  сер  set green bear learners, today I will take the second part of the unique hypothesis, dear learner, you see in this part we will first take the section that is where is a hypothesis formulated. A hypothesis formulated after the problem been stated and previous study has been computed. It is formulated when the investigation is totally aware of the theoretical గా గivamenteక Twilight కు బటింధత కమంట్న కనిప్క నిట investig.. లి, ఇషన్ ఇాక్క ఫేపనటిస్శయ నోళి నిల్ fragr ... రు... గాట్చ and there would be no necessity for a hypothesis. Now, dear learners, you see a satisfactory solution of any problem requires that the irrelevant facts must be eliminated from the relevant facts. The formulation of hypothesis gives the direction in which the facts are to be arranged. We cannot go forward unless we begin with a suggested explanation of the phenomenon. This suggested explanation is called hypothesis. Now, dear learners, you take the another section of disperned criteria for the formulation of a hypothesis. So, according to speech, the following criteria are of importance in formulating a hypothesis. A hypothesis should stand the test. We express in clear language, we in accordance with the general theme of other hypothetical statement in the same field of study and should be regarded as valid. We coordinated with the theory of science, we attentive answer to the formulated problem, be logical and simplistic, consider available investigation techniques, be specific and be relevant to the collection of empirical phenomena and not merely conclude a balanced judgment. Now, the hypothesis can be formulated in more than one way. Dear learners, you take the conditions for valid hypothesis. The most important condition for valid hypothesis is that it should be empirical and reliable. A hypothesis should be compared to the facts of experience directly or indirectly. A hypothesis ultimately has to be confirmed or refuted, otherwise it will be a bare supposition. A hypothesis must provide answers to the problem which initiated an inquiry. A false hypothesis is not always useless. It may encourage further investigation and attempts to find out relations among facts and thereby may increase the evidence for other theories. In case we have more than one hypothesis, we should prefer one which has a strong power of predictability and which can explain the consequences. If there are two hypotheses on the same problem and if they can be equally confirmed by evidence, the simpler hypothesis is generally chosen. A hypothesis must be clear, definite and certain. It should not be vague or ambiguous. A valid hypothesis suggests that an explanation which appears reasonably true in the present state of knowledge, a fanciful idea or an absurd imagination does not make a valid hypothesis. Now dear learners, you will see origin of hypothesis. There is no particular method of forming a hypothesis. The size of hypothesis depends upon the scientist's range of knowledge and his native abilities. There are however certain age in the origin of hypothesis. There are as follows induction for simple admiration, simple conversion of universal propositions and analogy. Now you see, a simple conversion of universal proposition suggests that the relation between the subject and the predicate may be reciprocal. For example, the proposition all men are mortal cannot be converted simply. We find that the relation between man and mortality is not reciprocal. We may investigate the element which makes man mortal. This suggests the hypothesis concerning mortality of man. We find that as men are living beings, so men are mortal. Then we see that the reciprocal relation exists and we arrive at the universal proposition all living beings are mortal. This proposition all living beings are mortal can be converted simply into the proposition all mortal beings are living beings. Now dear learners, you see the analogy. It is another source of hypothesis. Analogy is based on the perfect resemblance between two things. When two things resemble each other in certain important aspects, we assume that they will probably resemble each other in other aspects too. For example, if we find that some hill people we come across are very simple. We shall suppose that other hill people are also simple because they are inhabitants of hill areas. This hypothesis about hill people is based on analogical reasoning. Dear learners, induction for simple admiration, you see. A hypothesis may originate from induction for simple admiration. Here a large number of instances are observed by the observer and it is found that two phenomena always go together. The observer does not find any contrary instance so far as his experience goes. However, he doesn't know whether there is any causal connection between the two phenomena. But the condition that the two phenomena are constantly associated together seems to be sufficient ground for supposing that there is a causal connection between them and thus a hypothesis is framed. So it is a general experience that all roses are sweet, smelly. Here we see that all roses irrespective of color and size are sweet, smelly. And from this observation we found the hypothesis that roses sweet, smelly flower. Now dear learners, you see the section verification and proof of hypothesis. So verification of hypothesis means the testing of the truth of hypothesis in the light of facts. For verification there must be an agreement between the inference of the hypothesis and the observer facts. The greater the agreement, the stronger is the hypothesis. Direct verification means the direct appeal to the fact of experience through simple observation or experiment. So where a hypothesis cannot be directly verified, it should be verified indirectly. In indirect verification the consequences deduced from the hypothesis are compared to facts. If there is an agreement between consequences and facts, a hypothesis is verified. If facts agree with the hypothesis and there is no contradictory fact, the hypothesis is verified to be true. In order to prove a hypothesis it is essential first to verify it. However verification is not conclusive proof thus something more is necessary. The hypothesis must adequately explain all facts or which it has been made. And it must be the only hypothesis to do so. It must also explain all related facts and it should have the power of prediction. Sometimes two or more hypothesis may explain facts. Then in order to know which one of them provides the real explanation we take a crucial instance. This can be found out by observation or by experiment. A crucial instance not only confirms a hypothesis but it also negates the other. Suppose that the hypothesis is that X has committed a theft. Another hypothesis is that Y has committed a theft. In course of investigation it is found that X was present at a very distant place at that time when the theft was committed. However displaying and eliminating its rival hypothesis does not imply that the original hypothesis is proved. Elimination of its rival hypothesis or verification of a hypothesis only indicates that the original hypothesis is more probable. However a crucial instance obtained by experiment has a greater value for the proof of the hypothesis as compared to the crucial instance obtained by simple observation. Down here learners use take another section that he uses of hypothesis. So this is also very very rarely when in case of the union that is hypothesis. So for explaining some fact or phenomena hypothesis is a temporary supposition. Hypothesis are not only necessary in science but in everyday life also. The following are the uses of hypothesis. So hypothesis is the starting point of scientific investigation. The main aim of scientific investigation is to discover the real lesser of events. The lesser is complex and it presents the events in a complex way. Here scientific investigation must start with hypothesis regarding the possible lesser of events and hypothesis is the principle by which the real lesser of events can be discovered. A hypothesis lies at the bottom of scientific generalization because science must start with some suppositions. Hypothesis make observation and experiment possible. Observation and experiment are known as the material grounds of induction and hypothesis controls them. But observation and experiment supply the materials of induction which are nothing but some particular facts of experience. Observation tries to find out some unity among those particular facts. Observation must not be random perception. But well regulated perceptions of particular facts with a definite aim. So it must be guided by hypothesis to find out the unity among facts. In experiments, we artificially reproduce things or events under known conditions. Such artificial reproduction wants some supposition to be verified for each object. Thus, good observation and experiment are guided and controlled by hypothesis. Now, dear learners, hypothesis is an aim to exploration. Hypothesis explains the facts or phenomena of nature. A fact or phenomena is scientifically explained when its cause or the law of operation is proved. To search the law of operation or the cause, we have to start with some supposition. In general, hypothesis assumes three forms. Hypothesis concerning an agent or collocation or the law of operation. In its case, when the hypothesis is proved, the phenomena is explained. Hypothesis make reduction possible. In some cases, the results of observation are uncertain and experiment cannot be employed. So in such cases, no causal connection can be proved by direct observation and experiment. In such situation, the only way to carry out scientific investigation is to suppose some principles and deduce consequences from it and copy our name with actual facts of experiences. Now, dear learners, now we come to the very most important section that is the latest Sama. So in this section, you find some highlighting points. These points are, you see, observation and experiment are known as material grounds of induction. While the law of congestion and the law of uniformity of nature are called the formal grounds of induction. A hypothesis is a tentative supposition. The validity of which has got to be tested. Now, our hypothesis is a compound of two words, hypo-anthesis and literally, hypo means under or below. And the anthesis means region, theory or rational viewpoint. Hypo-anthesis is the pivot of a study around which the investigation resolved giving meaningful direction to the investigation, particularly with regard to what kind and how much of the life is to be collected. Hypothesis leads to the discovery of laws. It explains facts and laws and thus seeks to verify knowledge. A hypothesis involves four steps. Observation, reflection, deduction and verification. From the point of view of subject matter, hypothesis is of three kinds. Hypothesis concerning engine, hypothesis concerning law and hypothesis concerning collocation. From the point of view of purpose, hypothesis is of three kinds, explanatory, descriptive and analogical. In addition to this, some logicians suggest two other kinds of hypothesis. They are anhypo-anthesis and working hypothesis. A hypothesis may originate from three sources, first one is induction for simple integration, simple conversion of universal proposition and analogy. They are learners. The main uses of hypothesis are like, hypothesis is the starting point of scientific investigation. Hypothesis make observation and experiment possible. Hypothesis is an aid to explanation. Hypothesis makes deduction possible. Now, they are learners. In this section, you find some important books for this unit. The first one you take, you may take, that is, Arabic, M-copy, and Karl and Cohen, and Kanit and Simohan, that is introduction to logic. And you take another important book, that is, scientific method and social research. It is written by B. Angus, and you also take another very important book, that is, logic deductive and inductive, written by Carmen Ritt. So, these are the very important books you may take. It is also easy for you to understand the unit that is hypothesis if you read the books in the section, part and critics. Thank you so much, they are learners.