 Great. Well, ladies and gentlemen, it gives me great pleasure to introduce our last speaker for genetic genealogy Ireland 14. And Gerard Corcoran is the regional director for ISOG, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy in Ireland. He's done great work being an advocate for genetic genealogy with the Irish government and has made various presentations to departmental ministers, some of whom we're going to meet on Monday in the Dall. So he is a wonderful representative for our community here in Ireland. And it gives me great pleasure to introduce you to him. Introduce him to you, even. He is a member of ISOG, the Genealogical Society of Ireland and the Global Diaspora Forum. For his day job, he's a senior solutions manager for Huawei technologies, internet and telecommunications industry. And he is indeed a genetic genealogy evangelist. So it gives me great pleasure to welcome Gerard Corcoran. Thank you, Morris. I believe we're running a little bit late, so I don't want you all late for your dinner. So I'll go through some of the slides quickly, leave a little bit of time for discussion afterwards. So the topic I'll be addressing, a quick overview of operating in ISOG here in Ireland. Comparison of the direct consumer testing, the different value propositions have, the main focus will be on migrations. Migrations both into Ireland in ancient times and then out of Ireland in more recent times. A look at where bioinformatics is because this is a big issue with us now. We have a lot of data being generated. So how do we analyze this data? Next-generating sequencing, connecting our Global Diaspora. We'll have a look at two case studies and then a few concluding remarks. All of this information is online on my Pinterest board. I've got about 6,000 research topics up there or links to direct research papers which are used in this analysis. So you can get back to the original research papers by just clicking on the link on the Pinterest board. There are over 100 boards up there. The first 50 are mainly dealing with the background historical context, historical linguistic archaeological context. And the following 50 ones are more technical in nature and it tends to be a lot of mapping results, geographic locations, actual analysis of the SNPs themselves, frequency of SNPs in Ireland. So the first part is historical in context, the second part is a bit more technical and a bit more orientated DNA. So what have we been doing in Ireland? Of course, thanks to Morris, we have this very successful genetic genealogy Ireland last year. And again, growing from strength to strength this year, an amazing lineup of speakers. We also do several lectures around Ireland. I did some in Trinity College and the National Library. In some of the universities, talk to the testing companies, usually clan gatherings and things like that. Morris has been up to Northern Ireland. We both did one in the Berh Historical Society at Berh Vintage Week this year. And Tyrone has also done several talks around Ireland. We have also been involved in Ireland reaching out, which is a community-led bottom-up effort to reach out to our diaspora. And that is organised in every parish in Ireland. Ultimately, I think they will organise in 3,600 parishes in Ireland to have volunteers from each parish. I started a DNA project there where we would look to identify the most local person in the parish and offer them a kit to test. And that was done with the 23Me company at Climb. There was also, of course, we heard from Dr Welsey yesterday, the Genographic Project in Ireland, which they tested 100 people including Artishek and the Kenny. We saw endless results yesterday. Not typical of the Irish profile, because 66% of people in Ireland would typically have a Gaelic type of sort of genetic signature. The Mayo Project was fascinating in that they found a very, very high percentage of M222, the highest in the country. They found 32 additional markers below M222, which gives a lot, a lot more detail. They found a lot of diversity in the types of M22 markers, which would indicate that it's a very old location for this particular marker. And it would also maybe indicate that it could have originated there, but there's not a lot of debate about that. And, of course, we're here today about the People of the Brischilds Project. This is a fascinating project. I think the first time today I saw that level of detail in the People of the Brischilds. And this will help enormously in future matching and doing ancestry analysis for people. We're also tracking, I'm also a member of the Irish DNA Atlas. I've submitted my own sample there. And hopefully, I think last account today had 150 samples, so they probably need an awful lot more. And I understand that results may take another year or two for the results of that project come out. And Tyrone talked about his analysis, which was based on the Irish origins and Scottish origins, which we saw earlier today. And, of course, last year was the year of the gathering where the government organized localities, villages, lands, people, families to invite people back. I organized one of my own gatherings and I did some DNA lectures at some of the other gatherings which were going on last year. So, I've actually tested with all of the main testing companies. We talk about the Big Four. And the Big Four are FT DNA, 23andMe, Genographic and Ancestry, of course. And, of course, there are two others, which is Ireland's Britain's DNA and Full Genomes, which is a very small company, but they do very high density tests for white chromosome testing. And this is basically an overview of what they do. They do paternal maternal, autosominal. 23andMe is the only one that has health, but they've run in trouble with the FDA with that. So, they've had to suspend the health analysis. They still provide the health markers. And then there's a whole new series of tests called the pre-NGS tests and post-NGS tests. So, NGS is Next Generation Sequencing. Basically, it's not a predefined chip where you're looking for specific markers, but it scans across the entire genome and it picks up any new markers, which may be unique to yourself. So, it's a very, very powerful evolution in the technology. And two companies that, at the moment, are FTDNA with Big Y and NGS with Y-Elites, it's called, or it's called Y-Full sometimes. This is an example of my own particular results. So, the very first test in 2005 was the Genome 1.0, and we're back here at the 10269. And that would have been, that was the 12 market tests. And we were talking about the original studies which were done, for example, the Bradley and the McEvoy studies, were done using this type of technology, or generally from 12 to 17 markets. But then Genome brought out the Geno 2.0, which had 150,000 ancestry-informative markers available. And that brought us down to this level here, in my case down to the F21, which we think was somewhere between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The FTDNA had their STO markers, 23 in me, although they sampled a million SNPs, this was mainly for medical or health-informative reasons. And their ancestry, particularly the paternal side, was quite weak. And it's still based on the 2010 ISUB tree. And then we get into Britain's DNA is here. And again, that brings me down to about the F21. And then suddenly this year everything changes. We have the SNP tsunami, as it's called, where a deluge of data. And we get the big Y and the FGC test. And this one shows the coverage of FGC. And this one here shows the coverage of big Y in this case. So these SNPs here will bring it down to pretty much the last 100, 150 years. So I generally use accounts of 100 years per SNP. Some other people use somewhere between 100 and 150 years per SNP. And this one here is one of my matches on the big Y. It's called Rowan. And we can pinpoint where that match probably occurred before names were actually adopted. We think it's the 6th century. And there are lots of circumstantial reasons to assume the connection between the name Rowan and the name Corcoran has a similar origin and a similar geographic origin also. So that's quick analysis of the different types of tests. The good news is that for the, we're talking about Y tests here, is that it brings us down into the historical and the genealogical period. And as Dr. Wells mentioned yesterday, 2013 was the year of the inflection. It took those 10 years to get to 1 million people tested. And then 2014 an additional 1 million people. And most likely for next year it'll be an additional 1 million people if not more. So we are really on the upward curve in terms of numbers of people tested. And this is good news because it means more matches. It means a lot more data to do analytics. 2014, the major was the year of the SNP tsunami. In 2005 we had about, I think it was 60 branches on the phylogenetic tree. And then gradually it increased over time. And then suddenly because of the NGS testing it took off here. So last year we had 4,000 branches on the tree. This year we had over 14,000 branches on the tree. And this is only a tiny part of the newly discovered SNPs, which have been discovered in the last year. And this year we had 4,000 branches on the tree. So the team in ISOG, Alice and Ferhors is very, very busy. They have very strict criteria for getting SNP on to a branch. It has to be double tested, you have to have at least two people. It has to be Sanger sequenced as well. So you have an additional quality check. And we will expect that to, actually there wouldn't be enough space on the chart to show that particular graph. So the message is that we are at a period of inflection, a very, very high rate of change, which is very good for genetic genealogists because we have more data. The bad news is how do we analyze that data? And I will just show, because I have tested with all of these, what my particular results were, so we are actually doing an apples to apples comparison. Ancestry, the main strong point about ancestry, of course, is that so many trees online. They have 50 million trees, 5 billion profiles online and so on and so on and so forth. The unfortunate thing is that they withdrawn from the Y testing business so far. They did have a Y test and now they have withdrawn from that. They do have a good autosominal test. And I was very surprised to hear today that they have been integrating the people under Bershiles data. In discussion. Well, in discussion. So that's an interesting scoop I would say. Yeah. So for my autosomal test, it shows that basically it pinpoints me to the aisles, basically. And I know from my Y marker also, the DF-21, it's very much an aisles space. And FTD, they have the broadest range of tests from Y, MTD and A. So FTD and A have the broadest range of products from Y, MTD and A, autosominal. Now the big Y. And the latest news from last week's conference is that they will have a deep plate, a new deep plate test so that if you're thinking about M222, they will offer, I don't know, up to 50 SNPs below M222, all for an average price, I think, of $1 or $2 per SNP. Whereas today, the Alikark price of a SNP is about $39. So it will be a big difference. And they also provide certificates, which the other companies generally don't provide, and these can be framed and hung on your wall along with your glitter. Great. Thank you. And in terms of the M222 test, I think it will be a big improvement in quality. Better. Great. Thank you. And in terms of SNPs, they provide SNP match, so no surprise. Mine are mainly located on the aisles here and also where some of my ancestors, diaspora where they emigrated to the states, they tended to settle in these locations here. And my ancestry, similar to the ancestry.com one, slightly to the east. I don't necessarily agree with that. It doesn't correspond to my known ancestry. So I think for once the ancestry product got it better. And if you like better accuracy. And of course, they have a never increasing number of tests. The really strong point about the FTD and a value proposition is the project organization system, the surname projects, the SNP projects, the marker projects, the geographic projects and all of the help that the citizen scientists and the volunteers provide for those. Genographic was of course the first to start at this industry going in 2005 with Geno 1.0. We heard from Dr. Wells yesterday. They have Geno 2.0. They got my maternal line H1C1 and DF21 correct. And it brought it down to a pretty good level. But as we know with the next generation test, it goes about 60 levels below that. So I understand that Morris asked a question yesterday and I understand they're preparing a Geno 3.0, which would be a more advanced chip. And these are the types of migration maps to give. Pretty much all of these migration maps are the same. They show Adam or Eve coming out of Africa about 200,000 years ago, crossing into Siberia, going into your Asian continent, and then coming back west into Europe, maybe going over to Siberia, maybe going up the river networks into Europe. And 23andMe, again, they had a lot of problems with the FDA last year and they've had to back away from the healthcare analysis for their ancestry. DNA relatives, one is pretty good. And here I see I have 800 matches and four cousins, second cousins and close. And this is the type of analysis they give. Very, very good mapping results, very good maps of where my matches are. And also a list of names available on both sides. And it also gives an ancestry component, so nearly 100% Northern European. Then Britain's DNA is slightly different. They have a much smaller database. They also use a different naming convention. They don't use the ISOG tree naming convention. So it can be a bit confusing comparing like with like. And I would say it's about equivalent to the Geno 2.0. In my case, it found the same amount of data. It positioned me at DF-21, it positioned me at H1C1 for maternal. And this is the type of analysis they provide. I like this particular one which is a frequency table of all of the particular help of groups which you match. And this is the same for MTDNA. So they're quite good in the graphics department and probably do a little bit nicer analysis than some of the other companies. They also do raw data analysis where you can get all of your individual SNPs which are positive for you. And finally, this is YFOL, which is a post-testing analysis of the FGC product. One interesting thing here is the SCR results. I got 444 SCRs, whereas on MTDNA the maximum is 111. And of course the main part of the product is the SNPs analysis. So I get the test 52,000 and I'm positive for 1,971. And about 60 novel SNPs below what I currently understood to be my terminals. So we have a quick look at migrations. Again, all of this stuff is online. Firstly, a lot of recommended books. There are about 100 recommended books in there which deal with the subject either from the leading authors kind of coach or Mallory or Gene Manko or anything which is relevant to the subject. It's listed in here. Also very interesting documentaries, for instance, on Cromwell or on the migration periods in Ireland. The Irish Ice Age, when Ireland was connected to Britain and Britain was connected via the other lands to Europe and people walked over the land bridges to populate country. The post-placial era, the Mesolithic period where we find all of the settlements up in Antrim or down on the Shannon or down in Kerry. Indo-European, because we are an Indo-European people, Celtic or Gaelic and English of course are Indo-European languages and what was the migration of the Indo-European people in Europe. The Neolithic Age, the invention of farming created a massive expansion in population and also in the phylogenetic tree. We can see that on the phylogenetic tree where the branches go from stubby little branches to big bushes. You can see by looking at the tree where the population explosions happen and we can see that it happened in Europe, which is the largest one, and that was R1B. We can see that it happened in China, I believe it's old, and that was related to the invention of agriculture in China and the expansion of the Han people and we can see it in Africa which later was with the Bantu people and the expansion of the Bantu people and that's how the group E. And Irish Bronze Age period which was sort of a golden age. This was when many of the migrations into the country happened. The Celtic migrations, so on and so forth now sort of DNA and then into the Iron Age, early Christian period. There was a period when there was a lot of monastic movement in Ireland, sort of Golden Age in Ireland with the construction of monasteries and writing and manuscripts and that was exported to the European continent, particularly down the Rhine Valley and there are many monastic settlements which are still present. I visited about 50 of them in Germany last year. A medieval period. There was a period when we have relatively rich written genealogies. We have a huge corpus of ancient genealogies which were written down and some of them of course are suspect, some are real so we have to determine which parts of them are fake and which parts of them are real. And that's a big challenge but it's also a big opportunity. Of course we had the Viking migrations from the 8th century onwards. The Irish Norman migrations from the 12th century onwards. The Anglo-Saxon migrations which originally came from Britain and then later in the Tudor Elizabethan from the 19th century. Later in the Tudor Elizabethan, Cromelian, Williamite periods moved into Ireland. Migrations out. People left the country after the Battle of Ocrum or the Battle of the Boine or the Siege of Limerick. There was a flight of the Earls. Very large numbers of people went out and joined the European regiments. These were called the wild geese and in particular interests of mine is the wine geese and these were the people who joined the European armies who were awarded estates in Bordeaux for their service and now probably 20th of the great chateau of Bordeaux have Irish names on them like Vinc Bage or Kirwin or O'Brien. O'Brien is actually O'Brien and there are many other chateaux like that. The Irish-Scottish migration is very important. This happened earlier than the great famine migrations from Ireland. It was the so-called Scots-Irish migrations to the US. We also had the Huguenot and Palatines came in during the 17th and 18th century and of course the 18th century was the Georgian period 19th century Victorian period which also coincided with the great famine in Ireland and the aspirate in the US which actually resulted from those migrations out. Many of them joined Irish regiments in the US including some of my DNA matches and they joined the Civil War. Maybe they went over impoverished. They were signed up to the Civil War. They were on the winning side. They were granted lands by Lincoln or his successor and they settled down as farmers up in Minnesota and that was a particular case for mine and some of course made good like the Kennedys and there were many other success stories after several generations. After that I go into more of mapping of all of these results and then detailed analysis of the simps. Look at my particular defining markers which would be representative I think of 66% of Irish people 66% of us have the L21 marker which is sometimes called the Italo-Celtic marker and if you go back far enough you come to O1B but there is a very important one which is not our O1B which is G and this corresponded to the early Neolithic or the expansion of agriculture out of Anatolia along the Mediterranean with Cardium Ware and so Otzi the Iceman who was sampled for his DNA he turns out to be G so he's representative of this initial movement out of Anatolia and the closest match to Otzi today would be the people of Sardinia and that could have been responsible for the megalithic movement in Europe there is some discussion about that at the moment whether that represents the people who built megalithics particularly on the European western seaboard and also into Ireland. The most recent full genome sequencing studies and population migration is probably represented here basically the idea is that there are three main defining populations for Europe one 45,000 years ago which would have been the early hunter-gatherers and maybe you see traces of that in places like Goblepi, Tepe in Anatolia or some of the great places like that and that was the early population of Europe and I believe it would correspond to the marker I or J or some of those and later 7,000 years this is called the East European Farmers, EEF and that would correspond to the Neolithic Revolution and recently they discovered the third very important one and it was after testing the Altai boy in Siberia and this corresponds to a later period and a post-Neolithic period and it seems to be coming from Siberia through the steppes into Europe and of course these migrations were not like lemmings they weren't going in one direction they were back migrations they were so-called reflux migrations and so we had the hunter-gatherers and the third European farmers and then this ancient Eurasian mark if you look at the Y's so I did that previous one let's look at full genome autosomeral analysis now we look at the Y the most important marker in Europe is R OMB its highest percentage is in Europe its highest percentage in Europe is in Western Europe its highest percentage in Western Europe is in the Isles its highest percentage in the Isles is in Ireland its highest percentage in Ireland is in the West of Ireland now for this particular one R1A which is a subclade of R R1A corresponds to Eastern European or Slavic so most Slavic populations would have the R1A marker this is the R1B this is the Western European component of R and again the highest percentage is in Ireland and in the West of Ireland so if you like we contain a reflection I suppose of some of the oldest DNA of what populated Europe 2000, 3000, 4000 years ago and this one that corresponds to about 2005 and the level of testing of Y DNA markers in 2005 my marker told that I was M269 which was the classical Western European marker and my camera as I leave he showed this one where it originated either north or south of the Black Sea it developed into L23 around the Balkans and then later on a marker developed which was L51 which was closer to the Alps or the center of Europe and then that became L11 and then suddenly everything went crazy massive expansion and this we believe was associated with the age of metals or the invention of tools and chariots, horse-drawn chariots and so on and so forth and that expanded again into two major clades one was what we called the P312 which is called the Italo-Celtic marker and the other one was the Germanic marker which was U106 which is called the Germanic marker so effectively you have Western Europe divided between Celtic on the West and Germanic on the East and the most extreme expansions in all of R1B was under P312 under three main markers L21 which is the classic one for the Isles and in particular Ireland 66% of people in Ireland are L21 DF21, DF27 an extreme expansion in Iberia this is the brother played of L21 and further East was U152 and this was now under marker and we'll have a closer look at those again so we have a look at L23 this was the Balkans and we think this is where the Anatolian farmers met the Bronze Age warriors from the steppes and this was a melting we know that early Bronze Age and development happened here in the Tygo Valley and in particular in a place called Wevela or Rio Tinto which is still known for copper today as a mining company and the other great copper producing areas was in the Balkans and then after L23 we have L51 and this is if you wanted to pick the ideal place to populate Europe you'd probably pick this place it's at the head of all of the Great Rivers it's where all of the Great Rivers come together you have the Danube the Rhine the Loire all of the Great Rivers of Western Europe originate up there in the Alps and this is where this particular marker expanded P312 the Italo-Celtic one and you can see a very high percentage in Ireland but also strong along the Western European seaboard L21 this is the Irish one this is my marker this is the marker of 66% of Irish people very heavily concentrated in the Isles and Ireland DF27 this is the Iberian marker and it's the brother clade of L21 and we also find it mainly in Iberia but also up here interestingly the National Geographic did two projects one in Mayo and one in Asturias the Mayo results show the highest percentage of L21 in Ireland and that was mainly M222 the Asturias one showed a very high percentage of DF27 so again confirming what all of the academic papers have been telling us up to now what all of the the hobbyist testing data sets remember we have for our data sets for L21 we have about 12,000 samples available for analysis so it gives us very granular detail on where these have high frequencies so I just because we have this notion that there are Celtic lands around the western seaboard I said what would it look like to map L21 and DF27 together and you get something like that which is very much an Atlantic seaboard these are the traditional Celtic language countries here and these are these two markers and this is the European construct of the Arch Atlantic U152 is slightly different and this could correspond we think this is a Bronze Age Atlantic Europe type of migration whereas this one is definitely more of the historic what we know about the Celts and the Hallstatt Celts and the Tennic Celts and that would seem to correspond more to this particular marker which is U152 U106 as I mentioned is the German marker and it's related to these areas it also corresponds to the Anglo-Saxon marker so that when we saw the people of the British Isles earlier today all of that red that would correspond to basically the that particular marker and what could explain things there's an awful lot of discussion nothing has been settled everyone has their own opinion on this there's one particular author Jean Manco who tends to be quite up to date on the latest DNA sampling and also on the historical research and her opinion is that it corresponds to the Bellbecker movement we know that the original Bellbecker culture emerged out of Lisbon or the Iberia and then migrated east but then there was a reflux and also a reoccupation of this area and the DNA evidence is also telling us that there was this massive expansion of DF27 which was the most extreme expansion of all of the particular markers which we have and that this could correspond to an Atlantic Age type to a Bronze Age type settlement and Jean's particular idea on this is that the archaeological record is in the Warrior Stele which they have left a trail of them of these Warrior Stele from Sitia or the Kurgan area Yamna tribes right across through the Alpine area into Iberia around here John Koch is doing a lot of research transcribing all of these Stele and his latest theory is that this was original Celtic writing now and this is Tartesos these are the Tartesos Stele so there's a lot of research on going probably too early to make a call on it but certainly very very interesting developments this is a map I've put together myself based on what our understanding of those different markers are and where their frequencies are and we have this is the ancient marker which came from the east this is the European hunter-gatherers the East European farmers on the white side we have M269 L23, L51 and then everything focused around L11 the extreme expansion of P312 and then we go up into Ireland L21 high percentage of Brittany and then under L21 DF13 and all of the other markers under L21 like DF21 which is my own marker M222 which is the Nile of Nine Hostos marker a lot of research has been done by the archaeologists and the linguists working hand in hand for once with the geneticists and this works from Professor Koch and Conleith I think Dan Bradley has been involved in some of it but mainly it's the team from the ancient DNA subtly labs in Germany in Mainz and so on and so forth so we have a right in Ireland and eventually we start writing stuff down and I think people had folk memory of genealogy but then they also had real genealogy which they wrote down and these are documented and I've identified about 100 of them Bart Jasko wrote a very interesting book on medieval kinship and for each of these genealogies there are probably 50 to 100 names in them so we have 5,000 to 10,000 named individuals in ancient times that we can potentially map to so that's the big challenge and a lot of work it shouldn't be done by geneticists it should be done by historians but if this historians don't step up to it we'll have to do it ourselves anyhow so a quick look at the migrations into Ireland 8,000 BC early settlers Celtic they say 500 BC but it was probably earlier so if you look at proto-Celtic or pre-proto-Celtic or Bell beaker it's almost certainly earlier these are the Viking migrations with all the settlements on the east coast the Norman migrations and I think Dr Tyrone Bowles covered that earlier today with the building out of all the castles and there was expansion of the Normans and also retraction of the Normans when the Gaelic revival happened in medieval times Anglo-Irish around the pale and then the different plantations of the establishment of the Erldoms of Ormond and Desmond Wexford and we can see all of the genetic traces of these movements the English and Scots with the Ulcers Plantation the King's County and Queen's County Plantations and the Monster Plantations Gallaudlas, Huguenot, Palatine, Jewish, Spanish, European and then into modern times with the modern settlers in Ireland and as I mentioned earlier the L21 is the defining marker for Ireland it's 66% or excuse me if I just focus on this one for the rest of the analysis it corresponds to about 66% of people in Ireland we have the DF2049 it's a big one this is the Nile 29 Hostos M222 as part of that I'm in DF21 which corresponds to we say the three colors or Elyo, Carol or somewhere around the midlands Z235 I know Finbar is in the room so I'd better mention C4466 which is the monster marker and that corresponds to the O'Donoghuz and the O'Sullivan's and all of those great names of monster and Finbar is the project administrator along with Elizabeth and yes, some of that and if we plot these we can start to have a look at where we find the highest frequencies this is not the latest map I'll try to update the latest map but definitely DF49 that's the northwest Irish and that's a very high concentration in Mayo but also in Dunigal and Derry and we had several speakers talk about that earlier DF21 which is my one which is called concentrated midlands but many of the diaspora community testing probably emigrated from Galway and so that's been reflected in the frequency matches these are not exact scientific studies these are based on hobbyist testing we have 12,000 samples in the data sets so they're good representative samples but they are not bias free samples and that has to be remembered 4466 is a monster corresponds to the Solvents the O'Donoghuz many of the great names of monster DF253 this is the so-called L226 or the O'Brien one or Brian Rue or the Dalcash they say and what surprised us in analyzing all of this data is the amount of overlap with Scotland there is huge overlap especially between DF49 which some say is associated with the Dalrida with DF21 which is my marker also a very heavy Scottish overlap and we can see in the historical period the North Scales the Scots which are really the Dalrida or the Gales stand here with the pigs and the Norse and the Angles now there are many sources of Irish genealogy one of them I have at home it's a book about this size and five volumes with about 10,000 individuals named I believe and this was by the in the 17th century and it was translated by Professor Nolig Omarala and this is a great source for ancient genealogies unfortunately it's not digitized or indexed or scanned all of the original manuscripts have been digitized and they are available on the UCD site so you could link to the original manuscript for these and of course there are many users there are about 20 other great works like these like the annals of Volster all of the annals the O'Cleary book we had John Cleary speaking yesterday this is also very interesting the problem is they are all lying in libraries they haven't really been digitized I think it would be a great project to collaborate with the genealogical societies of Ireland or with the history departments of the various universities and make an effort to get these digitized indexes brought online so that we can then start the work of trying to map some of our studies I'll address those questions at the end and yeah they could be digitized index and put into jetcon format and this would be the idea we know how to do mapping of the surnames associated with the individual SNPs and then link them to the ancient genealogies maybe 50% of them are wrong 50% of them would prove to be fake or invented or fabricated maybe 50% of them are true so that's a major task to do a couple of years last year we were at this level here in the phylogenetic tree and this year we got all of these new branches and SNPs to investigate and this is only the top of the iceberg in terms of newly discovered SNPs there's a lot more need to be positioned on the phylogenetic tree so this gives us a very powerful tool in which to map onto the historic period named individuals in the historic period and this is how you do it you would map the terminal SNP to the ancient genealogy and this is a little bit so this is a little bit fanciful so excuse it my particular one is the Eli O'Carroll one here you could imagine doing a Sylvan Bear this is the O'Brien one the Conor O'Brien the chief of the clan and large inch quint he has tested with the latest CNGS test and we have his marker here and it corresponds to the L226 we also have in the case who everyone thought for a Brittany Norman family from whoever but in fact had this DF-41 marker and the Earl of who are the largest landowner in Scotland he has tested with the latest big white test and it's proven we have found that particular signature which identifies the the shirts we have the Dalrida the Conor, the Galabalas the Gaelic, the Canal Tunnel this is about ten I think we would be happy if we got about a hundred like this and we would have a good reasonable mapping of SNPs to genealogies so this is what's happened in the last year or so again the inflection these are only the markers which have been positioned on the phylogenetic tree but it tells the same story that this was the year of inflection and it's going to accelerate rather than increase this is a quick mapping of surnames to particular terminal SNPs and we see different names the Burns and the Morphys group the O'Sullivan's, the O'Donohue's the Inukta my particular favorite one is the Eli O'Carroll somewhere in there and so on and so forth the Maddens and the Kellys that's not surprising here and the UCC are doing some great work in terms of mapping doing very detailed townland level mapping to surnames so again this would be a great project to tie up with these people link our SNIP maps to the surname maps of Ireland and get an awful lot more analysis from that this is some of the maps I produced myself for my own surname and this goes down to townland level and we've solved many of our genealogical mysteries once you plot it in this format it becomes very very clear what were the historical reasons for families moving from A to B and from B to A etc and one very very interesting project is ancient DNA testing the churches, abbeys, museums, cathedrals private crypts in Ireland they contain the remains of very famous people with famous genealogies and there's one particular project which is the Earl's of Barrymore project Earl's of Barrymore they owned photo island and they're very wealthy family, Anglo-Norman family one of the descendants of the Barrymore he's a US professor they've obtained permission to sample the remains they're working with UCT genetics laboratory to do this project I think they're just finalizing their funding which is a very small amount of funding they only need a thousand euro or something and it's all the rest of it is volunteer work and that will be the first ancient DNA project in Ireland very very exciting and hopefully there will be many many others like it of course the famous one in the UK was King Richard the third one I would like to see happen is in Iona Abbey there are 50 plus kings of Scotland Ireland Norway all lying in unmarked graves from Kenneth Macalpine to Macbeth to Malcolm III all of their grave stones have eroded over time so we don't know who's who so at least in respect to them it would be nice to identify them and give them proper markers in the area and it would certainly solve an awful lot of DNA puzzles that we have so what's going to happen I think Brad talked a little bit about what will happen in the future so the evolution of genomics is much faster than the evolution of Moore's law so the cost of genome sequencing is going down very quickly and this is the economics of DNA sequencing so the cost is dropping twice by a factor of two per year the sequencing side is becoming commoditized so the real bottleneck now is in informatics in analytics and things like that there's new technology which is coming the DNA sequencer for full DNA sequencing is a room full of machines very large machines and the latest technology produces nanopore which is the size of a memory stick here right and these are very portable they are not yet ready for market they are used by researchers to cost researchers about a thousand dollars today but they will sequence a full genome with very long read length unfortunately the error rates are quite high at the moment but for genealogy purposes the human genome project ten years ago the first genome was sequenced to cost 3.7 billion dollars it took ten years today it can be done full genome for medical research can be done for a thousand dollars it takes a couple of hours the ROI produced by the human genome project that means the industry that we are to and all of the companies it has spawned has generated about 968 billion of additional value both in terms of agriculture in healthcare and so on and so forth so the very large ROI the ROI was 140,000% my focus for next year in year 2015 will be in big data and analytics I've been accepted into the IBM Watson program and Watson is the largest supercomputer in the world which has been used for genomics medical research up to now very effectively and they are opening it up to a beta testing program for sort of citizen scientists so working on that we also have a very interesting group in Ireland which is all of the universities or many of the universities combined about 200 PhDs dedicated to big data analytics so we will be looking at applying some of that knowledge today one more thing we are finalizing the National Diaspora Center a decision will be made shortly either be in Deliri or in the center of Dublin and we are waiting for a result that regardless of where it's going to be we will be supporting them and we will be advocating that they have DNA testing there a couple of cases today these are just people I have matched on my DNA these are corkons of Minnesota related to me seven generations ago I invited them back last year 20 people we are all best friends now they are such a good of Irish heritage and this was another one it was related to my maternal side they immigrated to Australia they ended up in San Francisco they became the biggest architect in San Francisco he built about 800 notable buildings and we matched with his great great great granddaughter and now we are best friends so that's basically a quick overview of some of the migration wow Robert Robb you have taken us from prehistory up to modern times in the space of an hour so thanks very much Jared it is getting late but if there are any questions we might have time for one or two questions or two comments we have one here at the back just to say that perhaps the most interesting from your point of view is that Bart Gyasi has put a lot of the 12th century genealogies upon PDF files and they are available as transcripts but the point I would make is that there is an editing process going on just like all your other disciplines what goes up what's in the books is the processing of that and it's not dispassionate data but at least it is a transcript which may be of use the other thing which I'll talk tomorrow about some of the bibliography the www.ucc.ie kelts website it doesn't have much on genealogy it has all the animals up and you can do a control find on those so you can find people if you go to that website that's the best collection it's wonderful thank you very much indeed thanks Kathy good luck we'll talk soon take care and any other comments before we have a lady down here at the front I've been looking forward to this all day I've done my father's YDNA I'm feeling quite frustrated and I'm feeling even more isolated having listened to this and what I had long suspected was the Celtic or the Irish yes L21 yeah L21 were L23 from the middle of Ireland and I don't really know he is L23 L23 and we thought that it's quite unusual I had a 12 mark a 12 marker match with a man from County Galway we thought that we might be part of the HT35 grouping but that proved false because we tested negative 4 Z2103 now again I know you've mentioned that these SNP tests are becoming cheaper and cheaper unfortunately they can actually mount up if you're if you keep having to do them so I was recommended to do P312 but you're saying that quite a large percentage of Irish people are P312 anyway so should I skip that and go further down the line you could take the Geno 2.0 which would get you down to below L21 like you are several layers above it at the moment and that's one option the main thing is to join a project a surname project and ask the administrator because they will compare you with all of the other models in that particular project and they will recommend further I tend to end up in the ungroup section all right but it's also good to be an unusual one because it could be very interesting for research this could be the key piece of information which would indicate where a particular population was at a particular time the missing links there is some good news as well because previously you'd have to do a sequencing test like the big Y which costs $500 $495 in the sale $695 normally but the good news that they announced last week in Houston is that Family Tree DNA are actually taking just the OR SNPs the SNPs associated with the OR haplogroup and they are going to do a deep played OR test and that means that it will be substantially less expensive and the actual SNPs will work out it's something between $1 and $1.50 instead of $309 you will get about 100 SNPs so it will still be about $100 to do the test but it's substantially less than the $695 it had to pay for the big Y and it does mean that you get all the SNPs under your specific major haplogroup itself rather than all the other ones that you're not interested in so that will be a way forward if you join to the haplogroup project for L23 write it and always keep in touch with the project admins and they will recommend that I do next and they will give you very very good advice on that so it's worthwhile checking in with them from time to time because it's a fast moving field if you wrote to them six months ago write to them again and say any news, any advice on what I should do now any other yes Brian, at the back let me give you the microphone it's only my very quick realistic check because I'm an L21DF21 and all of my family of course lived in North East Norfolk you just need to be careful we get so biased on the Irish thing here because there's so many people in America desperate to do whatever whatever and it's again something across the UK that big red lot that they're sitting there to yes, I agree but my maps were only of Ireland that was my particular interest I should do maps of the Isles of course the next version will be I think because Ireland and England were connected such a long time ago we need a new name really for this kind of landmass on the edge of Europe and I was thinking the Hibernian Peninsula some people said Duggarland Duggarland yes, it doesn't have the same ring to it really but listen that brings us to the end of a wonderful three day genetic genealogy Ireland 2014 I really have to thank Family Tree DNA for sponsoring the speakers area and sponsoring the conference for sponsoring the stands downstairs and allowing us enthusiasts from ISOG to come and really just bring genetic genealogy to everybody but not only that but to have speakers the calibre of Gerard and Michelle and all the other speakers that were here coming and sharing their own wisdom and expertise and offering new opportunities for collaboration between different disciplines so I think it's been an absolute wonderful three days I've enjoyed it immensely myself I've had the wonderful opportunity of staying here the whole time and listening to everything so I consider myself very lucky but I would also like to thank all of you especially for some of you who have actually stayed here for all of the lectures if we'd known that we would have got you arm chairs so thank you very very much for coming and thank you to Michelle, to Gerard and to all the speakers it's almost worth mentioning that there's about 200 collected we sold 200 DNA kits about 2 hours twice as many well done thank you everybody this is all let's thank Morris as well when she speaks she listens