 My name is Ian Wright. I'm director of Ilray's research theme on people's livestock and the environment. Today there's been lots of discussions on what we call the impact pathway. How do we get research products and research outputs through to actually having an impact on the lives of millions, tens of millions of people who live in these dryland areas. There's been a very rich discussion and many good ideas as to how we achieve that. I've just been part of a discussion about how we work with development organisations. And development partners. And how can research influence that development agenda to reach these millions of people who depend on drylands. My name is Peter Thorne. I'm a livestock scientist from the UK. I've been with Ilray for six months now. My main interests are in the area of crop livestock integration. So we're really in this workshop trying to get to the level of what are the desirable developmental outcomes from this programme. And what research outputs will contribute to those outcomes. As we move into the more marginal areas, issues of risk, vulnerability, resilience become much more important. We have to tread much more carefully in intensifying those kind of systems. It's not us as researchers who bear the risk. It's the farmers or the pastoralists who are engaged in them. We have quite a lot of responsibility there. Farmers are risk averse wherever they are. If they have a vulnerable livelihood to any extent, then they have to be risk averse. And if we produce technologies that don't account for that, then we run into this long-standing problem of lack of adoption. There's no point in us doing the research if it can't be adopted. And that's why we want to tie research outputs into developmental outcomes. My name is Jonathan Davis, and I work for IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, responsible for the Global Drylands programme. Well, I think this whole meeting has been quite interesting in that it's brought all these different disciplines together, which is what's necessary. It resonates with what I'm trying to work on, which is ecosystem scale planning. If you want to protect ecosystems as the basis of life, as the basis of food or whatever welfare, then you can't approach them from different sectors. You have to treat them as one thing, one entity, and figure out how to manage them as such. And people don't deal well in that sort of complexity, especially when you add people and livelihoods and economies into the mix. It's far too complex for people to handle. They need much of the simple things to deal with. So, I'm thinking this meeting might actually take us towards that and develop some sort of way, not just to have tools or research, but actually people that can think across all the different systems at the necessary scale. My name is John Linham. I've been working in small older agriculture here in East Africa for the last 23 years. One of the challenges and opportunities of these new CRPs. It really is how does research better integrate into the development process. I think we have been a little too sort of separate in the past. And that necessarily is going to involve partnerships. You can't work with everybody, so there's going to have to be some whittling down to those partnership arrangements that actually work. But that's one of the opportunities of these new CRPs. My name is Florence Ogogo. I'm the chief executive of Africa Harvest. And my contribution is thinking the whole value chain. Because adoption of technology does not depend on one thing. It depends on the farmer being able to see first have information. I think information is abstractly about the technology. The next thing we want to do is, can I find those improved breeds of cows or seeds or whatever it is? Can I find that? Where do I find it? The next information we want to have is ergonomic information. How to feed it to get value. About the foliage, about care, about health care, about vaccination. Whatever that information. Whether it's an animal, if it's a crops which I'm used to, we call it good ergonomic practice. Water management, soil fertility, pest control. And then most important, the market. First market, very important, is the home market. Can I drink the milk? Can I eat at home? And then the surplus so I can generate income. So the issue of adoption is one very personal with me because I'm working on the uptake of technology, small-holder farmers. And we realize there's not one thing. You have to think of the whole value chain. I'd begin to think how to move barriers at the bottlenecks in the value chain. We need to take the research which is producing good value goods. And then move it to the farmers. But to do it, we need partnerships that can make it work. My name is Waikri Fuwenda. I work for the National Smallholder Farmers Station of Manawi. There are several factors that I have seen that make this technology not adopt. One of which is most of them, they come as a project. Maybe three a project. But we are looking at a technology that for the farmers to appreciate, maybe they appreciate it in the fourth year after the project has already passed out. Iss number two, small-holder farmers in Manawi, like in other countries in Africa, the land quality side is small, on average one hectare. From that one, a small-holder farmer is supposed to produce enough to eat and at the same time to have money to send the children to school and to hospital. And if a technology like integration of petracell trees comes in, it means the crop yield will be affected because there will be competition on factors of production. In that case, it means the farmer is losing. There can be some innovation. As the farmer is losing, maybe the one who is pushing for a technology can compensate for that loss until the project is over. So, the key drivers of adoption by the small-holder farmers are the principles of extension, or a gas extension, which are the farmer want to see, the farmer want to hear, and the farmer also want to touch.