 My name is Kazewasa from Japan. My topic is actually a bit changed during the stick approach to the analysis of the characters and its current findings. Written here, it reads, Pellezu New Job. This means hello friends in sunny manuscript of which I will mention today. So Pellezu New Job. My presentation consists of three parts. First of all, I will talk about geolinguistic approach to the analysis of the characters and its results. The maps of the e-script will be shown when I will mention their practical use and their contribution to researching in manuscripts. Then one in manuscript preserved at the start bibliotech to Berlin will be introduced. According to my analysis, it has turned out to be a manuscript written in sunny. Finally, future perspectives will be referred to in summary. Today's presentation is actually based on my several previous works as shown. And one of them my e-book remarks maps of the e-script based on the smartest 100-wired list can be downloaded for you with charge. It must be superfluous, but let me just add introductory part of the languages of the ethnic group. The languages of the ethnic group belong to the local Burmese language group of the Tibetan Burmese language family. According to the official classification in China, there are six e-dialects, northern, eastern, southern, southeastern, western, and central. Four of these six dialects have been mentioned. Namely, northern, eastern, southern, and southeastern can be written with the e-script. And numerous manuscripts in those dialects have been written in it. The southeastern group of the dialects categorized thus by the official Chinese classification are placed as one language of central English by Bradley 2002 with the remaining three dialects of northern, eastern, and southern dialects being placed as northern English languages. In this presentation, however, for the reasons of expediency, I used the official Chinese classification because all the data that I used for the analysis of the use and varieties of the e-script were found in, only in Chinese publications, which used the official classification, of course. Furthermore, this work does not address the classification system, and here is a chart showing a dialect classification with or without the script. And besides correspondence between Chinese official classification and Bradley's, just as I have mentioned. And this is a map illustrating the areas with the e-script and dialect classification according to the previous chart. As we know, e-characters show a great diversity from a region to a region. They seem to have been logographic, but now in most of the areas where we can find them, they are in the process of a transition from a logographic to a syllabographic system. Interestingly enough, the e-script was not designed for mutual communication, but for confidentiality, as Dr. Waselewska points out in her previous works. It is an exclusive writing system to PIMOs, the religious leader among the people. In other words, e-characters are very, very personal. As the manuscripts have been written by PIMOs hand from one generation to another, many phonetic loans have occurred quite freely and countless paragraphs have appeared without restraints through ages. It will be carrying calls to New Cancel, but anyway, I mentioned this. As a result, there is a huge dialectal difference as seen in the maps of the e-script. Okay, let's move on to the section one, geolinguistic approach to the analysis of e-characters and its results. Why I started to draw maps of e-characters, the biggest reason is that I wanted, of course, and I expected to clarify as concretely as possible how e-characters have changed throughout history and to trace through which path they would have propagated. With a view to investigating these matters, mapping e-characters by meaning, similar to be promising. Now, let's have a look at several maps of e-characters and that results. This is the first example. This map demonstrates AB distribution. From this map, we can tell that distinctive paragraphs in red circle area may have occurred only in the Asian dialect region, in particular in Quechua area. Therefore, this character form can be regarded to be regional character in this Quechua area. On the other hand, Lutron region, Lutron area, a Lutron region which also belong to the same dialect as the red circle members in Quechua does not possess the identical form to those seen in Quechua as long as the data shows at the moment. So this fact also seems to support my idea that the form in question is regional character exclusively in Quechua. And this is a map which shows ABA distribution. In this kind of distribution, parapheric distribution A is thought to be older than central 1B, for example, if there is no big movement of people or if a feature of the A does not occur independently. Nevertheless, it is not possible to eliminate a strong possibility of phonetic loan coincidentally having happened in both areas, Shida and Lonlin. Just as seen now, one of the most frequent and remarkable phenomena in the e-script is a phonetic loan, Jiajie. This have happened with high frequency. In my maps, more than 20 possible cases have been identified. Let's have a look at the examples. This is a map of the characters, meaning many. And the characters seen in the area shaded in green are picked to graph that once meant a row. Therefore, the meaning right now, bear of many, must be a result of a phonetic loan. This is a map of the characters, meaning big. I mentioned like this, common character form is seen among those circled in red and the character in Luna shaded in red is supposed to be an paragraph of those. In Shida, the three characters circled in blue are considered to be phonetic loans due to their homonymity with E. They express water, for example, as well as big. Characters that are similar to them are used to indicate water where the e-script exists. As a result of the analysis of all the e-script maps based on the Swadis 100 word list, basic characters have been set. Here are the criteria for determining the basic characters. A given form is found in more than 75% of all representative points. A case where a continuum is recognized among characters. A case where at least a common feature is still obviously recognized. Here is a chart of the basic characters. From one to 20, then from 21 to 42, there are 42 basic characters in total. They are a tentative one, but anyway, I've set 42 basic characters after the moment. In this section, I will talk about the practical use of the basic characters. For example, in a case of determining provenance of e-manuscripts. For detecting provenance of e-manuscripts by utilizing the 42 basic e-characters. How does it work? Let's have a look. The procedure for detecting provenance of an e-manuscript is very simple. First of all, we eliminate the 42 basic characters. In other words, basically, we do not have to take them into intensive consideration. Of course, it depends, though. Then, the next step is to find out distinctive characters, including such paragraphs in each region, which can be found quite easily by the e-characters' maps, as we have just looked in the AV distribution map. Okay, we will have an example of this more in detail. Here, we have a manuscript in BIOLO as a typical case. BIOLO is be able to take Antonio Verster, DeLong's Oriental, now it has joined BULAC. I'm just giving you a brief introduction of this manuscript. I'm not mentioning the details, so if interested, please refer to my paper of the 51st ICSTL, which is available online. Okay, well, you let me state my conclusion first. This is a NISU manuscript of the Cezanne dialect. The most striking feature of this manuscript is the fact that this is a bilingual manuscript, and this is a very rare case among the e-manuscripts. The rightmost lines are translations in Chinese corresponding to NISU. The middle lines are transcriptions by Chinese characters of corresponding to NISU characters. And the leftmost lines are NISU sentences. So we will have a look at these characters and examine them. I skip the leftmost column because I have just mentioned this. Please just have a quick look by yourself, and let's go to the middle column. As stated in IWASA 2008, the e-language written in this manuscript is NISU. NISU belongs to Cezanne dialect, according to the official classification in China. Nevertheless, it used to be classified as edelester, namely the Eastern E, Nassu, in the inventory of VIULO. I hope it would have already been corrected. Then let's have a look at the last part. Each Chinese bilingual manuscript, which is hardly found both inside and outside China, except Huaiyi. This is not only partially translated in Chinese, but also transcribed by Chinese characters. This is the very first character of this manuscript. It's a character meaning sky by judging from its Chinese translation, as is obvious in the map. As is obvious in the map, an identical character is found in the Southern dialect area around Shippian. Although a similar one is also found around Lu Chuan of Eastern dialect. What its transcription more can indicate seems very similar to the actual data more as shown on the map. Now let's move on to the second example. This is the first character of the second sentence in the third line. In the map, identical or similar characters to this area found in Shippian and Shuanbei. Taken the transcription, Ming, and the actual pronunciation of this character in Shippian, Ming, into consideration, it is highly possible to say this character is typical in any way Southern dialect. And here's another character which seems to signify below. As the data shows, identical or similar characters are only found in the Southern dialect area around Shippian. The pronunciation suggested by Ke is similar to Ke of Southern dialect. The fourth and last example is this character. An identical or similar character to each is only found around Shippian of Southern dialect. What can indicate is similar to Ke or Ke of Southern dialect. The character signifying sky is written like this and pronounced Mu in Southern dialect whereas the identical character is pronounced as Xi and means to die or death in Eastern dialect as indicated in the inventory of B.I.U. a little before. Geolinguistic data also strongly suggests that the E language written in this manuscript should belong to Southern dialect or Nisu as other characters demonstrated in this presentation are also typically found in Southern dialect. Now I will introduce the case of a manuscript of a sunny preserved in Starts Bibliothèque to Berlin. In Starts Bibliothèque to Berlin, there are four E manuscripts. It is said that they are collection Francis Rock who is famous for his abandoned Tunasian collection. And three of them, their facsimile editions were already published in 1977 and 1980 by Klaus Janert. Unfortunately in these publications there are not a few mistakes which appear to have happened and the photographic work or restoration of them. For example, in every two pages we can find the wrong side of the page. Until I visited the Starts Bibliothèque to Berlin in 2015, I had believed that there must have been only three E manuscripts there. In reality, there was one more and this is sunny manuscript. Sunny is one some dialect of the Southeastern dialect of official classification in China. Sunny is spoken mainly in Shilin, the autonomous county of Yunnan province. It appears to have arrived at the library more recently than the other three because this manuscript is not included in the works of Janert in 1977 and 1980. Therefore it must have arrived in the library after 1980 at least. According to the inventory, it seems to have been registered in 1999. Before I researched it, nobody had mentioned it. This means that nobody had realized that it is written in sunny. Following my tentative provenance detecting procedure, I have found several typical characters in sunny from the manuscript. Here are some examples. The left one, Nga Nga, is a common form of a polar question in sunny. The middle one, Ma Nga, is a common negative form. Especially the character Nga is very typical in sunny. It has not been found in other areas as far as I know. The right example, R or R, is a common prefix of nouns or negative particle used among children. This is also very typical in this dialect and never found in other dialect. Here show the maps concerning the forms of to be and not to be. As far as I have found from all the data I referred to, we can see that the case of sunny is distinctive. No other areas possess the identical or even similar characters. This one and this one. Here is also significant additional information about this manuscript. Judging from the Chinese sentences written on the last two pages, this manuscript must have been written by a female living in a village called Weizhe Zwen in Guishan, Yunnan, China. Why? Because surname is appearing in these Chinese sentences. It's not found among sunny people, but Chinese. And the Chinese people with this surname lived only in Weizhe Zwen village. Here, that left picture is one page of this manuscript. Due to the copyright, this image is what I copied during my research in Berlin. Shape and size, length is 26 centimetre by width is 20 centimetre. Page is 36 pages and 40 sheets, bound with threads on the left side. And light beige rough paper. Sentences are basically written from left to right and from top to bottom. Characters are mostly written only on one side. There are 11 lines by 16 squares, about 1.5 centimetre or 1.5 centimetre on average. And these squares are divided into three columns. All lines are in red. The characters are written with a brush, mostly in Chinese black ink, but partially in red one. Written in pentaslavic regulated verse, Chinese sentences are also written on the last two pages. As Professor Bender mentions, likewise, prefixes are found only occasionally and are often more in the vein of a disclaimer of performance about the author's lack of knowledge than commentary on the content of the work. This manuscript also has such a preface with the author's seemingly modest statement or, more accurately, his request to readers for tolerating his fumble and the reason why he decided to write this work. Before stepping into examining the main part, I will demonstrate you when this manuscript was written. This is a very rare case asked to the e-manuscripts because the production date is normally not written on them. However, in this manuscript, there is description of the date of its production. This is mentioned in the very first sentence of this manuscript. According to it, it was written in 1934, it's Mingguo, 23rd year. As you can see here, an emperor does not exist. 23 year, the dog year. Umu, that means the emperor. Ma Zhuo doesn't exist. Nti shi kuo, that means 23 year. And the next line, lo, it's complete or full or filled or something like that. So already 23 years have passed or something like that meaning. And mu, to make, li is particle, normally expressing a topic. So it used like topic marker. And qi kuo, that means dog year. So an emperor doesn't exist. So that's why it means Mingguo. The second line says tiger months, the first month of the lunar year, 12th day, rabbit day on that day. Here we have a pangolin as well as rabbit. In Chinese astrology, they used to have not a rabbit but a pangolin. It is said that later they started to use a rabbit instead of a pangolin under the influence of Chinese astrology or custom. The second line still continues. And it says it seems that I cannot work. Khe ma ge, I can't do, I can't work. Kha zi vi, that means show or that's why or something like that. And in the third line, the meaning of its first half out is vague. So I dare not demonstrate it here but in the latter half as displayed here, I wish none, I think or I hope. I have something in mind, that means something like this. I wish readers may not sneer at me. That means prohibition. Ye la, that means sneer at or dried or jar or something like that. We can see that writers request to readers for tolerating his fumble. The fourth line is here. Actually, this sentence seems to continue. However, there is no following word. It says it has snowed, so that's why I cannot go to work. Vajra, it snows, kha, so that's why no mu zhi ma ge, I can't go to work. Kha zi, that's why or something like that. But there is no following word. And the line still continues and it says the person living here is 23 years old, then writes this or when the author is 23 years old, he writes this or something like that. So it's all that the person, normally it writes differently but here the person used anagrams, anagrams, actually phonetic loan, I think. And he is 23 years old, kha ku, ku that means to do, but here it means to write. Although I suggested that this manuscript should be literary work, the further investigation implies that it may be a sort of sutra which tells how to find a suitable place and build a middle house. To determine the content still require much more decipherment and investigation. There are many parts, pimos are not sure, this is partly due to the individuality of the characters in themselves undoubtedly, but also due to several instruments and vocabulary which are not used and known to sunny people anymore today. Now future perspective in the study of the manuscript where we mentioned for closing my talk. As seen in the last section while our technology advances and many other tools are abundant, we are losing countless commercial clues for interpreting the e-manuscripts. This means a great loss not only to e-people but also to all of us. Therefore, it is urgently needed to decipher as many manuscripts as possible. Professor Bender also mentioned this matter and we have to decipher as promptly as possible. Since most pimos are advanced aged and pessimistically very few successors to them. And it is inevitable to analyze written languages from all the linguistic perspectives. In order to qualify the historical changes of e-characters and possible route or possible routes for the propagation of the e-script, more data of e-characters from more regions are undoubtedly needed. It is profitable to continue geolinguistic approach to the analysis of e-characters. And here are bibliographies and dictionaries that I refer to. And thank you very much, Niku Wu. Yeah, so if you have any questions, please. Go ahead. Just think of geolinguistic or whatever question. So like, is there like some kind of center of the diffusion of a sense? I think like some kind of like things linked to e-snates, right? So like early years, there's like mhaw guh, there's things like that. That would be theoretically quite important in the scriptorial innovation or things like that. And in fact, like how often the allographic variation would be applicable from such a like quite a view to like cultural and political sentence from the region. It's not easy to answer this question because that depends on each case, actually. And I focus on the meaning. And along this meaning, I draw maps. So for example, I show you some A-B distribution. And there's A-B, A-B where suspicious is like in just a very technical. Because if we've got some strong clue or evidence, for example, if we've got some evidence to support This area is maybe much older than this one, but there is no such evidence. So we don't know which is earlier, which is older, but we can know anyway different allographs came up around here. And this is only here, because Lutri is also Eastern Dalmatian, but in the other area, this change isn't seen in the found. So if we can have some conclusion that this type of allograph is much older than this, we need some clue, but it's, you know, as long as the situation of e-characteries is very difficult. But maybe I can say that there might be some kind of a hint. It's, oh, maybe this one. Oh, this one, maybe. This is my talk at the 15th of ICSTL. I tried to find some continuum among the e-characteries. And, oh, for example, I just found some, the patterns of changes among the e-characteries. For example, you know, there is, mainstream is a simplification, but not such simpleness. But here, number one, you know, it's like square, and we got three strokes, right? But throughout history, some area, it changed to write, you know, just circle, or, you know, two strokes. You know, it's, I don't know how to say it in English, but anyone like that. It's the other way around the history of Chinese. Yeah, so in, for this study, I had a look at some, you know, passive method in Chinese characters, but it's also very different from that. So in here, I also found the pattern of number two, three, four, then five, this one, and six, seven, eight, nine, ten, I think 15 patterns like this. And I'm not sure maybe this is the older or, you know, maybe the beginning. And, you know, it changed like this, but, you know, it's not, you know, easily happening such a case, right? So I thought maybe, because why I said like this, because I drew the maps, and in that case, I write characters every day, many, many characters. And at that time, I found, if I can write like this, it's very simple and easy. You know, it's also a close up style of Chinese characters, also based on some, you know, our biological movement or avoidance of, you know, tricky things. So it's quite natural to think that there are such patterns of this kind of things. And examples, Mu'en. Di, that means Da Fang, Xi De, Shang Bai, Lu Chuan, Shi Ping, Lu Na. This is the case of Mu'en. And I think I can say maybe the characters found in Kuizhou area demonstrate more complexity than the others. But I can't say like that, I can't jump into the conclusion. And because it's interesting, for example, in Xi De and Shi Ping, the southern part of Yunnan, you know, there are distance, right? But I have found not a few identical characters between them. And I, at the moment, I haven't got any evidence or support to this phenomenon. So I don't know which is older, which is, you know. But anyway, there must be a kind of this sort of tendencies among the changes of the characters. So other examples are like this. The other one is very much like Chinese, Chinese Cao Shu. Yeah, so I also studied a bit about Cao Shu. But it's not parallel. So that's why it's a bit complicating like this. And yeah. So you're saying that some of this variation results in this kind of idiosyncratic or personal shorthand sort of approach? In a sense, to some extent, it might be. And one of many factors, obviously. Actually, in one manuscript inside of that, I sometimes have found, you know, this part, this Pimo writes like this. But here, he, you know, makes something quite freely. So it's quite happened very often, more often than we imagine, I think. So it's one possibility. So I just, I shouldn't have written like this because it's something like I determined the tendencies from hair to hair. But it's not like that. But anyway, some changes are observed like this. And it's quite easily understood if we take some Cao Shu and Chinese characters into consideration. It's quite easy to understand why and how the characters have changed here as well. So sometimes I think because apparently two, for example, two independent characters look very different. But if we can find some, how can I say, the characters which exist between them, maybe we can find some clue and a continuum among them. Because I haven't got enough time so I dare not put these examples. But several examples show some addition of strokes and also very few but some tendency of complexity. So but mainstream would be simplification. I think the key word is simplification. But I need more data and which supports my idea. Thank you very much.