 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. So far we have been studying the features of the meta language of Panini which are extremely fundamental and helpful to understand both the text of Paninian grammar and thereby the system of Paninian grammar. We have studied three additional features of the meta language of Panini. The first one was the meaning of the word, the second one was the meaning of the cases and the third one was the technique of pratyahara. While dealing with the technique of pratyahara we were introduced to the concept of it or a marker. We said that this concept is very crucial, very basic, very fundamental to the meta language of Panini and shows the genius on the part of the grammarian Panini who cleverly utilized this marker system as a device to describe various kinds of linguistic phenomena through different kinds of grammatical operation. So we studied in detail the sutras defining ith. We saw that 1, 3, 2 defines vowels which are termed ith. Then from 1, 3, 3 onwards the consonants are termed ith. So 1, 3, 3 and 1, 3, 4 together describe those consonants which come at the final position in the initial enunciation which are termed ith. Then we looked at the next sutras Adir-yintu-dabaha and Shaptratya-yasir which talk about consonant shear and the cluster e2 and du which appear at the beginning at the initial position. So e2 and du they appear at the beginning of verbal roots and the entire cluster is termed ith. We also saw an exception where a particular cluster is not explicitly stated by Panini as ith. However he assumes it to be ith and uses ith in one of his sutras Iritova. Now we have to proceed further and look at the next sutras which assign the term ith to certain other consonants coming at the initial position of the Pratyayas. That is what we plan to do in this lecture. So the overall theme is markers in the meta language of Panini grammar and we are looking at consonant markers and these are the sutras which assign the term ith to consonants. And we have seen Halantyam and Navibhaktavutasmaha before these two sutras assign the term ith to consonants coming at the final position of the element stated in the Upadesha initial enunciation. Then we looked at these two sutras which assign the term ith to the consonants and this sutra gives the term ith to the cluster which appears in the initial position. This thread continues and let us look at the next two sutras which assign the technical term ith to certain kinds of consonants at the initial position. So the questions we asked earlier are these. The technical term ith is stated to which other consonants at other positions apart from the final position. Is it stated for the consonants which appear at the beginning of the elements? Is it also stated to vowel plus consonant or consonant plus vowel clusters? And we have already provided the answers and we will provide more answers in today's lecture to these questions. So let us look at the sutra chutu first. Chutu this is a remarkable sutra having only one word in it and we know how to complete the meaning of a particular sutra with the help of the words continued from the previous sutras. We have seen this before. Now in this sutra this is a unique position as we said earlier because there is only one word chutu which is in the first case 1 slash 2 of chutu short u chutu. Chutu is made up of two components chu and tu chu stands for consonants in the second row that is consonants of cha class namely cha cha ja ja nya and tu stands for consonants in the third row that is consonants of ta class namely ta ta da na that is the meaning of chutu and this is 1 2 of chutu chutu. The words continued in this sutra are upadeshe 7 slash 1 ith 1 slash 1 adihi 1 slash 1 and pratyayase 6 slash 1 put together all these words put together the meaning of the sutra can be written in the following manner upadeshe pratyayase adi chutu ithavstah. What this means is in the initial enunciation the cha class and the ta class consonants occurring at the beginning of a pratyayase are termed ith I repeat in the initial enunciation the cha class and two class consonants occurring at the beginning of a pratyayase are termed ith and then they are deleted by 1.3.9 tasya lopah and then the respective pratyayase is called chit having cha as ith or tit having ta as ith this chit and tit then triggers certain grammatical operations. So, let us take an example here we are forming the nominative plural 1 slash 3 of the word ending in r namely rama. So, we add jas suffix to it by 4 1 2 now in this jas this jah which appears at the beginning of a pratyayase this becomes ith by 1 3 7 chutu because jah as a consonant is part of this cha class cha ro and therefore this is termed ith and then by application of 1.3.9 this jah is deleted so what we have is a sir coming at the end of the pratyayase can get the term ith applying 1.3.3 but there is a negation we have studied 1.3.4 which prohibits this and it says that sir coming at the end of a vibhakti pratyayase should not be termed ith and that is why this is not termed as ith. So, us remains as it is then we join it together we get the form ramas then by application of 8.266 and 8.315 sir gets substituted by visarga these two dots and we get the final form ramaha. The question is what is the purpose of jah becoming ith and here the function of jah is to distinguish the 1 slash 3 suffix from the 2 slash 3 suffix which is stated as shahs that is the only difference. Both of them after removing the marker have this form which is common us now how do you distinguish between us in the position of 1 slash 3 and us in the position of 2 slash 3 so jah serves this function. So, both of them are stated as us and are distinguished by the respective markers jah and sure. Let us take one more example. Now we are looking at a consonant in the ith class getting the ith saudhnya or the term ith. The earlier example showed the term ith assigned to a consonant which appears in the ith class. Now we will study one example in which the term ith is assigned to a consonant that appears in the ith class. So, here is an example suffix touch stated by 5491 rajah sakibhyash touch the suffix is touch. So, in this case ith becomes ith by 137 because the suffix is touch and it appears at the initial position of the suffix. So, it becomes ith by 137 and then it gets deleted by 139 and similarly the final chur also becomes ith by 133. Remember this chur does not get the term ith because of chutu because this is in the final position. Chutu assigns the technical term ith to only that chur which appears in the beginning that is not the case here. So, chur will not get the term ith by this sutra it will get the term ith by 133 and then it will also be deleted by 139. So, let us let us look at the example the derivation process of a compound in which this suffix touch is added. So, we begin with mahan raja which is part of a sentence. It is not yet compound but then we write the same in the technical terms indicating that the process of compounding has begun. And so we write mahatsu rajansu in brackets and we add the suffix touch and we add another bracket at the end of touch to indicate that that whole unit is one unit one compound. Then as an internal processing we delete both the sues over here and so we get mahat rajan and touch. Then we apply 137 to term ith as ith and 133 to assign the term ith toucher and then we delete both of them by 139 and so we get ith. So, now we have mahat plus rajan plus ith. Then we apply 6346 and substitute this th by r and we get maharajan and ith. Then by application of 64144 we delete this an and then we get maharaj and a and we join these together and we get the word maharaja. This is a compound maharaja the great king. Now the suffix touch is used here and term of it at the beginning is marked as is assign the term ith. So, now after the derivation of the word maharaja when we have to add a feminine suffix to this a word the marker the namely the tith triggers the operation 4115 sutra and that sutra prescribes the suffix ngip in the sense of feminine which is later on discovered to be e long after the term ith is assigned to ng and per respectively. So, we have maharaja plus ngip because of tith and then maharaja plus e and then maharaja plus e and maharaji wife of the great king. So, because the word maharaja is derived with the suffix termed as tith 4115 gets triggered and adds the feminine suffix ngip and so we get the word maharaji. So, this is the explanation of chutu we have seen two examples where one consonant from chur class and one consonant from ter class occurring at the initial position of a suffix are termed ith and they are then deleted and then they trigger certain operations be it distinction between the suffixes or adding the feminine suffixes that is how the ith sounds function. Now, let us look at the last sutra in this section small section of ith from 132 to 138 the consonant section is 133 to 138 and this sutra is Lashakvatadhite and here there are two words in the sutra Lashakku one slash one and earthadhite seven slash one Lashakku is one slash one of Lashakku. So, what is Lashakku? Lashakku is l that is l consonant and sh that is consonant sh and ku that is consonants in the first row of k class which are k, k, g, g and ng these are all Lashakku and then we have earthadhite seven slash one here seventh case means the same thing as in the object language in. So, in a suffix different than the taddhite suffix that is the meaning of earthadhite the words continued in this sutra are upadeshe ith adihi and pratyayasya when we put all these words together along with the two words available to us from the sutra we get the following meaning which means the sounds l sh and ku consonants in the first row of k class namely k, k, g, and ng at the beginning of a suffix other than a taddhite is termed ith and are further deleted by 139 and then the respective pratyayas is called lith one which has l as ith shith one which has sh as ith and kith, kith and ngith etc. These sounds are used to describe the linguistic phenomena by triggering certain grammatical operations. The next question is what is a taddhite suffix when you say earthadhite and interpret it as other than taddhite suffix what is the taddhite suffix? So, a taddhite suffix is suffix which is stated from 4176 up to 54160. So, all the suffixes stated in this particular part of the ashtadhyay that is 4176 onwards up to 54160 all of them they are termed taddhite. This is stated by 4176 taddhite and we look at this more when we look at the types of sutras namely the adhikara sutra. These taddhite suffixes are mainly added to nominal roots and generally they form adjectives generally. Let us take the examples now of Lashakva taddhite. So, here we are gamma plus lith lit is stated by 33117 and then we apply the ith saudhnya to lith over here and lith is appearing at the initial position of the pratyaya and therefore 138 applies and lith becomes ith. Similarly, we apply 133 and tith is assigned the term ith and now we delete both of them what remains is u then u is substituted by ana by 711 and we join these together and we get the word gamma ana. So, gamma ana is derived from the verbal root gamma by the addition of the suffix lit. So, lit is not taddhite suffix the point to remember is that lit is not a taddhite suffix it is a suffix but not a taddhite suffix at the beginning of which appears l and therefore this sutra applies here and lith becomes ith and so this suffix is called lith lit and this lit triggers the accent operation 61193 we shall study this in a while but let us look at one more counter example. So, here is the word chuda the hair in a particular shape chuda which is getting suffix luch added to it by 5296. So, we have here chuda plus lith and this chud becomes ith because of 133 and is deleted because of 139 what to do with this lith shall we mark this lith by application of 138. So, you have to check whether this suffix is a taddhite suffix or not and if you look at the number of the sutra 5296 this exactly falls in the domain of taddhite suffix as per its definition stated earlier any suffix stated in between 4176 onwards up to 54160 is called taddhite and this is in that domain that is why this is called taddhite suffix and therefore now 138 will not apply over here and so lith will not be termed ith it will remain as it is that is why that is how the word is also seen in the object language language chuda lith that is one who possesses chuda. So, in this case lith is a taddhite suffix and hence 138 does not apply that is the point. So, here is one more example of shah now derivation of the form pathati here you have the root path to which we add the suffix t by 3478 and then another suffix come in between comes in between namely shah by 3168. Now in this shah shah which comes at the initial position is termed ith because of this sutra and per is termed ith by 133 and they both are deleted and you get the suffix ur over here. So, you have path plus ur plus t and you join everything together and you get the form pathati now here the point to be noted is shah is not a taddhite suffix and therefore this 138 applies over here and this shah is then called shift which triggers the operation 7384 in case of bhavati and so on. Let us look at the other example where we add the suffix shah to the word bahu by the sutra 5442 and we get then the word bahu shah many fold bahu shah. Now this shah is a taddhite suffix shah is a taddhite suffix because it falls in the domain of taddhitas defined earlier and so now 138 does not apply here and shah does not become ith. Bahu shah is how the word is used in the object language language as well. So, Lashakva taddhite does not apply here. Let us take the other example where a consonant from ker class is termed as ith and the example is this verbal root buddha and a suffix ker is added to it. So, buddha plus ker, ker now occurs at the initial position of this suffix. So, Lashakva taddhite will apply here and ker will get ith saudhnya and then it will be deleted and you will get ith and so you join them together and you get the word buddha which means one who knows. Now ker is not a taddhite suffix because it is stated in 3-1. So, it is not a taddhite suffix and therefore it gets ith saudhnya and then the entire suffix is called kith and it triggers the operation 115 which is the negation of oo becoming oo and therefore you get the form buddha. Similarly, look at the example kerna plus kan stated by 4365. So, ner here gets the term ith by 133. What about ker? Answer is no because kan is a taddhite suffix and therefore 138 does not apply and we will get the word kerna ker and the feminine form kerinika and ornament of ear. So, here once again we looked at an example in which ker occurring at the initial position is getting the term ith if it is not part of the taddhite suffix but it does not get the term ith if it is part of the taddhite suffix. So now if we summarize what we have seen so far we can say that 137 and 138 assign the term ith to consonant classes at the beginning of the suffix and 138 excludes a big set of suffixes called taddhita from this application that is very much clear from these two sutras. Now, let us look at the ever important sutra 139 tasya lopaha. So far we have studied the ith saudhnya from 132 to 138, 132 gives the ith saudhnya to a bobble from 133 to 138 these sutras give ith saudhnya to consonants. The first two at the final position and the remaining at the initial position of the element. Now, we have been saying that once a sound gets the ith saudhnya it gets deleted by 139. Let us look at what is the meaning of 139. Words continue only one word continues namely ith from 132 and it is it gets converted into the sixth case over here and then we get the meaning tasya itaha lopasha. The marker ith is substituted by deletion that is the marker ith is deleted this is a generic application and one which is performed right in the initial stages of derivation or immediately after introduction of the verbal item in the derivation. So, it does not require any condition or any environment to apply. So, it is called animittika. So, this deletion is done right at the beginning rightly so. So, ith sound gets deleted and leaves its own mark and then triggers various kinds of grammatical operations. We have also observed that an element may contain more than one ith sounds attached to it for example, touch triggering more than one grammatical operations. So, in touch ith triggered the operation of feminine suffix, chabut triggered the operation of accent and so on to summarize this discussion we can say that the term ith is very fundamental in understanding the meta language of Paninian grammar. This term is cleverly used to trigger various grammatical operations in the Paninian grammar. Deletion is also considered as a substitute in Paninian grammar. This is also called zero substitute and we shall study this further when we look at technical terms in the Paninian grammar. More discussion when we look at more technical terms in Paninian grammar. Now, before we end let us follow our practice. Let us read the Mangala Charana from one of the celebrated texts. Here it is Prakriya Prakashya, a commentary on the text called Prakriya Kavmudhi and the Mangala Charana is like this. And I repeat. And I repeat. And lastly, the recitation of the five sutras from the third chapter first pada, the initial five sutras are the following, Pratyayaha, Parashya, Adyudhattashya, Anudhattav Subhpitao, Guptichke Dhyasana. I repeat. Pratyayaha, Parashya, Adyudhattashya, Anudhattav Subhpitao, Guptichke Dhyasana. Thank you for your attention.