense the physical parameters. And transduction elements actually the converts that whatever is the physical quantity which is measured by the sensing elements into the appropriate electrical quantity if it is an electrical transducer. So nowadays, electrical transducers are used because electrical transducers are versatile in a sense that the electrical quantity which is measured, which you can store in a memory by converting that electrical signal into the digital one. So this about the transducer, let us discuss about the types of the transducers. So which are the different types of the transducers? So first classification which is based on whether it is required energy source or not. So if it requires energy source, then it is a passive transducer. And if it doesn't require any energy source, it is active transducers. So in the active transducer, you can have an example of in solar cells, piezoelectric crystals. And in the passive transducer, if you have an example of an thermistors, so these are the examples of the classification which is based on whether the energy source is required or not. So active and passive transducers. So second classification which is based on the working principle. So whether it is working principle based on the magnetic, electromagnetic, a thermal, and mechanical. So if it is a thermal, if it is a mechanical transducer, it is using the mechanical principle to convert one form of energy into another form. The example is the albedoity. Second is the thermal transducer. In the thermal transducer, there is a thermistor which is using a temperature to convert into the equivalent electrical quantity. Third one is the magnetic transducer. That is a pickup cells. And it is using the magnetic property of the material to convert it into the equivalent electrical quantity. And the last one is the electromagnetic transducer, for example, solar cell. So these are the classification based on the working principle. Some more classification which is based on the measuring quantity. So if it measuring quantity is the pressure, it is a pressure transducer. If it measuring quantity is the temperature, it will be the temperature transducer. And there are different other two types of the transducers which are used. So displacement and one more is the flow transducers. So pressure transducer example, you can use the board and tubes. And in the temperature transducer, you can use the example of a thermistor, thermocouples. These are the examples you can listen to. These are in the different types of the physical quantity is to be measured. And more classification which is based on the transduction principle. So transduction principle is the capacitive, inductive. And one more is the inductive, resistives. And one more is the photovoltaic. So in the resistive transducer, you can have examples of thermistors in which the temperature change will change in the resistance. And in inductive transducer, you can have a list of, you can example as LVDT, that is linear variable differential transformer. And in the photovoltaic, you can have an example of a solar cell. So my question to you, can you list the example or application where the resistive transducers are used? So I have given you the examples of the, one more, one examples of the resistive transducer in the previous slides is that thermistor. Can you give more examples of that? Think about it, write it on the paper, pause this video. So transducer parameters. So which are the different transducer parameters? Is a ruggedness, linearity, repeatability, and the dynamic response. And last one is the high stability and reliability. So what is the ruggedness? Ruggedness means the transducer can work in harsh physical environment. So it can work in the high temperature also, high pressure also, so that is the ruggedness. Linearity means there is a linear relation between the input physical quantity and output electrical quantity if it is electrical transducer. So there is transducer which you are selecting for the particular application or particular project. It should be the linear. That is one more important parameters of the transducers. Repeatability, repeatability means that whatever is the measurement done today, same measurement is you can expect in the tomorrow and day after tomorrow. So that is the repeatability. And what does it mean by the dynamic responses, dynamic responses means if the input to the transducer is changing rapidly or it is changing, it is also produced a reliable output. And last one is it should have a high stability. So a large input cannot make a transducer unstable and it should be the reliable. So these are the different parameters of the transducers. So which are the different transducer selection factors? So first one is the operating principles. So if you are choosing the transducer for the particular application, so first one important is the operating principle. So on what operating principle it is operating. So there are different operating principles, inductive, resistive, piezoelectric, capacitive. So based on that, you have to select the particular transducer. For example, if your project is on the temperature measurement, so you can use the temperature transducer for your selection. So this is one of the selection parameters. Second one is the range of the operations. So range of the operation means your transducer should operate in the wide range. So again, take an example of a temperature transducer. So if you select the particular temperature transducer, it should have a wide temperature range. Means if you are working in the commercial environment, in the commercial environment, it has a different temperature range and it is different for the different geographical location. So if the temperature range for the temperature transducer should be high. So range of the operation for the particular transducer should be the high. Next one is the sensitivity. Sensitivity means how your transducer is sensitive to a small input. So if the input is very small in that case, whether it will be the produce measurable output or not. So sensitivity is one of the important parameter for the selection of the transducer. So for selecting the transducer for the particular application, you show your transducer should be the sensitive. So one more is the accuracy and error. It should produce a low error and it should be the accurate one. Next one is the loading effect. If you are connecting display unit to a particular transducer, that means if you again take an example of a temperature transducer in the temperature transducer, if you are displaying that temperature on the display unit, but that is LED LCD. So that loading effect you have to take into the picture. Compatibility is one of the selection parameters. And last one is the behavior towards the unwanted signals, means that it should have a high noise rejection capacity. Which are the applications of the transducers, electromagnetic, electromechanical. So electrochemical and electroacoustic electrostatics. And the last one is the thermoelectric. So in the electromagnetic, if you want to give the example that is solar cell is one of the best example. And electrochemical, if you give the examples of the electrochemicals in that you have a pH meters. So these are the wide domains. So these are the wide domains in which the transducers are used. So these are the applications. And these are the references for the transducer basics. Thank you.