 Welcome. I welcome you all to this course Sandhi in Panini and Grammar and we are studying the Ach Sandhi or the Vavel Sandhi. We said that the Vavel Sandhi can be classified under two heads Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Dhristhanika Ekadesha. First we started studying the first type namely Ekasthanika Ekadesha. We said that there are two instances of this type of Sandhi. The first one is Yan Sandhi and the second one is A Yava Yava Sandhi. And then the second type which is Dhristhanika Dhristika Ekadesha has got five instances. Guna Sandhi, Vraddhi Sandhi, Pararupa Sandhi, Savarna Dirgha Sandhi and Purva Rupa Sandhi. This second broad classification and the five instances we shall study later on. Right now we are focusing on Ekasthanika Ekadesha and we selected the first instance namely the Yan Sandhi. The diagrammatic representation of Ekasthanika Ekadesha is of this kind. The Ach Sandhi stated in the Sutras from 6172 up to 6183 describes this type of Sandhi, Ekasthanika Ekadesha. If you have A followed by B immediately which means that A and B are in close proximity which means that A and B are in the Samhita mode. A gets substituted by C Ekasthanika Ekadesha. A is the Sthanika, C is the Aadesha. A is the substitute and C is the substitute. B is the right hand side environment. Remember although in this diagram only the substitute, substitute and relation is shown. The output of this would be C plus B. B remains unchanged untouched. Only C is the changed element. So, this is the input A plus B and the output is C plus B. C which is one substitute it comes in place of one substitute event. And the example that we are looking at is Yan Sandhi. So far we studied the Sutra, Iko Yanachi 6177 which explains Yan Sandhi. Then we looked at the expanded meaning of this Sutra when we also introduced the Udeshya Vidhayabhava and we also introduced the Sutra Anudit Savaranasiya Cha Pratyayaha previously. Then we started looking at individual examples of Yan Sandhi. We have already looked at examples where E and U are substituted by year and were respectively. Iko Yanachi consists of Ik as the substitute and Yan as the substitute. And we have seen E and U being the substitutes and year and were being the substitutes in the environment of ach that is vowels. What remains are two more vowels Ruh and Lu which are the substitutes and Ruh and Lu are the substitutes. In this lecture we shall study examples, individual examples where Yan is substituted in place of Ruh. Rukarasthanika Yanadesha, Rukarasthanika Yanadesha. Yan substitute coming in place of Ruh, Ruh being the substitute and Yan being the substitute. So the input in this case would be Ruh, vowel Ruh with 12 varieties rasva and dirhah plus ach. 132 vowels in all minus 54 plutavavals 78 minus 12 rasva and dirhah rukaras. So we have 66 vowels as the right hand side environment. So we have the output in the form of Ruh plus ach. And so we have the right hand environment total vowels 132 minus 54 that is 54 plutavavals minus 12 rasva and dirhah rukaras. So we have 66 vowels as the right hand side environment. Now let us look at the individual examples. The first one is Ruh followed by Ruh as the input and 6177 applies and Ruh is substituted by Ruh. And we have already seen in the initial meaning where the principle of correspondence designated Ruh as the substitute in place of Ruh. After we apply the Uddhish Vidhayabhava, the place of articulation serves as the criterion to select Ruh as the substitute in place of Ruh. Now here are the examples. So we have Dhatru plus Anga. Now these two words are put in square brackets indicating that this is a compound. With the assumption that the vowel Ruh cannot occur at the end of a padha generally. And therefore it has to be part of a compound where it occurs at the end of a padha. So Dhatru plus Anga. Dhatru is Brahmadeva. Anga is the limb. This is a compound. Now in this case Ruh is immediately followed by Ur. Of course this is a compound Samasa. So Samhita is Nitya, Mandatory. And so you have to do the Samhita. This is the Samhita mode. And therefore the 6177 eco-energy applies and Ruh is substituted by Ruh. So we have Dhatru plus Anga as the output. We join it together and we get the word Dhatrang as the compound. Now we said that this Ur which acts as the right hand side environment also stands for its own homogeneous sounds. So we have another example. Dhatru plus Abha. The Luster. Luster of Brahmadeva. So here also once again we have the similar situation because this is a compound. Samhita is Mandatory. When these two words are uttered in the Samhita mode eco-energy applies and substitutes this Ruh vowel by Ruh. And so we have Dhatru plus Abha as the output. And so we get Dhatrabha as the finally derived form. Just as Ruh is the substituent because of the introduction of the Udeshya Vidhayabhava and Anudit Sabharanasiya Chaapratya Jaha we also stated that Ruh can stand for its own homogeneous sounds. And so we have examples where Kruh where Ruh long is also the substituent. Generally we won't find Ruh long coming at the end of the padha. Once again here and in the previous illustration Ruh at the end of a padha meaning Ruh at the end of a Tinganta or Subanta padha. And therefore we have examples once again of compounds where Subantas are the input but without the sup suffixes. I mean the sup suffixes are deleted and then we get Kruh plus Anta. So Anta is the end some element at the end of which comes Kruh. So here we have long Ruh followed by Ruh in the Samhita mode which then becomes an output in the form of Kruh plus Anta. And so we get the Sandhi and we get the form Kranta. Similarly Kruh plus Ruh. So suppose you want to describe the word Kruh. This is a verbal root stated in the dhatupata. And suppose you have to describe it and you have to use the instrumental singular of Kruh. What would you do? You would add the suffix R to it and then obviously the Sandhi eco-energy will take place and you will have Kruh plus R Kruh as the form. As is shown on the right hand side. Then we have the next set of examples where you have Ruh as the substituent and E as the right hand side environment. And in this environment Ruh gets substituted by Ruh. And here are the examples. Once again all of them they are that of R of the compound. So Dhatru plus Ishta and you have the Samasa therefore Samhita mandatory and you have Ruh coming in close contact with E. So Ruh gets substituted by Ruh and so you have Dhatra plus Ishta and so you get the form Dhatrishta something desired by the Brahmadev. Then we have long E in the form of Isha at the initial position and so we have Dhatru plus Isha the master of Brahmadeva. And once again in the Samhita mode 6177 applies and Dhatru plus Isha being the input. The output is Dhatra plus Isha and so you get Dhatrisha as the finally derived form. Then we have long Ruh as the sthani or the substituent and so we have Kruh followed by Iti. Iti is the quotitive marker Kruh plus Iti and once again 6177 applies and we get Kruh Iti and Kriti. Similarly Kruh and Isha and once again 6177 applies and you get Kruh and Isha and Krisha the master of Kruh the verbal root. Then we have examples of Ruh plus U where Ruh is the sthani or the substituent and U being the right hand side environment and then 6177 applies and Ruh is substituted by Ruh. Dhatru plus Utha being the krdant form of the verbal root Vey to Veev something that is woven. So Dhatru plus Utha something that is woven by the Brahmadeva. This is once again a compound and so Samhita is mandatory and so we have Ruh followed by U in the Samhita mode and Ruh is substituted by Ruh. So we have Dhatru plus Utha as input 6177 applies eco-energy applies and so you get the output in the form of Dhatru plus Utha. So you get Dhatruta. Now U also stands for its own homogeneous sounds. So we have a long vowel U acting as the environment. So we have Dhatru plus Urja and we have once again a compound and so there is Samhita which is obligatory. So you have Ruh followed by U in the Samhita mode. So 6177 eco-energy applies and then the output is Dhatru plus Urja. So you get Dhatru Urja. Then you have Long Ruh also as the substitute and Stani and so you have Kruh plus Uchara and Ruh and U are in Samhita mode. This is a compound and so you have 6177 eco-energy applying and the output generated is Kruh plus Uchara Krutchara. Then Kruh plus Uth and once again you have Krut that is the output. Ruh followed by U and in the Samhita mode and so Ruh is substituted by Ruh and so Kruh plus Uth being the output. Krut. How about Ruh plus Ruh? We must note that 6177 is not applicable here. Our Thika statement Ruhluvaranayur Mithasavarniyam Vachyam states that the vowels Ruh and Ruh are to be considered homogeneous with each other and so this will become the scope of 6111 and the output would be when this is the situation where Ruh is closely followed by Ruh in the Samhita mode, the output would be the Savarnadirga and this Savarnadirga would be the long Ruh. So we go to Ruh plus A now. Once again we have the case ending here Dhatru plus A. This is the Chaturthi Ekavachana and you have Dhatru plus A in the Samhita mode. So 6177, Ecoenergy Applying and Ruh is substituted by Ruh and so you have Dhatru plus A and the resultant form is Dhatre for the Brahmadeva. Similarly, Kruh and its native singular form would be Kruh plus A and Ruh and A both of them are in the Samhita mode. So Ruh gets substituted by Ruh and so we get the form Kruh plus A Kray. Then we have Ruh plus O being the input in the Samhita mode and 6177 Ecoenergy Applies and Ruh is substituted by Ruh and so we have Ruh plus O as the output. So you have Dhatru plus Ojas, the strength of Brahmadeva and Ruh and O they are in close proximity in the Samhita mode because this is a compound and Samhita is obligatory in the compound and so you have Dhatru plus Ojas as the input and the output is Dhatre plus Ojas. So Dhatrojas, this is your finally derived form, Dhatrojas. Then you have the genitive dual, Shashti Dvivachana of Kruh, long Ruh and once again you have Ruh and O in close proximity in the Samhita mode. So 6177 Ecoenergy Applies and we have the output Kruh plus Ojas, Kruhs. Then next we have Ruh plus I as the input in the Samhita mode, 6177 Applying and Ruh is substituted by Ruh so the output is Ruh plus I. So you have Dhatru plus Ikem, once again a compound unity with Brahmadeva. In this case because of the Samhasa, the compound Samhita is Nitya obligatory and so we have the Samhita mode and so Ruh plus I is the input, 6177 applies and the output is Dhatra plus Ikem, Dhatra Ikem. Similarly we have Kruh plus Ikem and so we have once again the compound and Samhita mode and so therefore we have 6177 Applying and Kruh plus Ike is the input and the output is Kruh plus Ike, Krike. Then we have Ruh followed by O as the input and 6177 Ecoenergy Applies and Ruh plus O is the output. Once again we have the compound Dhatru plus Oshadha and because this is a Samhasa, Samhita is Nitya obligatory and so Ruh and O they are in close proximity in the Samhita mode and so Ruh gets substituted by Ruh and so we have Dhatra Oshadha as the resultant form. Then we have Kruh long Ruh plus Au Pammya a compound and Ruh and Au are in close proximity Samhita mode so Ruh gets substituted by Ruh and so we have Kruh plus Au Pammya, Kruh Pammya. These are the examples where Vavil Ruh comes into close proximity in the Samhita mode with Ach and then Ruh gets substituted by Ruh. Now, we move to the last Vavil which is part of Ick and we say that this is now Lukara Sthanika Yan Adesha. This is what we shall study now, Lukara Sthanika Yan Adesha. So, Lukara is the Sthani or the substitute and Yan is the Adesha, the substitute. The input is Lu, only 6 short varieties plus Ach which is 132 minus 54 Plutha that is 78 minus 6 varieties of Lu and that is 72 varieties. The right hand side environment consists of total Vavil's 132 minus 54 Plutha minus 6 Rasva Lukaras. So, you have 72 Vavil's as the right hand side environment and in this case when you have this environment the output is Lu the consonant Lu followed by the 72 Vavil's. Let us now study each case in detail with the examples. So, here we have Lu plus a as the input, 6177 applying and Lu plus a is the output. We do not have words ending in Lu, padas ending in Lu. Therefore, we have some artificial examples. So, in the Panini Adhatupatha, the verbal root Gamma meaning to go is stated with the Anuvandha Lu, Gamlu. We take that as the element that is to be referred to. So, Gamlu is a verbal root but then when we are referring to it, we do the Anukarana of it. Imitate it and this imitation now refers to the word as the meaning and therefore now this Anukarana Gamlu becomes the Pratipadika and then it is eligible that soup can be added after it and so it becomes an input for a Samasa or compound and then once it is compounded with several other words, we generate examples. The first example shown on this slide is Gamlu plus Anga. Anga is a technical term in the Ashtadhyay and when we have a compound Gamlu plus Anga and because this is a compound or a Samasa. So, Samhita is Nitya obligatory, mandatory and so Lu and a they are in the Samhita mode in close proximity. So, Lu gets substituted by Lu and so Gamlu plus Anga is the input, 6177 eco-energy applies and Gamlu plus Anga is the output and so we get Gamlu as the output. Similarly, you have Gamlu plus Adesha and here once again something similar happens and you have Lu and a coming in close proximity in the Samhita mode and Lu gets substituted by Lu and so you have Gamlu plus Adesha and so Gamla Adesha. This is the resultant form Gamla Adesha. Then you have Lu plus E as the input eco-energy 6177 applies and the output is Lu plus E. So, you have Gamlu plus Ithi where Lu and E are in the Samhita mode eco-energy applies and the output generated is Gamla plus Ithi Gamlithi. Similarly, you have Gamlu plus Esha the master of Gamlu and so you have eco-energy applying and Lu is substituted by Lu. So, you have Gamla plus Esha and Gamli Esha as the resultant output. Then we have Lu followed by Lu as the input eco-energy 6177 applies and Lu plus Lu is the output. So, we have Gamlu plus Uchara once again a compound a Samasa. So, Samhita is Nitya so Lu plus Lu they are in the Samhita mode. So, 6177 eco-energy applies and the output is Gamla plus Uchara Gamlithi. Similarly, Gamlu plus Urja and so you have 6177 applying because the conditions are fulfilled and so the output generated is Gamla plus Urja Gamlu Urja. How about Lu plus Lu? 6177 is not applicable here. A Varthika namely Rullu Varanayur Mithasabharanyam Vacham states that the vowels Lu and Lu are to be considered homogeneous with each other. So, this becomes the scope of a 61101 Akasabharanyadir Gaha and so the output would be the Savarna-Dirgha namely long Ruh. Remember, Lu does not have a long variety. Now, this example will be studied when we study the Savarna-Dirgha Sandhi later on. Right now, we can then move ahead and see the example where Lu plus A is the input in the Samhita mode and then 6177 eco-energy applies and the output is Lu plus A. So, we have Gamlu plus A and Gamlu is once again the Anukarana of the verbal root Gamlu. So, it becomes a Prathipadika and now we are generating the native singular Chaturthi Ekavachana of Gamlu and so we have Gamlu plus A, 6177 applies and the output is Gamla plus A and so we get Gamla. Then we have Lu plus O as the input. Eco-energy 6177 applies and the output is Lu plus O. So, now we are deriving the sixth case dual 6 slash 2 or the Shashti Dvivachana. So, Gamlu plus O because of the Anukarana, Gamlu becomes a Prathipadika and so it gets O after it and so because this is Ekapadha and we have Samhita obligatory inside one padha. So, now Lu is followed by O, they are in Samhita mode. So, Lu will be substituted by Lu and we get the output Gamla plus O after having eco-energy applied. So, Gamlu, that is the resultant form. Then we have Lu followed by I and 6177 applies and the output is Lu followed by I. So, we have Gamlu plus I here, the compound where Lu and I are in the Samhita mode. So, 6177 eco-energy applies and the output is Gamla plus I here, Gamla I here. And finally, Lu plus O is the input, 6177 applies and the output is Lu plus O. Gamlu plus O, a compound and therefore Samhita is mandatory, and so 6177 applies and now the output is Gamla plus O, in this way we studied examples in this lecture where Vavel's Lu and Lu are the substituents. In the right hand side environment of any Vavel and Ra and Le are the substitutes respectively. In this way we have studied examples, individual examples where I, Lu, Lu and Lu, these are the substituents in the environment of their respective Vavels. Now, we study some more aspects, also features related to Atth Sandhi or Vavel Sandhi and those features are stated on this slide. The question is, can the substitute as is stated on so many slides, can the substitute be considered same as the substituent? Is there a sthanivadbhava possible? If yes, how? What would be the statement? And most importantly by application of which sutra? Similarly, we would study how Yand Sandhi becomes an input to the Swara Sutra, Accent Sutras. And are there any gaps in the description of Yand Sandhi in the Astadhyayi of Paanimi, which are filled in, which are removed by the later commentators. It is these aspects that we shall study in the next lecture. Thank you for your attention.