 Beginning Latin, Lesson 1, by John Edmund Bars. Recorded for the LibriVox Language Learning Collection, Volume 1, read by Nicholas James Bridgewater. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org Lesson 1, pronunciation 1, the alphabet The Latin alphabet is the same as the English without J or W. 2, letters sounded as in English The following letters have the same sounds as in English. T, B, T, D, K, L, M, N, R, F, H, X, Q, U, 3, long and short vowels. The vowels are A, E, I, O, U, Y. When plenty of time is taken to pronounce a vowel, the vowel is said to be long. When the pronunciation is hurried a little, the vowel is said to be short. Long vowels are marked thus, A with a macron, E with a macron, I with a macron, O with a macron, U with a macron, Y with a macron. Short vowels are marked thus, or left unmarked. The latter is the method regularly followed in this book. 4, sounds of the vowels The sounds of the vowels are as follows A with a macron Like the second A in ah-ha A, like the first A in ah-ha E with a macron, like A in they E, like E in then I with a macron, like I in machine I, like I in pen O with a macron, like O in holy O, like O in obey U with a macron, like double O in pool U, like U in pole Y with a macron, and Y have a sound which may be uttered by shaping the lips as if to say O, and then making the sound E 5, exercise Pronounce the following words according to the rules in 2 to 4 1, amabam, beteband, liber, liber 2, orator, quod, uttebamini, quorum 3, tiranni, militem, reix, infero 6, diphthongs, the diphthongs and their sounds are as follows Ae, like ai in aisle Au, like OU in house Ei, like EI in ate Eu, like Eu in feud More exactly, like Au, pronounced rapidly The A being sounded as in they Oe, like OI in oil Ui, like we, or we Other combinations of vowels as AI, EO, etc. Do not form diphthongs, each vowel being pronounced separately As in au lai, 7, exercise, pronounced the following Hai, altem, deinde, hil, boina, huic Remaining sounds, pronounced C, as in cat G, as in get Iconsonant In some books, J is written for Iconsonant This is merely a matter of convenience, as Latin had no letter J Usual sound between two vowels, or at the beginning of a word When followed by a vowel, like Y in U S, as in so, not as in has V, like W Z, like DZ CH, like K PH, like F BS, like PS BT, like PT Doubled consonants should both be sounded, contrary to the custom of English Thus bellum, is pronounced distinctly Bellum, not bellum Nine, exercise, pronounced the following One, ketegi Yam, amas Hik, seek Two, gadza Dzama, korus Urps Three, filosofus Obtineo Kaisaren Kikero Ten, syllables A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs Thus praesidium has four syllables Praesidium In dividing a word into syllables, a consonant between two vowels belongs to the second, as rexeramus The last syllable of a word is called the ultima The syllable before the last is called the penult The syllable before the penult is called the antipenult Eleven, accent A word of two syllables is accented on the penult, as illud Errat A word of more than two syllables is accented on the penult if the penult is long, as amabam Poteramus If the penult is short, the accent falls on the antipenult, as amawiram Potuerant Twelve, rules of quantity The quantity of a syllable, that is, its length, may often be known by means of simple rules called rules of quantity Thus a, a syllable is long when it contains a diphthong, as caesar Or when it contains a long vowel, as regina, anticus Or when its vowel, even if short, is followed by two consonants, or a double consonant XZ, as exoriuntur Catullus B, a syllable is short when it contains a short vowel, followed by a single consonant Aberrant is a compound, aberrant, and does not follow the rule of ten in its division Aberrant Or when its vowel is followed by H, or by another vowel, with which it does not form a diphthong, C4 As contrahunt Subio Thirteen, exercise Copy the following passage, marking the accent of each word according to the principles given in 11 and 12 According to the rules in one to twelve For Populi, nihil concursus ponorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendis anatus locus, nihil horum ora vultus quemo weirunt Note, beginning on page 185 will be found additional exercises and questions on each lesson except the reading lessons These are intended to furnish material for classroom drill It is not necessary that they should be prepared in advance, although pupils who have the time will find them a means of testing and improving their preparation On the other hand, it should not be forgotten that these drill exercises are an essential part of the method of this book and that they cannot be omitted without impairing its efficiency End of Beginning Latin, Lesson 1 by John Edmund Bars Befissum Middanyerde, from First Steps in Anglo-Saxon by Henry Sweet Read for the LibriVox Language Learning Collection, Volume 1 This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org Befissum Middanyerde, Bethare Sunnan Section 1 Befissum Middanyerde, from First Steps in Anglo-Saxon by Henry Sweet Read for the LibriVox Language Learning Collection, Volume 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 Section 10 Section 10 Section 11 Section 11 Section 12 Section 12 Section 13 Section 13 End of Befissum Middanyerde, from First Steps in Anglo-Saxon by Henry Sweet Read by Rachel Klippenstein Section 13 Section 14 For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Read by Nicholas James Bridgewater. The Eighth Principle, Universal Peace. Avenue de Camons, Paris. A supreme tribunal shall be established by the peoples and governments of every nation, composed of members elected from each country and government. The members of this great council shall assemble in unity. All disputes of an international character shall be submitted to this court. Its work being to arrange by arbitration everything which otherwise would be a cause of war. The mission of this tribunal would be to prevent war. One of the great steps towards universal peace would be the establishment of a universal language. Bahá'u'lláh commands that the servants of humanity should meet together and either choose a language which now exists or form a new one. This was revealed in the Kitab al-Aqdas, the Book of Laws, 40 years ago. It is there pointed out that the question of diversity of tongues is a very difficult one. There are more than 800 languages in the world and no person could acquire them all. The races of mankind are not isolated as in former days. Now, in order to be in close relationship with all countries, it is necessary to be able to speak their tongues. A universal language would make intercourse possible with every nation. Thus it would be needful to know two languages only, the mother tongue and the universal speech. The latter would enable a man to communicate with any and every man in the world. A third language would not be needed to be able to talk with a member of any race and country without requiring an interpreter how helpful and restful to all. Esperanto has been drawn up with this end in view. It is a fine invention and a splendid piece of work, but it needs perfecting. Esperanto as it stands is very difficult for some people. An international congress should be formed consisting of delegates from every nation in the world, eastern as well as western. This congress should form a language that could be acquired by all and every country would thereby reap great benefit. Until such a language is in use, the world will continue to feel the vast need of this means of intercourse. Difference of speech is one of the most fruitful causes of dislike and distrust that exists between nations which are kept apart by their inability to understand each other's language more than by any other reason. If everybody could speak one language, how much more easy would it be to serve humanity? Therefore, appreciate Esperanto, for it is the beginning of the carrying out of one of the most important of the laws of Bahá'u'lláh, and it must continue to be improved and perfected. End of the Eighth Principle, Universal Peace by Abdul-Bahá Abbas. Lessons 1-5 from Esperanto in 20 lessons by C.S. Griffin. Read for the LibriVox Language Learning Collection, volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Forward. Esperanto, the universal language invented by Dr. Zamenhof, is here to stay. Numerous languages have been worked out at various times with the hope of making them serve as means of communication among the civilized nations. Each failed because of its difficulty. Esperanto is based upon the common elements of the English, French, Spanish, and Italian languages. It is so simple that when properly explained, it can be mastered by any one of normal intelligence in a few weeks. The language has gone over Europe, Australia, portions of the Orient, and it is spreading like wildfire over our own country. It is said that with the speaking knowledge of Esperanto, a person can travel all over the European continent and be understood everywhere. Nearly 100 papers are published in the language. Daily papers in every section of the United States have given lessons and extracts in it. Several weeklies have followed suit, and one of the most prominent monthly magazines recently devoted a series of articles to the subject. The Esperanto clubs are increasing in number every day. A difficulty that has here to forebeen felt by English-speaking people has been the want of a suitable textbook. The treatises on Esperanto have been based upon the idea that the student was familiar with one or more modern languages in addition to his own. It is the purpose of this little book to give the student but one or two points at a time, making these perfectly clear before another is taken up. Each lesson is illustrated by simple practice exercises. There are numerous extracts for translation from Esperanto to English. In most cases, the English form follows the Esperanto to allow of careful comparison. It is prophesied and with good reason that here many years have passed. All books of fiction, scientific works, and others that are likely to be of international interest will be published in two languages, the language in which they are written and Esperanto. The mastery of Dr. Zamenhof's language will therefore be the magic key that will unlock the wisdom of the civilized world. It has the endorsement of college professors all over this country and Europe. It is easily mastered and is delightfully simple. The vocabulary includes all words used in the book with the exception of a few unusual combinations given in the Raven and other selections which are intended for comparison of the Esperanto with the English rather than for translation. Lesson one, pronunciation. There are 28 letters in the Esperanto alphabet. They are... R, B, T, Ch, D, E, F, G, J, H, H, I, Y, Z, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, Sh, T, U, W, V, Z. The letters are pronounced as in English with the following exceptions. R is pronounced as A in father. E is pronounced as A in tame. E is pronounced as E in keep. O is pronounced as O in no. U is pronounced as U in rule. SOO is pronounced as TS in hats. CHO is pronounced as CH in chat. GOO is pronounced as G in go. JOO is pronounced as G in gentle. CHO is pronounced as CH in loch. YOO is pronounced as Y in yet. JOO is pronounced as Z in azure. SOO is pronounced as S in satin. SHO is pronounced as SH in show. OW is pronounced as OW in now. I is pronounced as I in high. OI is pronounced as OWI in rowing. EO is pronounced as if spelled A-Y-W-O. A is pronounced as A-Y-I in playing. OI is pronounced as U-I in brewing. There are no silent letters in Esperanto. Every word is read as it is written and is written as it is read. Every word is accented on the last syllable but one as BERLINO, BELIN, BERLINO. EDINBURGO, EDENBRUH, EDINBURGO. LISABONO, LISBON, LISABONO. MADRIDO, MADRID, MADRIDO. MOSQUOW, MOSCOW, MOSQUOW. NEAPOLLO, NAPOLS, NEAPOLLO. NOWYORK, NEW YORK, NOWYORK. ODSO, ODSA, ODSO. PARISO, PARIS, PARISO. ROMO, ROMO, ROMO. Sankta-Peterburgo, Sankta-Petersburg, Sankta-Peterburgo. VIENO, Vienna, VIENO. PRONOUNCE, PANO, PANO. PATRO, PATRO. KNABO, KNABO. TABLO, TABLO. PAPERO, PAPERO. PLANCA, PLANCA. AMANTA, AMANTA. TEO, TEO. CREMO, CREMO. BESONI, BESONI. FRESHA, FRESHA. PRESENTI, PRESENTI. CREDI, CREDI. VESPERO, VESPERO. PRI, PRI. FILO, FILO. KIIU, KIIU, TRINKI, TRINKI. VIA, VIA. FILTRI, FILTRI. SCRIBEE, SCRIBEE. GORDO, GORDO. MONTO, MONTO. DONACO, DONACO. TOMBO, TOMBO. PRODUCTI, PRODUCTI. VOKI, VOKI. OCCUPI, OCCUPI. HUNDO, HUNDO. PLUVO, PLUVO. SUCCERO, SUCCERO. FUMI, FUMI. UTILA, UTILA. PUNI, PUNI. USI, USI. CIGARO, CIGARO. CINDRO, CINDRO. CIFERO, CIFERO. CELI, CELI. CICONIO, CICONIO. CIRCONSTANZO, CIRCONSTANZO. CIVILASAZIO, CIVILASAZIO. CHAPO, CHAPO. CHAPELO, CHAPELO. CEVALO, CEVALO. CICANI, CICANI. CHOCOLADO, CHOCOLADO. CHARPENTI, CHARPENTI. CHARMA, CHARMA. CADO, CADO. CALLONO, CALLONO. CALLOPI, CALLOPI. GERMANA, GERMANA. GLACIO, GLACIO. GIMNASTICA, GIMNASTICA. GRAMATICO, GRAMATICO. GENERALA, GENERALA. G, G. CHUSTA, CHUSTA. GUI, GUI. JARDENO, JARDENO. GERMO, GERMO. GIBO, GIBO. YACO, YACO. YAM, YAM. YUNGI, YULIO, YIO. YE, YAPANA, YAPANA. YUVELO, YUVELO. JORNALO, JORNALO. JONGLI, JONGLI. JATUSA, JATUSA. JETI, JETI. JUS, JUS. JAUDO, JAUDO. SERCI, SERCI. SIMPLA, SIMPLA. SCATOLO, SCATOLO. SENTIMENTALA, SENTIMENTALA. SORCI, SORCI. SUB, SUB. SUFICIA, SUFICIA. SERCI, SERCI. SHI, SHI. SHULDI, SHULDI. SHVELI, SHVELI. SHAUMO, SHAUMO. SHANJI, SHANJI. SHNURO, SHNURO. AUGUSTO, AUGUSTO. CIRCAU, CIRCAU. AUDITORIO, AUDITORIO. AUTUNO, AUTUNO. AU, AUSCULTI, AUSCULTI. AUDI, AUDI. AILO, AILO. AMANTAI, AMANTAI. KAI, KAI. MALMULTAI, MALMULTAI. SPARINTAI, SPARINTAI. LEGANTAI, LEGANTAI. SUCCESONTAI, SUCCESONTAI. SUCCESONTAI. PAPEROIN, PAPEROIN. LIBROIN, LIBROIN. PROVINZANOI, PROVINZANOI. FILOI, FILOI. REGIDOI, REGIDOI. SOLDATOI, SOLDATOI. SOLDATOI, EUROPA, EUROPA. EUCARISTO, EUCARISTO. CUIREIO, CUIREIO. LERNEIO, LERNEIO. UIO, UIO, SUCCERUIO, SUCCERUIO. LESSON 2, NOWN AND ADJECTIVE. THE NOWN. The noun in the singular always ends in O, as PANO, BRED, PANO. FLORO, FLOWER, FLORO. BOOTERO, BUTTER, BOOTERO. ARBO, TREE, ARBO. THE ADJECTIVE. All adjectives end in R in the singular as GRANDA, LARGE, GRANDA, BONA, GOOD, BONA, VARMA, WARM, VARMA, NOVA, NEW, NOVA. The definite article, LA, THE, LA, is used as in English. There is no indefinite article as a tree is large. ARBO ESTAS GRANDA. ARBO ESTAS GRANDA, VOCABULARY. PANO, BRED, PANO, BOOTERO, BUTTER. BOOTERO, SALO, SOLT, SALO, FORCO, FORC, FORCO, ACQUO, WATER, ACQUO, FLORO, FLOWER, FLORO, ARBO, TREE. ARBO, VIOLO, PANZI, VIOLO, BLANCA, WHITE, BLANCA, FLAVA, YELLOW, FLAVA, GRANDA, LARGE, GRANDA, BONA, GOOD, BONA, VARMA, WARM, VARMA, VERDA, GREEN, VERDA, ME, I, ME, LA, THE, LA, ESTAS, IS, ARE, ESTAS. Read and translate into English. BOOTERO ESTAS BONA, BOOTERO ESTAS BONA, PANO ESTAS BONA, PANO ESTAS BONA, LA ARBO ESTAS GRANDA, LA ARBO ESTAS GRANDA, LA FLORO ESTAS FLAVA, LA FLORO ESTAS FLAVA, LA PANO ESTAS VARMA, LA PANO ESTAS VARMA, PANO VARMA ESTAS BONA, PANO VARMA ESTAS BONA, SALO ESTAS BLANCA, SALO ESTAS BLANCA, LA ARBO ESTAS VERDA, LA ARBO ESTAS VERDA, LA FLORO ESTAS VIOLO, LA FLORO ESTAS VIOLO, BOOTERO ESTAS FLAVA, BOOTERO ESTAS FLAVA, ACVO ESTAS BONA, ACVO ESTAS BONA, LA GRANDA FLORO ESTAS BLANCA, LA GRANDA FLORO ESTAS BLANCA, right in Esperanto. The large tree is green, the large tree is green, the flower is yellow and guy white, the flower is yellow and guy white, the pansy is yellow, the pansy is yellow, the bread is warm and good, the bread is warm and good, the yellow butter is good, the yellow butter is good, salt is white, salt is white, the fork is white, the fork is white, the large tree is green and yellow, the large tree is green and yellow, the yellow pansy is large, the yellow pansy is large, salt and pepper are good, salt and pepper are good, the flowers are yellow, the flowers are yellow, the tree is large, the tree is large, for conversation. How is the weather? What time of the year do you prefer? What time of the year do you prefer? I do not know. Lesson three, plurals. The plural of any noun is formed by adding yaw to the singular as florro, flower, florro, florroy, flowers, florroy. Remember that florroy is pronounced as if spelled f-l-o-r-o-y. The objective case. The objective case, which is sometimes called the accusative case, is formed by adding nor to the nominative as I have a book. Mi havas libron. The adjective agrees in case with the noun to which it refers. To form the objective case, therefore, nor is added to the nominative, whether singular or plural, or plural, as mi havas grandan arbon. I have a large tree. Mi havas grandan arbon. Mi havas grandain arboin. I have large trees. Mi havas grandain arboin. The adjective may be placed either before or after the noun it qualifies as mi havas bonan amikon, or mi havas amikon bonan. I have a good friend. The vocabulary. Amiko. Una said but said li he li li havas he has li havas li estas he is li estas. Exercise. Write the plural of the following. Hundo. Write the following in the plural objective case. Strato. Filo. Floro. Arbo. Forco. Hundo. Frato. Read and translate into English. Patro. Patro. Patroi. Patroi. Frato. Fratoi. Fratoi. Knabo. Knabo. Knabo. Knabo. Hundo. Hundo. Hundo. Hundo. Amiko. Amiko. Amiko. Amiko. Amiko. La patro havas fraton. La patro havas fraton. La patro havas fraton. La patro havas fraton. Mi havas grandain hundoin. Mi havas grandain hundoin. La hundo estas grande. La hundo estas grande. Mi havas bonan fraton. Mi havas bonan fraton. Mi havas bonan fraton. Mi havas bonan fraton. La hundo havas grandain cenon. La hundo havas grandain cenon. La havas molain platain camboin. La havas molain platain camboin. Mi havas unan hundoin. Mi havas unan hundoin. Right in Esperanto. I have the flowers. He has a fork. The boy has a dog. The brothers have good friends. I have flowers but he has a tree. I have flowers but he has a tree. I have friends. Father has young sons. He has yellow and white pansies. I have salt, pepper, bread and butter. The good friends have large white flowers. The good friends have large white flowers. For conversation. Bonan tagon signoro. Good day sir. Bonan tagon signoro. Kiel vi sanas? How are you? How do you do? Kiel vi sanas. Tre bohne. Mi dankas vin. Very well. I thank you. Tre bohne mi dankas vin. Lesson 4. Pronouns The personal pronouns are me, I, me, vi, thou, you, vi, li, he, li, she, she, she, g, it, g. Ni, we, ni, ili, they, ili, oni. Oni is an indefinite pronoun meaning they, we, people, it. As oni diras they say oni diras. Si is a reflexive pronoun of the third person. The personal pronouns form the objective case by adding no to the nominative. As mean, me, mean, vin, thee, vin, lean, him, lean, sheen, her, sheen, gene, it, gene. Neen, us, mean, ilin, them, ilin. Possessive pronouns. The possessive pronouns are formed by adding r to the personal pronouns. As mia, my, or mine, mia. Via, your, or yours, via. Liya, his, liya. Shia, her, or hers, shia. Gia, it's, gia. Nia, our, or ours. Nia, ilia, their, or theirs, ilia. As mia patro estas en la campo. My father is in the field. Mia patro estas en la campo. The possessives are sometimes followed by the article la. As mia hundo estas pligranda o la via. My dog is larger than yours. Mia hundo estas pligranda o la via. The possessive pronouns form the objective case by the addition of no to the nominative. As mi vidis, mian, fraton. I saw my brother. Mi vidis, mian, fraton. Like nouns, the possessives form the plural by adding your to the singular. As mi amas, mian, gepatroin. I love my parents. Mi amas, mian, gepatroin. The vocabulary. Mi, I, mi. Vi, thou, vi. She, she, she. Gee, it, gee. Me, we, me. Ilia, they, ilia. Mia, my, or mine, mia. Via, thy, thine, your, or yours. Via, lia, his, lia. She, her, or hers, shea. Gee, it, geea. Mia, our, or ours, mia. Ilia, their, or theirs, ilia. Deo, thee, deo. Gafo, coffee, gafo. Lacto, milk, lacto. Ovo, egg, ovo. Sugar, sugar, sugar. Soup, soup, soup. Derbomo, potato, derbomo. Fish, fish, fish. Vinagro, vinegar, vinagro. Tablo, table, tablo. En, in, en. Sub, under, sub. Chiam, when, chiam. Gai, and gai. Ne, not ne. Amas, love, or loves. Amas. Read and translate into English. Mi, amas, mian, fraton. Mi, amas, mian, fraton. Ne, amas, mian, fraton. Ne, amas, mian, fraton. Patro, estas, en, madrid. Patro, estas, en, madrid. Lahundo, estas, sub, la, tablo. Lahundo, estas, sub, la, tablo. Ne, havas, ricchan, kafon. Ne, havas, ricchan, kafon. Ne, havas, grandain, floroin, en, la, tablo, hodijau. Ne, havas, grandain, floroin, en, la, tablo, hodijau. Si, vidas, sis, grandain, hundon, sub, la, tablo. Si, vidas, sis, grandain, hundon, sub, la, tablo. Ili, havas, panon, kay, puteron. Ili, havas, panon, kay, puteron. Lahundo, estas, bonai. Sed, lacnavoi, estas, bonai. Lahundo, estas, bonai. Si, vedas, latinavoi, estas, bonai. Me, havas, bonan, amikon. Me, havas, bonan, amikon. Li, havas, bonain, amikon. He has good friends. He has brothers and sons. Write the case number and meaning in English. Mia Mia Via Via Lian Shia Shian Shia Shia Nia Ilia Ilian Translate into Esperanto. The dog is under the table. He has good coffee, milk and eggs. When the coffee is not good, I have tea. They have large trees. The bread is not good. She is good and rich. For conversation. Pass me the butter, if you please. Close the window. Where are you going? Lesson 5 There is no irregular verb in Esperanto. The ending for the infinitive is I as have to have. Army to love. Esti to be. The ending for the present tense is us as mi havas, I have. The ending for the past tense is is as mi havis, I had. The ending for the future tense is us as mi havas, I shall have. The ending for the conditional mood is us as mi havas, I should or would have. The ending for the imperative mood is u as have to have. Let him have. The personal pronouns are always written or spoken before the verb. The verb esti is the only auxiliary. Conjugation, indicative present. Mi havas, I love. Mi havas, the amas, you love or thou lovest. The amas, li amas, he loves. Li amas, ni amas, we love. Ni amas, vi amas, you love. The amas, i li amas, they love. I li amas, indicative past. Mi amis, I loved. Mi amis, vi amis, you loved. Vi amis, li amis, he loved. Li amis, ni amis, we loved. Mi amis, vi amis, you loved. Vi amis, li amis, they loved. I li amis, future. Mi amos, I shall love. Mi amos, vi amos, you will love. Vi amos, li amos, he will love. Li amos, ni amos, we shall love. Ni amos, vi amos, you will love. Vi amos, i li amos, they will love. I li amos, vocabulary. Esti, to be, esti. Ami, to love, ami. Bovi, to be able, bovi. Fari, to do, to make, fari. Admiri, to admire, admiri. Corni, to know, corni. Recevi, to receive. Recevi, respondi, to answer, respondi. Dunki, to thank, dunki. Trinki, to drink, trinki. Aceti, to buy, aceti. Frappi, to knock, frappi. Voli, to wish, voli. Havi, to have, havi. Doni, to give, doni. Legi, to read, legi. Fini, to finish, fini. Ludi, to play, ludi. Serci, to seek, serci. Rigardi, to look at, rigardi. Read and translate into English. Mi trinkas, mi trinkas. Mi trinkis, mi trinkis. Mi trinkos, mi trinkos. Vi estas, vi estas. Vi estis, vi estis. Vi estos, vi estos. Li acetas, li acetas. Li acetis, li acetis. Li acetos, li acetos. Ni amas, ni amas. Ni amis, ni amis. Ni amos, ni amos. Ili, respondas. Ili, respondas. Ili, respondis. Ili, respondis. Ili, respondos. Ili, respondos. Si conas. Si conas. Si conis. Si conis. Si conos. Si conos. Vi frapas. Vi frapis. Vi frapos. Mi ludas. Mi ludis. Mi ludos. Ni cercas. Ni cercis. Ni cercos. Ili, regardas. Ili, regardis. Ili, regardos. Translate into Esperanto. I am. I was. I shall be. You know. You knew. You will know. He receives. He received. He will receive. We play. We played. We will play. They wished. They wish. They will wish. He knocked. He knocks. He will knock. We drink. We will drink. We drank. I had. I shall have. I have. You will buy. You bought. You buy. You will wish. You wish. You wished. For conversation. Ili came last Tuesday. Ili came last Tuesday. 1 week ago. 1 week ago. 1 week ago. 1 week ago. Recorded in London, England. 1. The Ark. 2. Jupiter saves his son. 3. Jupiter also sees the Great Omnia, and his son, Servare, constitutes. 4. Tranquillum igitur fechit mare, et Arkam ad insulam seripum perduxit, 5. Whuyus insulai polidektes tun rex erat. 6. Postquam Arka ad litus apulsa est, Danai in Harena quietem capiebat. 7. Post brewe tempus, apis cattore quodam reperta est, et adomum regis polidektis adukta est. 8. Ile matrem et puerum benignex capit, et i sedem tutam infinibus suis dedit. 9. Danai hok donum li bentera capit, et protanto beneficio regi gratias egit. 3. Perseus is sent on his travels. 9. Perseus igitur multos anos ibihavitabat, et cum matre sua Whitham beatam agebat. 10. At polidektes Danai en magnopere amabat, atque eam in matrimonium ducere ulebat. 11. Hok tamen consilium perseu minime gratum erat. 12. Rektes igitur perseum dimitere constituit. 13. Tum juvenem atse evokavit, et haet dixit. 14. Turpe est hankignawam Whitham agere. 15. Yamdudum tu adulesken zes. 16. Kuo usque hikman ebis. 17. Tempus est armacapere et virtutem praistare. 18. Henk abii et kaput medusai mihi refer. 19. Perseus gets his outfit. 20. Perseus ubihaik audivit, ex insula diskesit, et postquam at continentem venit medusam quaisivit. 21. Diu frustra quarebat. 22. Namque naturam loki ignorabat. 23. Tandem apolo et minerua weam demonstraverunt. 24. Primum at graias sorores medusai pervenit. 25. Abhis talaria et galea magikam akepit. 26. Apolo autem et minerua falkem et speculum dederunt. 27. Tum postquam talaria pedibus induit, in aira ascendit. 28. Diu per aira volabat. 29. Tandem tamen at eum lo qum venit ubih medusa qum ketedis gorgonibus habitabat. 30. Gorgones altem demonstraverunt, speckie orribili. 31. Kapita enim earum angwebus omnino kontektaverunt. 32. Manus etiam ex aire faktaverunt. 33. Five. The Gorgons head. 34. Rezdificilima earat kaput gorgonis abskidere. 35. Eius enim conspektu homines in saxum verte bantur. 36. Procter han kausam minerua speculum perseu dederat. 37. Ile iitur tergum vertit et in speculum inspikebat. 38. Hock modo at lo qum venit ubih medusa dormiebat. 39. Tum falke sua kaput eius uno iktu abskidit. 40. Keterai gorgonis statin e somno exkitatai sunt. 41. Et ubirem widerunt ira comotai sunt. 42. Armara puerunt et perseum ukidere wolebant. 43. Ile altem dum fugit galiam magikam induit. 44. Et ubih hock fekit statin e conspektu earum e wasit. 46. The sea serpent. 47. Post hike perseus infinis aitio pun venit. 48. Ibi kepeus quidam ilotempore regnabat. 49. Hic neptunum maris deum olim ofenderat. 50. Neptunus altem monstrum sai wissimum miserat. 51. Hock cotidie e mari veniebat et homines deorabat. 52. Ob hancausam pauur animus omnium ukupauerat. 53. Kepeus iktur oraculum dei hamonis consuluit, 54. Atque adeo usus est filia monstro tradere. 55. Ellus altem filia nomine Andromeda, 56. Virgo formosissima earat. 57. Kepeus ubih haik audiuit magnum dolorem perkepit. 58. Oleba tamen kiwi suos et tanto periculo extrahere, 59. Atque ob eamcausam imperata hamonis facere consuluit. 7. A human sacrifice. 58. Tum rex diem kirtam diksit et omnia parauit, 59. Ubih ea diez venit Andromeda adlitus de dukta est, 59. Et in conspectu omnium adrupem adligata est. 59. Omnes fatum eius de plorabant, 59. Neclacrimas te nebant, 59. At subito, dum monstrum expectant, 59. Et ubih lacrimas widit, 59. Causam dolori squaidit. 59. Ili remtotam exponunt, 59. Et poelam de monstrant, 59. Dum haik geruntur, 59. Fremitus terribilis auditur. 59. Simul monstrum, 59. Orribilis specie procul conspicitur. 59. Eius conspectus timore maximum omnibus iniekit. 60. Monstrum agna ke l'eritate adlitus contendit, 60. Yamque ad lokom apropingwabat, 60. Ubih poela stabat. 60. Eiit, the rescue. 60. At perseus ubih haik widit, 60. Gladium sum eduxit, 60. Et postquam talaria induit, 60. Et postquam talaria induit, 60. Et posquam talaria induit, 60. Et posquam talaria induit, 60. Et posquam talaria induit, 60. Pusquam talaria induit, 60. Amplifatio fecit, 60. Et gladius suu, 60. Colum Eius gravit erulmeravit. 60. Monstrum ubisensit ulnos, 60. Fremitum urribilem edidit, 60. Et cinemora totum corpus inacu amersit. 60. Perseus dum kirkum-litus volat, 60. Reditum eius expectabat. 60. Mare autem interia undike sangwinè infectitur. Post breve tempus velua rursus caput sustudit, moxtamen a perseo ictu gravi ore vulnerata est, tum iterum se in undas mersit neque poste a visa est. 9. The Reward of Valor Perseus postquam adlitus descendit, primum talaria exuit, tum adrupe muenit ubi andromeda wingta erat, ea altem omnem spem salutis deposuerat, et ubi perseus adit terrore paine exanimata erat. Ile wingula statim solvit, et poelam patri redidit, capeus obhangre maximo gaudio adfectus est, meritam gratiam pro tanto beneficio perseo retulit, praiteria andromedam ipsam ei in matrimonium dedit, Ile li benter hok donum a kepit, et poelam duxit, paucosanos cum uksore sua in ea regione habitabat, et in magno honore erat aput omni zaitiobis. Magnopere tamen matrimsuam rursus videre cupievat, tanem ictur cum uksore sua e regno kepei diskesit. 10. Polidectus is turned to stone. Postcom perseus ad insulam nawem apulit, se adlocum contulit, ubi mater olim habitaberat, sedomum invenit, wakuvam, et omnino desertam. Tris diyes per totam insulam matrim quarebat, tanem quartodie a templum dianai pervenit. Hok dana i refugera, kot polidectem tim ebat. Perseus, ubi haik cognovit, ira magna comotus est, ad regium polidecti sinemora contendit, et ubi eowenit statim in atrium inrupit. Polidectes magno timore ad fectus est, et fugere volebat. Dun tamen ile fugi, Perseus kaput medusai monstrauit, ile autem simul ad qu'hok widit in saxum versus est. 11. The oracle fulfilled. Post haik, Perseus cum uksore sua, ad urbem acrisii redit. Ile autem ubi Perseus widit, magno terrore ad fectus est, nam propter oracleum istut nepotem sum ad hok tim ebat. In tesaliam igitur, ad urbem larisam statim refugit, frustratamen, neque enim fatum sum widawit. Post palcosanos, regs larisai, ludus magnos fectit. Numtios din omnis partis dimisera, et diem et diksera. Multii ex omnibus urbibus graikiai ad ludus honwenerum, ipe Perseus inter alios kertamen diskorum init. At dum diskum konikit, awum sum casu okidit. Acrisius enim interspectatores eius kertamenis forti stabat. End of Chapter 1. Perseus, from Richie's Fabuli faciles, a first Latin reader by John Kirkland. First lesson from French Conversation Grammar by Dr. Emil Otto. Read for the LibriVox Language Learning Collection Volume 1. This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Read by Nadine Eckert-Boulet. Etymology, parts of speech. There are in French ten sorts of words called parts of speech, namely 1. article, l'article. 2. substantive or noun, le substantif. 3. déterminative adjective, l'adjectif déterminatif. 4. qualifying adjective, l'adjectif calificatif. 5. pronun, le pronon. 6. verb, le verbe. 7. adverb, l'adverbe. 8. preposition, la préposition. 9. conjunction, la conjonction. 10. interjection, l'interjection. The first six are variable, the four others are invariable. First lesson of the article. In the French language there are only two genders, the masculine and feminine. This distinction applies also to inanimate objects, which are either masculine or feminine. 1. To indicate this distinction of gender, the definite article is prefixed to substantives and has a peculiar form for each gender, le before masculine, la before feminine substantive. Le is the plural for both genders. Examples. Masculine, le roi, the king, le père, the fave, feminine, la reine, the queen, la mère, the mother. 2. The articles le and la, in the singular, lose their vowels and take the apostrophe, el apostrophe, before a noun beginning with a vowel or h-mute so as to form but one word. Example. Masculine, la mie, the friend, l'homme, the man, feminine, la mie, the female friend, l'histoire, the history. 3. Besides this definite article le, la, el apostrophe, les, there is also an indefinite article for the singular answering to the English a or n, un for the masculine, une for the feminine. Example. Masculine, un roi, a king, un père, a fave, un ami, a friend. Feminine, une reine, a queen, une mère, a mother, une amie, a female friend. For the declension of the article see the following lesson. Words. Le livre, the book, le pain, the bread, le cheval, the horse, le chien, the dog, l'oncle, the uncle, l'enfant, the child. L'or, the gold, un jardin, a garden, un chapeau, a hat, bonnet, la rose, the rose, la fleur, the flower, la plume, the pen, feather, la tente, the end. Une poire, a pier, une pomme, an apple, et, end. Signola. J'ai, I have. Tu as, though hast. Il a, he has. Elle a, she has. Ege. Note. Observe this hyphen by which the verb and pronoun are joined in interrogations. End of note. Have I. A tu. Has though. A till. Has he. A tell. Has she. Plural. Nous avons. We have. Vous avez. You have. Ils ont. Elles ont. They have. Avant nous. Have we. Avez-vous. Have you. Ont-ils. Ont-elles. Have they. L'enfant a-t-il. Note. When in a question, not beginning with an interrogative pronoun or adverb, the substantive is expressed. It must begin the sentence, and the pronoun still be put after the verb. End of note. Has the child. La mère a-t-il. Has the mother. Reading exercise one. J'ai le livre. Tu as un livre. J'ai la rose. A tu la rose. Il a le cheval. Elle a le pain. Le père a un cheval. La mère a un jardin. L'enfant a une poire. Nous avons un chien. Avez-vous un chapeau? Ils ont un oncle et une tente. Elles ont une tente. L'enfant a-t-il une plume? La mère a-t-elle la fleur? Le roi a-t-il un cheval? Il a le cheval. Les amis pleurent. On les livre. Les enfants ont les plumes. T'aime tout. I have the horse. I have a friend. Tho has the book. He has a dog. She has the bonnet. The father has a garden. The mother has the rose. The king has the gold. The uncle has a friend. We have the bread. You have a pair. They masculine have an apple. They feminine have a flower. Has the friend a horse? The friend has a horse and a dog. Conversation. A-t-il la rose? Vous avez la rose. A-t-il le pain? Oui, yes. J'ai le pain. A-t-elle la fleur? Elle a la fleur. L'enfant a-t-il le livre? Il a le livre. A-vez-vous un cheval? Oui, nous avons un cheval et un chien. L'enfant a-t-il une poire? L'enfant a une poire et une pomme. End of first lesson from French Conversation Grammar by Dr. Emil Otto.