 Just a disclaimer. We're not actually going to build our own but we're going to show you like what happens if you're very good at browsing the internet and buying one So let's see First of all lawyers make me say this We're here because we do cool shit on our own time. We're not representing our employers or the university or whatever also What we're going to be telling you is stuff that we've been working out like while working on a project We haven't had formal training or anything. So please double-check anything. We say if you actually want to use it Well, then now we have that over with I'm Peter boss. I'm an offensive security researcher at the Intel Corporation and You can find me on Twitter Besides that I'm a hardware hacker Which means I break all kinds of things like to build things do but breaking is more fun And I might spend a bit too much time on the various auction sites trying to buy cool lab equipment Which is kind of where it's came from Now together with me is Peter Sawinsky. Okie-dokie. Oh damn this works Hello, I'm Peter Sawinsky by day. I do security studies at Lyon University and not the type of security studies You're probably thinking of more of the kind with you know, alkyda isis and the IRA thoroughly good time I'm also the person running a lot of the chemistry stuff over ref space and Recently I've been getting into photographic chemistry trying to reverse engineers some of the old Polaroid peel apart process and I realized Hey a lot of these patents papers mention electron micrographs So that kind of got me into the project also I'm up eBay addict Mark Lotz addict eBay Klein and Sagan addict and basically if it's sold on the internet I want it in my house or office and now we'll head back to TV X Right. Okay. So for me it's kind of started With looking at all these cool photographs you can find of chips on the internet and thinking I want to do this For myself, so I started out just modifying crappy old Biology microscope, so it does the right kind of lighting for that and that gradually got out of hand And at that point I was able to do some pretty interesting stuff with it Some of which involve figuring out microcode on Intel CPUs at one point But then Yeah, I was kind of not satisfied with The things I was able to see it was like, okay, I could see enough to do my work But it is still a bit fuzzy and now I remembered what I learned in university Yeah Optical microscope simply don't get much better than resolving things of about 200 nanometers You can get a bit better with some fancy tricks, but there is a fundamental limit there glass of physics Yeah, so you need something else and Well, that's something else is the electron microscope It will do four nanometers resolving or even way less The reason I have the four nanometers here is the one we ended up having it. That's what it does so But there's another Cool feature to it that kind of sets it apart from the optical microscope an optical microscope tends to look at a really thin slice of something so only Like a very small distance is in focus You can see here on the right That's an optical shot where you see the the bond wires kind of fade out because they're out of the plane and on the left you see a fly through our electron microscope and You'll notice that it's more like a photograph. You've got a lot of Like depth of focus there It's kind of like a nice macro shot instead of being what you expect to see through a microscope in biology class So these are two things that might really want you make 20 Have one of these sorry So we went on eBay and like oof You know, I too want to drive a nice car yet, I don't So Yeah, let's Let's keep looking for a bit and then my friend shiz While browsing Japanese auction sites for arcade cabs thinks why don't I look here and he finds this now that's About two thousand euros But it's a big thing It's in Japan so Fortunately he routinely imports these arcade cabs with his thing he volunteers at so Let's just throw it in one of their containers and pay a fair share of that It'll be fine, right? So this is by now. It's March 2021 And the prices were a bit high So we're thinking let's wait surely they'll get better, right? not exactly So we're waiting and we're waiting because you know Simply at these rates the place he volunteers at wouldn't have been able to afford that it just didn't make business sense So that thing was sitting. I think an Osaka somewhere for Better part of a year In the meantime She just keeps looking and I Get this discard notification. Hey, I found this it's in Germany Looks pretty cool. Doesn't it? Only 2,500 euros like sure, okay looks a bit old, but nice And we could even pick it up by car Or have it shipped for Not too much money. So Also has some nitrogen doers with it a Sample prep device and another one Gotta be catch, right? Yeah, it's big and Not just is it big It needs to go through there. Oh Yeah, and that's also on the one and a half floor or something Well In the end we got it sorted which involves such fun things as having a friend from the hacker space Call a German window contractor for us to rip out the window of some random businesses building Which they let us do they were like no you have to get the contractor We're not gonna help you. Let's see you Do not turn transmitter off Oh, yeah, then There were no Vans with tailgates available at that moment. So we had to do some load bearing club matter Surprisingly, this is not where the next hurdle appeared That was just a bit later when we found out that even though we literally took it out of the lab It was in ourselves It had been playing home to some rodents Yes, he does stains. That's not just stains. That's pissing crap So we were really worried, you know, is there gonna be a dead animal in there somewhere? Is it gonna go up in smoke when we turn it on? So I have to take the whole thing apart At least the electronics part of it and put it back together. I know what We're very worried, but we were about to turn it on and It works Just works. I mean sure turns out We will have to do a lot of work to get it working. Well, but we got an image and it's all working now That's a bit of the story part. You might be wondering How the hell does such a thing work? Is it all very complicated? Right, it's not just a bunch of lenses and you stick a slide under there So, yeah, let's take a look First of all Especially the more Insane kind of sense you find in universities have a lot of bells and whistles on the actual physical like physics part of it And there's also always a lot of knobs now that is not specifically the one we have the control panel you see there is So we might be wondering how does that work? Where can I even start to understand this, right? Well, I Hope everyone here is old enough to have been in front of One of these well, maybe not a terminal, but a television or a computer screen that works like this It's really not too different If you have a picture tube like isn't that screen you have something that emits electrons Something to accelerate them towards the anode a bunch of lenses made out of either Electrodes or coils and some coils to deflect the beam with so to move it around So That's something I hope most of us have kind of a bit of a feeling for at least conceptually Now turns out the electron microscope is not that different we have what is called the column instead of the neck off the back of the screen and it's Got the gun. It's got the electron beam coming out of that a bunch of electromagnets working as lenses some apertures to make sure the beam is nice and clean and Some coils to move the beam around instead of hitting it at a screen. We're now Focusing the beam on something we want to view Now You might have noticed something about the name of the device. It's a scanning electron microscope So what's the scanning part mean? Well, just the same as it does for TV Instead of forming an entire image as once we're moving a dot around and Yeah, in doing that We can kind of just have a signal against time just a video signal and Plot that kind of like having a scope with an x y and z input Now what's the signal we're plotting in? How do you get an image out of slamming electrons into a sample? Well, it turns out there's a whole lot of physics that happens You have electrons coming out of electrons reflecting x-rays normal light coming out There's a lot of electrons going through there's a current flowing out of the sample each one of these you could Record and plot against position and you'd have an image and in fact For about each one of these there is a module you can get on a sim that will do just that We're going up and more into that later So what about those controls right do I need to know all this do I need to understand this physics to use one of these? No Really the controls aren't that exciting There is a few for Setting how fast those electrons are going by deciding how many volts you want to put on the on the anode And you can turn it on and off and you can monitor how much current is actually running there your beam There is the video mode How many lines what's the frame rate also not terribly complicated and I'm sure everyone will have a sense of what these do and Yeah, that up button That's the closest thing you're gonna get to the CSI and Hans and Hans and Hans thing in real life Because you're not sitting we get on a digital picture You're actually changing the area that you're focusing on So like if you push up you will see the images blow up and it will stay sharp and it focus if you've done everything, right? So it's really cool to see You of course you got to focus it The right hand one here is the part where it gets annoying. You need to make sure that your beam is round It's not too much science behind operating these Just fiddle with the right three knobs until your image is good, and it can be very frustrating Fortunately, there's a nice auto button there If you're seven is new enough it might actually do something so I've kind of been avoiding the elephant in your room here It's just like a picture tube, right? What's the one big difference besides what we're aiming these electrons at that tube gets sealed in the factory It's that vacuum. It's just that way you buy it that way. It's fine Here you want to be able to put stuff in so you can't do that So yeah, you got to get all the air out of that and You might be wondering Get the air out of that engineering doesn't do absolutes all the air no atoms left. Nah, not how it works So instead we look at how far a particle could travel without Bumping into a molecule of air. That's what we call the mean free path We need that to be At least a bit longer than our device Otherwise the electrons will just hit some air molecule go off in a random direction or get absorbed cause problems Well normal air is at one bar, and it's about 66 nanometers is what you can travel without bumping into a molecule So if you start having a vacuum like maybe a vacuum cleaner that doesn't do very much Now if you go to your hardware store by a vacuum pump, okay, we're getting somewhere Still not quite there Okay, what if we go professional? What if we get like a real vacuum pump right scientific great thing? Okay getting somewhere, but that electron microscope, that's about yeah big You need more than 10 centimeters Now there's a problem here If you want to put the air out of something you're kind of relying on air behaving like we're used to with gases Like you pull out a piston and the pressure and it decreases right if it's sealed Well, it turns out if you get really low pressures Air kind of behaves more like a bunch of like ping-pong balls bouncing around instead of like a continuous gas So you need a different kind of pump a normal pump won't cut it anymore So that's where these come in The so-called diffusion and turbo molecular pump and they go to insanely low pressures That's a millibars by the way, so We're talking like a lot of zeros Even after like if you're doing it a percent of something like that's very very low pressures Now these are not things you commonly deal with so I'm kind of Gonna show you the main differences between these because this is actually important as older SEMs will have mostly diffusion pumps Newer SEMs will have mostly turbo molecular pumps And it's not just as simple as the turbo molecular pump is newer does better. No, these are nice They have no moving parts. They do some magic with oil and does Not having any moving parts. They don't really break But the oil in there is very special and expensive think a fill of oil might be five hundred two thousand euros and if they fail they fill your whole SEM with Boiling maybe even burning oil And that is a terrible work to clean up also they take a While to warm up like half an hour or something so you decide. Oh, I want to look at something so you Turn the power on you sit there for half an hour and Okay light comes on I could use it Then you can change your sample quickly provided there are enough valves in the system, but And then at some point you're like, oh crap. I need to catch the last bus out of Hacker space Let's turn it off. Nope can't do that. You have to stay around and wait until it's cooled down Because the pump of the water pump cooling it still needs to be running. So yeah They're not ideal, but they're they also really can't break that easily Now turbo molecular pumps are cool They start quickly they won't send oil everywhere and They're doing around 90 k rpm That's I think that's more than a jet engine And the way it works is the blades are moving faster than the molecules are at average and it just smacks them out of the way Now these can be expensive to fix There are some bearings in them if those break The whole thing will kind of just die if you're not Replacing them in time and it's not really something you can easily fix If you don't maintain it, it will just break game over You're thinking how bad can it be? I mean people say things is like beyond repair all the time. How bad can it really be? that bad There's a lot of kinetic energy in that rotor at 90,000 rpm if something sees us it will just tear itself to shreds And there's no coming back from that now That was kind of the basic stuff We're already kind of a bit into technology, but there's some more technology differences You need to know if you're thinking about getting one of these electron microscopes or using one Besides a vacuum system we need to get the electrons from somewhere What the the display tube does is it just has pretty much a light bulb and That light bulb because it's hot the electrons will also Statistically sometimes be outside of the metal and if you put an electric field on that they'll just get ripped away and you have your beam Just like the old radio tubes you might have a guitar amp It works That's good because these are cheap and they don't require a pretty They don't require that much of a vacuum They're also not too bright in terms of the image that you get out of them They're fine for low magnification once you get really high magnification You want to be so selective in the electrons that you're using because you want a really small beam That with this you're kind of fighting the signal-to-noise ratio now. There's other options You can place a fancy crystal on top of it that is better at emitting electrons Great, but these are expensive and they also need a better vacuum. I Think that's not a large difference But we're getting into the domain where it's not just a matter of hooking up a pump anymore No, if we're getting into the main where fingerprints or sample. That's not completely dry. We'll just mess it up So that's a bit annoying then there's field emission where you just Rip the electrons out of the material directly. It's great. It's amazing But also needs insane vacuums. You can't use o-rings anymore. You need to use metal to metal seals a fingerprint somewhere Will mean it won't work might even damage itself They're more expensive than you're probably willing to spend on the microscope in the first place, so In my opinion, it's the tungsten filament that you want to go with Because that's the one that you can realistically as someone without a lot of experience keep working and replace You might even be able to put your own tungsten wire on one of the bases if it breaks and you don't want to buy anyone if you have a spot welder so About all those signals each one of these is something interesting if you want to know about the the surface of your Of your sample you might want to look at the things that start near the top If you want to know more about the actual composition, there is things like the x-rays or Backscattered electrons that could tell you something and your sample might even emit light when you hit it Like think of a phosphor on a CRT that'll blow if you hit it with electrons Well turns out a lot of materials actually do and you can measure that and that's one of the things you can use Now the way you actually put this into practice is there's detectors on your stem So you have the main column which serves to get the electron beam onto your sample and then you have detectors you stick on to measure these signals The most common one you'll find on Every stem is the secondary electron detector. It's also some how sometimes called the everhard friendly detector after its inventors And it's pretty much as a standard every electron microscope will have this and What it does it looks at the electrons that get emitted when you hit your elect your sample with electrons so imagine Kicking a ball into like dry beach sand Some sand will be thrown into the air right like same thing as with the sea of electrons in matter You shoot an electron in there at high velocity. You get a few slow electrons out this will pull those electrons towards it and Then convert it into light. You see little flashes. It measures that and you get really nice images such as this one or These so it's pretty cool. You can also go to pretty small skills there there's little White specks you see there on the right. That's actually bias between different layers in a chip there are well, 200 nanometers across I think so You could get pretty high resolution there now Sometimes she wants something else with this you only see the top surface of something if you're looking at a chip and you didn't add It right to the Exact layer where you want it you might want to look a little deeper right with an optical microscope You're always looking through the transparent parts with an electron microscope is secretary electron mode You're only looking at for really the top bit of it So there's also the back scattered electron detector. That's a lot more useful if you want to look a bit further inside the sample because it looks at the Electrons that got turned around. So you have your high energy electron There's an atom there. It slingshots around and it comes back to one of these photo diodes And the signal is also more dependent on what's in there a higher atomic number. So like heavy metals will Reflect more so you get images like this. I don't have the detector yet. So this is from Wikipedia but you can see like there's some spot here of some heavy metals in this glass and and The rest is just silica and heavy metals really stand out as being these bright spots So this can be useful if you're looking at a chip that isn't perfectly prepared Now there's even more precise things you can do in terms of composition. This just tells you oh that Bright spot probably has a higher atomic number You can also look at the x-rays and the x-rays actually have a spectrum that depends on the actual elements Just like when you have a neon sign You can know what gases are in there. We're looking at the spectral lines. We could do that for x-rays in this case as well Downside is most older detectors for this require liquid nitrogen and That's a bit of a hassle, but it's really cool. Like we have one of these and you can put something on there and Know what it's made of like what is that white ceramic? Well, it turns out it's like some sort of magnesium silica Oxide mix Oxygen isn't really there because it's a very light element. It's not good at emitting x-rays Now it's even better This is One signal is one point, but what if we do this for a whole lot of points, right? Just like what we're doing with the scanning earlier Actually can make a map of what element is where We're like in this chip where you can see the soldering and the bond wires and the chip itself all different colors There's not well, it is false color, but it's not made up by some artists This is actually different signals from different wavelengths of x-rays that we're looking at so yeah, that's a Kind of in my opinion the really surprising ability to have because you can actually look at the composition and see it mapped out like that so Yeah, this is kind of the basic technology that we have here and Oh Here is where my colleague takes over Your phone, please. Thank you So now that we have all of our theoretical and practical background How do we actually capture these images? Well Turns out you can just grab them like any other analog or digital video signal with a frame grabber However, as it turns out that is not always the best way to do it It can introduce noise and cause other problems you can get around by using something called a photo CRT Because two CRTs are always better than one basically what you have is a CRT built into the chassis of your microscope and then you take this delightful device Which is a four by five inch film camera remember film and stick it on top Unfortunately, you have to like figure out the exposure, but when you do it once it'll just stay that way and The best thing is you can load it with Polaroid film so you don't even have to go to the one-hour photo place Unfortunately, that film has been discontinued and this might be part of why I want to reverse engineer it You also have something called a chamber camera now This is really really important because it's actually Kind of like a webcam inside your vacuum chamber. Why is it so important for certain types of things? You want your detectors really close to the sample and I hear you asking How do I not crash my $40,000 detector into my two-year-old sample? chamber camera We have one and if you come on down and see the simulator We can show you how that works You also have new versus old electronics or well new versus old sense old sums are a Thing you'll have to be prepared to put love into they'll be crusty There's a lot of electrolytic capacitors However Documentation is great for our Hitachi. We have component level Schematics like all of them and we know what the components are they're commercially available if we really wanted to We could duplicate the thing However new Sims tend to get more complex you have a lot of a six FPGAs and If you need a new one They tend to start around 900 dollars on eBay and that's assuming you can find the right component from a place It services sends a lot of modern manufacturers aren't exactly gonna Send you a placement for it because come on just get a service contract. It's like five grand a year Okay. Oh, sorry So stages are another thing we need to discuss Right here in the back you see a manual stage with knobs like the 70s And here you see the stage of the microscope that we actually brought here because we're very smart and camping with Electron microscope is a good thing to do So mechanical ones use my cross screws, which is tedious I have unironically had to twist something around 40 times once to get it into the position where it will not crash If I try to open the door Motorized ones have joysticks, which is great, but more importantly you can do automation Which saves you a lot of time and then there's something called a use centric stage which kind of follows a more axes more better rule and Will be very complex to take Apart actually for all of these please consult your manual before taking them apart because a lot of them have very factory calibrated linkages So now let's discuss the actual practicalities your physical requirements So you decide to go on to some government auction site and you win one What do you do? What do you need? first of all You're gonna need a water chiller. You're also gonna need a roughing vacuum pump. Those are often included and You'll definitely want to get an oil mist filter because good God when you first rough it down You don't want your pump to start vaping oil mist all over your nice new equipment And then you might also just want to run a plastic tube outside. That's what we currently do and It's not failed us yet vibrations are a concern and initially we were much more concerned about them But it really comes down to your model and whether it has vibration dampening External fields an important one if you have a collection of neodymium magnets, please keep it far away from your column and Also very important. This was actually like an Exclamation point in bold in the Hitachi manual. Make sure your floor can bear the weight Grounding is another thing every manual will tell you to consider and that is actually the PC running our edX or EDS Look at that copper. That is thick the whole cable weight weighs like two kilos and Last but not least if you're running an eds You'll need liquid nitrogen and a liquid nitrogen doer. We have a liquid nitrogen doer. It will not fit into our car So once again our TFM Get a manual figure out what you need and And Make sure you can hit that there are some risks of running a SEM first of all you have a vacuum chamber with an electron beam More specifically the electron beam is also crashing into something So kind of like an x-ray tube Except it is an x-ray tube so if you actually have a commercial off the self shelf or used SEM and You've not modified it in any way and it's not been modified and all of the blanking ports are covered with their original parts. You're a okay However, when you start bolting stuff on you have to start getting careful about making sure that your metal is thick enough To stuff all that delightful radiation trying to leak out Also, it does need to be said that SEMs are lab equipment. There is a chance of contamination and And it is generally a very good idea to clean them extremely well and rub down every surface While wearing gloves an apron lab coat and safety goggles now Because that wasn't fun enough. We also have some legal stuff for example in the Netherlands if you're going about 30 kilovolts in Vacuum chamber you will need to register that with the safety authority Check this for your country if you're going to be buying one or Don't your choice Also, make sure your SEM isn't blocking a fire escape route because they are big Yeah No Yeah, we're not lawyers. By the way, you might want to check this but Yeah So software is another fun can of worms if it's newer and you get a PC with it There's a decent chance you'll have the software There's also an equally decent chance of the seller remove the hard drive and drill the few holes through it The good news is electron microscopes tend to come from a few manufacturers and what you do is you Google the model number and you figure out who else owns that model and then You send them a nice email saying hey, I noticed your lab has the same model of electron microscope Any chance you could send me a copy of that CD pretty please. I promise I won't tell anyone There is also the problem of calibration data but if you get calibration slides, which are pricey you can generate your own and Your manual should provide all the procedures for that Battery-backed RAM is another thing you can be concerned about Ours, I believe had a coin cell on it So that's also another thing to check when you're disassembling and initially cleaning your new microscope Now consumables are always a thing. So for your detectors, you have a scintillators. See these two little discs when we first bought it and Took it apart. It was the one that you see on the top You will notice it is clear like a piece of glass, which is bad because it's supposed to be coated in opaque scintillator so after going on eBay and Thankfully finding the exact part for a hundred US dollars We replaced it and our image quality went up exponentially and we no longer had to kill our machine by running it at full power Next up if you're doing EDS, you need liquid nitrogen and If you have a mishap and transport you'll need a new photo multiplier tube But the good news is those are pretty pretty affordable compared to all of the other stuff that can go wrong Your vacuum system will need maintenance if you're running a turbo pump. You'll probably have to get a little oil cartridge and Here's the thing. I'm a big fan of buying new old stock Not a thing to buy new old stock The good news is they're still made for almost all pumps, but prepare to spend around 70 to 150 dollars O-rings are important and if you're running diffusion diffusion fluid is important and That oily fluid is not cheap Filaments you'll have to buy unfortunately, especially if you're running tungsten, which most hackers systems are They last around 10 hours each, but wow That was mostly when we weren't quite good about Calibrating it yet when you get better. They should be able to do a few hundred, but it's Yeah, expect to go through the first few very quick and the more important thing on those is Especially if you're working with small budgets, they tend to come in packs of 10 So $50 doesn't sound bad, but when your supplier says yeah MOQ is 10 That is something you might have to save up for apertures are another thing you might have to replace and they You can get them custom-made or there are a lot of new old stock ones You can also bake them out in the vacuum chamber and make them last longer and Last but not least one we recently discovered was something that could go wrong our vibration dampers basically the rubber and ours kind of deflated over the decades and After adding a few nuts and bolts we raise it up and now we can play dance dance revolution next to the sun so transport remember how a your Washing machine comes with all those bolts in it that you have to remove Well, this same goes for your son more importantly you have to put the bolts in Before moving it around otherwise you risk damaging a lot of stuff detectors See the thing covered in a glove do that the last thing you want to do is Accidentally put a ton of weight on that and not support it and Care really is of the essence so That over there is the photo CRT port and we put a glove over it to stop Whatever stuff might be in that van from getting in Yeah When saying don't put a lot of weight in it that big liquid nitrogen tank Yeah, if that's gonna like wobble around transport it will bend shit. You don't want that. Yeah, that would be bad Very bad. Okay sample preparation Now for this one I have brought some visual aids So this is called a sample stub, and it's basically what you mount your sample to if it's conductive You can mount it straight away using one of these nifty double-sided carbon tabs They are cheap and the cost is basically negligible and Here's one I made earlier very full Problems start happening when you have non-conductive samples Basically you need a path for the electrons take and you'll have to do something the easiest way is gold sputtering and That basically means you buy a sputter coder as pictured It's a very cool instrument. Look at that plasma, but It is pricey and it is gold However, the cost of the gold on the actual sample is negligible and sometimes when you buy one you literally get About three times what you paid for it in weight of gold still in it because the seller probably didn't know it was Upgraded with a bit more gold that should have been put in there This message is brought to you by eBay Klein Einstein and point day Now stuff gets even funkier if you want to do some more edX EDS stuff and map Samples that aren't conductive. What do you do? How do I get better results? you evaporate carbon onto it using a carbon coder and Then you get something clear to x-rays So you can still detect the x-rays However, not the best choice if you want to image stuff visually Documentation. Oh documentation This is all stuff that came with our Hitachi sen and It has saved us so many times First of all RTFM, please read the fucking manual it would have saved us a lot of pain to have Taken maybe six hours to read every single page of the manual twice But you know you just buy the thing and you're excited and having a good time and before you know it You wonder what fucked up. Well the manual explained it to us If you don't have a manual, which is something that might very realistically happen Go to micro wiki. They have a lot of manuals also Do what I mentioned earlier Google for the sem model figure out of some universities still running one email them Maybe they have a PDF Another thing you can try and will be very helpful is just find a manual for Another sem made by the same manufacturer in the same range because a lot of the stuff is very basic and applies to a lot of their instruments and He's still definitely good to know like warnings Yep So now you're thinking all that effort Just to take some pictures me It's a good time looking at things up close and seeing how beautiful they really are but sometimes you want to do more and sometimes All that stuff about reading manuals were hackers, right? We're gonna do more than what's in the manuals more than was was intended so one of the things you can do besides look at things is actually Modify things with it like not a chip you need a bit or expensive equipment for that unfortunately, but Say you have plastic and you shoot it with electrons It might like the chain will break and you could do things now. So there's a thing called e-beam lithography, which is You Take a sample stick it on a PC fan or something Cover it in a layer like put a drop in there. It spins around it's covered now in a layer of plastic And they can draw things on the plastic like an etch a sketch both of electrons because it turns out You can put an X and Y and put on a sem Just like an oscilloscope Does this work? Yeah. Did I say just like an oscilloscope? Don't we all love oscilloscope clocks? Okay, sorry this video player is being annoying, but yeah, don't you just love oscilloscope clocks? What if we take the beam of the electron microscope? Yeah actual samples like somewhere in here, but You can make it move around in fun patterns Even though you can't turn it off like if you move it faster here than in some other places you can actually draw pictures Now you're thinking what's the use of that, right? What does it matter if I do like shoot some plastic molecules apart? Well turns out that those shot-apart molecules if you use something as simple as plexiglass PMMA They become soluble and acid for an alcohol. So if you rinse it with some rubbing alcohol There won't be any plastic anymore where you hit it If you then do that on top of something that you can edge just like doing a circuit board but smaller that QR codes that's Under a millimeter across and this is really kind of a coarse one. I Must say I got some Interesting responses when I posted this on Twitter when people were scanning it, but Like what do you put in a QR code right when you twit it? It's a rake roll of course it is I'm not gonna do that to you. So don't try Yeah, the lines in there. There's a bit fuzzy because this is an optical image. Those are the narrowest lines in There that we've been able to make were about three micron across. So this is kind of cool, right? We can now make very small things That's another thing with these electron microscopes We saw a lot of people in other countries doing really cool stuff with them and with other advanced technology and We're thinking why is no one in the Netherlands doing this in our hacker community We want more people to do that but also we want To start working on even more high-tech hacking such as maybe making our own chips There's some folks in the States that have done it like that's some guys working as garage those chips in there Can we do that here? Like are there people who feel like you know That would be cool to try Well, we're kind of carefully looking into what that takes this this whole ebm-lifo Kind of appendix to this talk was what that was about if you feel like that's cool Please come talk to us after the talk now. There are some useful sources. You might want to look at The jail company has a very very useful and short booklet like really not that thick It explains a lot of these concepts in Somewhat more depth definitely enough if you want to use it if you want to repair some you might need a little more knowledge, but and there's also like Ben Krasno applied sciences DIY stem has a lot of videos where it really goes into detail about how some of the things work and Last but not least We're crazy enough To take the other stem because we have to write we have the one from Japan and the one we bought from Germany We have that one here on site. It's working. It got a bit rained on didn't die. Fortunately. Let's take it apart Vincent and alcohol put it back together Which is also why this was a bit less prepared than I hoped but It still works you can come try it and yeah, that's in the arcade hacking slash I Keep forgetting the very long name my friends big for it It's apparently a reference to something arcade people would know but you know come on down you can look at the book and You can experience what it's actually like to use and Good God Transporting all those bottles of vacuum pump oil on the shuttle made some people give me some weird looks Yep, so I hope you enjoyed it and I Don't like let's see. Do we have time for questions? We'll turn it over to our You have about two minutes so one or a maximum two really quick questions if anyone wants to Do we have? Comments questions concerns complaints brought in tomatoes You mentioned that conductive and non conductive Samples have to be treated differently Semiconductors are famously Semiconductor, how do you need to treat them? You don't really coat them usually but they can be problematic and that The electrons don't always have a path to run to ground So if you put a chip in there charge might build up it might die because of that like you're putting it full of Electra like electric charge, right? This means that you get some imaging artifacts because if there's a lot of charge at one point the beam will bounce off it And it won't take the path you think it's taking so Yes, as always there's a lot of new ones to it However, for example on the send that we have right here, there is a convenient discharge button So there are a lot of things you can do about this Once you realize it. Oh my sample is a semiconductor it might build charge. I need to press this button I'm showing for the manual now, but I hope that answered your question and time is up. I'm sorry But you can probably ask them afterwards. I'm sure they will be available. So please give them a round of applause