 Thank you, Anna. Thank you very much for remaining here or coming here. Je meurci l'agence française de développement pour l'invitation. I practice all day for that. And the work that I'm going to present to you is it was elaborated with all of my colleagues at the research center where I work. It was a collaboration with Monique Orozco, Melanie Marchant, and Roberto Vélez, and it's a work that we are still working on. And it's the relationship of social mobility, care policies, social protection, and we are looking for a new approach to sustainability. What is the contract? No worries. Well, the Spinoza Iglesias Research Center where I work, one of the main questions of our research is how is the social mobility in Mexico? And since 2006, when it was founded the center, we know that Mexico is a country of, sorry, of low social mobility. And what we have found through the years is that there are circumstances beyond the control of the persons. And this is, that are decisive for this low social mobility and it's being born at the bottom of the social ladder with basically means they were born in poor households, born in regions or states at south of the country, and I'll explain you quickly how does that work. Mexico is a quite big country. And the north, which is the frontier with the United States, is basically an economy which is an industrial economy. And at the south it's basically an agricultural economy. And being a woman. And there are reasons that explain the barriers to social mobility. One of them is the high inequality of opportunity that in part we have the opportunity to hear about with Chico Ferreira presentation yesterday. And what we may want to say about this, the high inequality of opportunity is that those persons who were born in households with not the best conditions or with a lot of lags add all those disadvantages, accumulate disadvantages, not only at the beginning of their lives but through their whole life. And this is compared with those who were born in better conditions. The other one is the limitation of economic growth that accompanies lack of social infrastructure and profitable investment in human capital. What does that mean basically is the negative relationship between the economic inequality and the economic growth. And this is a graph that, as far as I remember, we confound in UNDP informed that it was very illustrative about this. And the duality of the labor market. The absence of social protection mechanism and the lack of formal care schemes. And I'll explain you a little bit about this. In Mexico, the social security is a benefit that you have because of the conditions of your work. What does that mean that the population who has an occupation may or may not even those who have social benefits? Because it could be because they are the kind of contracts that they have, maybe, do not cover that part. They are informal for one hand. And this is a quite complicated situation because social security, it's not only about health. It's about a lot of benefits. For example, a pension at the end of the labor life. Also, the access to care centers for children. And the access to credit for households. So this is a very complicated situation. And we think about that it's not that you have to be occupied. And then you have to have another restriction to have social security. It puts more complications to have the access to these benefits. And just to put you at an example of how this is a big problem in Mexico for the population who is occupied, 56% do not have access to a social security institution. So this is a problem. Why a national care system? And why we think at the Spinoza Iglesia Research Center that this could be an engine for social mobility. Thanks to the National Employment Service in Mexico, we have information about women that why are the reasons that they are not working in a remunerated job? Because we know that women work at households. No, they have a lot of work in households. And when the responses of that question for seven to ten women who are not working in a remunerated job is because they do not have someone to take care of their children or their elders. So it's not that they do not want to go to work. It's just they cannot go to get a remunerated job. So what we think? We think that the absence of a national care system then increases inequality of opportunity in Mexico and then limits social mobility. Then this affects those who give and those who receive care. Why? Because it limits the opportunities for the persons who cannot go to work. And then it limits the possibility to receive the appropriate care for those who have the need to receive it. And the other thing that we know is the highest cost is concentrated on getting women to society assigned roles. What does this mean? Because we do not have a... Households do not have access to care centers. They organize inside the household about the care. And what we know is mainly women are assigned to take the third task of the households. And this reflects in a non-remunerated work. And this reflects also in that at the end of a certain age of their life they do not have access to a pension. They do not have access to benefits. And they are not working. They are not working a remunerated job that offers them those benefits. And another thing is that for those who do this job in a remunerated way those who are... Those who take care of the household tasks at the households what we know is 94% of them are women. And another scandalous figure about this is that of those women that in Mexico are around 2 million of women who are dedicated to these services of care in Mexico only 2% are affiliated to a social security institution. So it's like snowball. I don't know how to tell you. Okay. Let's see. In this diagram we try to illustrate what is the point of not having a national care system and the barriers of social mobility. And then I'm sorry for the color of the squares because you cannot see but it affects some caregivers and care recipients. It's the green one. And not having that is the situation that we are now in Mexico. We have high social cost. Many of them I have talked to you about them. For those who require care in children is the inequality of development that we know for many references in the literature that the development of skills at very early years are quite not of important with this situation. And for those who require special care, I don't know, persons with disabilities seek other persons that if they don't have the required care that they need, it's particularly important. And for the caregivers that what we know is that they limit the opportunities but also the overload of the work. And I think we all live during pandemics when we remain those who could remain at our households. The amount of task at the households, we know that we have to work in our regular jobs and then we have to do all the task of the household, no. And that's what we mean about the overload of work. And for those that as I explained you a minute ago, the precariousness, sorry, for domestic and care, not the conditions that they have, the bad job conditions they have. One that we are exploring and we are working but we know for other literature that happens is characters, those who are related with the violence of women. Now, for example, as a very physical discipline of violence discipline, for example, for the children. And as a whole and not minor is the deterioration of well-being, social economic, the environment, and the loss of opportunity of growth. What we think at the research center is that having a national care system could bring us a lot of opportunities for development, for the caregivers, giving them the opportunity to choice for different fields, for the educational, for the labor, social, and political, mainly for women. We have better opportunities for those who work in the care economy and the increase of well-being and social mobility. And what we are working now is considering the environment because sometimes we forget that we live in a society that it sounds quite obvious but it's not that obvious. Unfortunately, we forget that what happened to us affected others. And what happened to some place or some territory affected other territories. And we need to put the care of these conditions into the impact of caring and the impact of good living. And what we have to think and we have to change about our perspective is to consider the interdependence through the environment, through the social system, through the economic system, and the impact on all the cycles in the life. Why is it important to consider sustainability? Thank you. Approach. Well, mainly because the environment is related to the sources available to the people. No, what happens if we finish, I don't know something when the people depends on agricultural fields or something like that. They do not have jobs. And they, well, has an impact of their well-being. And from a perspective, feminist economics, that it's this way of thinking, put the care in the center because without the care in the center is the best alternative to reproduce and sustain life. And not only in humans, but in social and ecological terms. And that allows the creation of admissible conditions for all the people. And let me show you what we are exploring and what we have been working. This is what Chico presented yesterday, a little bit. We replicated this work, and we base also in the work of Montroy Gomez-Franco and Miles Korak. They applied for Mexico. And we have several variables. What we consider like the achieve variable, the Independent variable, the social income of the Individuals. And as those variables explain us that, we consider The socio-economic level of the parents because as we are Working on child mobility, we have information of the Parents of our population. The color of the skin, we have the region neighborhood Characteristics, human allocation, the sex of the Persons. If they have a speaker indigenous language, the Region, as I told you, it has an impact on the Condition of the persons. A variable that we denominated social protection. That is, if the parents of our interviewers had social Mobility, had social mobility, sorry, had a pension, Access to a pension. And if in the location where our interviewers live, they Have access to care centers. And a variable that we have been exploring, that it's The waste management centers, these recycling centers, if The people have access in their locations to that. And what we, more than evaluating or consider, what is The size of inequality of the, at least, and in this Approaches the minimum bound. And what we are exploring is the weight of each of the Conditions. And what we have for all of our population, these two Variables that are the care, social protection, and The waste management centers have an impact of 20%. But it is all these fifth five bars, sorry, that i Show in this slide, it's by the conditions, the quintiles of Origin of the population. And what we see is for those who are in the bottom of the Distribution, these two variables have a highest impact. Even more that the socio-economic level of the Community. Which is, it's important, but it's quite important. And i show you this, it's another way that we measure Social mobility in the centers that throw these mobility Matrixes. And what i'm showing you here is those who are Origin in the first group, in the first quintile. And those who are, has origin in the fifth quintile. And the disposable of waste manager centers in their Locations. What we have here is just like, of course, we're still Exploring this. What we have is those who are in the first quintile These waste management centers, 60%, for those who were Born in the first group, are still in the first group. And those with management centers, it's 28%. No, and as we, as i told you, it's quite complicated to Arrive to the fifth quintile, but it's a little bit bigger That gives us, it's telling of something. No, the fifth group, it's mainly a comparison. No, for those who have access to these waste management Centers are 58%, which is a figure that it's quite Similar. And that's the last slide. What we work is that recognizing that societies require care Considering the environment is fundamental. A national care system is very important to have in Mexico for women. And a broad perspective of care implies not only Careing of people, but also for the environment that affects Their well-being. And i thank you very much for your attention.