 Carbon nanotubes, CNTs, have been used to strengthen polymers, providing numerous opportunities for the development of new materials with high strength and high modulus. Processing factors such as maintaining intact CNT structure, uniform dispersion of CNT within the polymer matrix, effective filler matrix interfacial interactions, and orientation of polymer chains slash CNT all contribute to the superior properties of the resulting composite fibers. Current state-of-the-art processing techniques for producing high-performance polymers slash CNT composites are reviewed, along with future needs for material by design approaches. This article was authored by Marilyn L. Minus, Hung Lee, Naveed Tajadid, and others.