 Welcome family everyone for the session today. So as we have been doing this series of talks with the different experts in different fields, we did a session on medical science last week. We also did a session on architecture that was again last week. So continuing with the series today we are taking up an engineering course, engineering subject. So why this particular series I'll also explain the reason typically post the JEE. That means whenever the successful candidates go for their counseling, whether it is after JEE at once for IITs or for the NITs or other colleges, there is a lot of confusion about different subjects, different courses, what they are going to offer, what are future prospects and other things, other information related to that course. Typically what I have observed is and it was the case when we were writing JEE and we qualified and we were doing counseling and till today also the common notion is people whatever is the common trend of people picking up one particular branch according to their ranks is still prevalent. So that time also I remember I was not going for chemical engineering thinking that chemical engineering is all about chemistry and somehow I did not want to pursue a course where some bit of chemistry was involved and that particular pre notions or pre biases actually let me choose something else. So hence there are lots of confusion, lots of questions around this particular thing and it happens and we see this happening more intensely when we are counseling students when they are going for their first year courses. So hence what we have decided within ourselves and with the help of Professor Murugan there at IIT Kharagpur, we are going to have similar sessions on different engineering streams as well which will throw some light on the course and the prospects of that particular course so that the students can be well aware of what exactly that course talks about. So let me introduce Professor Murugan Sharad who happens to be a college mate of mine as well as Akhil sir. So we studied, we got an opportunity to study together in IIT Kharagpur and he was in the same hostel as well so that's something, some connect which we share. So he has received his B.Tech and M.Tech from IIT Kharagpur and he also did his doctorate from Purdue University that is in electronics. Now he has more than 70 publications in international journals and conferences in the area of neuromorphic computing and related electronic hardware. He has been serving as a faculty at IIT Kharagpur in the Rajendra Mishra School of Engineering Entrepreneurship and that's something which IIT can be very proud of because lots of projects are going on in that engineering entrepreneurship school. Now Murugan also co-founded Agnex Technologies Limited. I'll start up working on IOT and AI driven food quality analysis in 2017. So now you can relate how concepts of IOT and AI is being deployed in food quality testing. And then he also led the development of several end-to-end solutions for a wide range of agricultural commodities. Currently he is leading several entrepreneurship education initiatives at IIT Kharagpur and working as a mentor for several early stage startups. So that is about Professor Murugan Sharad. So thanks Professor Sharad for sparing out some time and coming on Sentom Connect to enlighten our students. Thanks for that. I will also introduce Moynak Bush and he is our third year undergrad student at IIT Kharagpur. So he's also there with us today. Thanks Moynak for joining us. He is from Electrical Engineering Department. He's passionate electronics enthusiast and hobbyist and has worked on several projects related to IOT, wearables, robotics and signal processing. So those students whom I know and who have we have been interacting in terms of hobby electronics, you can find some bit of guidance and direction in whatever you are pursuing right now from Moynak. His research interests are in very large scale integration that's related to chip design and mixed signal circuit design and embedded systems development. So with those words, I welcome both Brighank as well as Moynak on this forum and I will now hand over to Professor Sharad, Brighank Sharad to enlighten our students on these particular topics that is electronics engineering as a third year option. Professor Sharad. Thank you Tushar sir. So I'm glad to connect with all of you through Sentom Academy and as Tuchar mentioned, he is my senior from IIT Kharagpur. He's also in the same hall so we have a long relationship and we have been connected all throughout and recently also we have been discussing a lot of interesting ideas related to education technology. So very glad to connect with you through this platform. So the topic today is electronics engineering and basically the pathways to electronic engineering why one should consider electronic engineering as a career and what are the opportunities within this big domain. So definitely it's challenging to cover all of this and along with a lot of interesting examples that you know Moynak will also be presenting. So all of this to cover within one one and a half hour is challenging and somehow I have been able to prepare some material. It's not the best that I can do right now but in limited time whatever I have prepared I will try to cover an overview so that those who are pursuing engineering preparation and also those who are in early stage of their engineering education both of them can benefit, both of them can get a good overview of the domains in electronics engineering. So with that I can again share my screen and I can get started with the discussion. I can just go through the big picture first and then I will transfer the control to Tushar for the interaction. Let me share my screen. I have made you the co-host so you can share this screen. Try to cover the fundamental domains and after that I will look into some of the advanced topics some of the emerging topics also especially IoT which is my area of interest as well and one of the most popular emerging areas in electronics also. So let me start the screen sharing. I hope all of you can see my screen. So when we talk about electronics engineering we have a lot of different applications, numerous different gadgets in mind that we use in our daily life starting from our mobile phone, computers, many different gadgets like Alexa and so on. There are so many new gadgets emerging day after day. There are so many medical devices we are getting familiar with which operate on very noble principles having wireless communication. There are so many so much penetration of these electronic devices in our lives that without them we can't imagine our day-to-day life these days. So if I talk about electronics engineering what all goes into it? What are the major segments that I can think of when I try to visualize the different components of this domain? So I have basically tried to categorize it into four major segments. Of course you can sub-categorize and you can have a bigger list but I am here trying to present a broad categorization. So the first part of it deals with the electronic hardware. So all the devices and gadgets they have electronic hardware right. So you have seen the computer, it has a motherboard, it has many different ICs in it, many different components in it, wire connections into it. So there are many different hardware components that go into building any electronic system. So that is the first part electronic hardware and that is the big domain. It has many many different sub-domains that I will try to cover quickly. And after that we have the information processing. So what is the purpose of hardware? The hardware is supposed to process and analyze information, store information, communicate information right. So what are the major tasks performed by the electronic hardware? One is acquisition of information. So when you are say recording a video or taking an image the image sensor or the camera that is there that is recording the image that is sensing the image that is sensing the reflected light and basically converting into a specific format of image or video and it is storing. The first thing is sensing the information likewise you may be doing audio recording you may be having a digital stethoscope which is basically recording your heartbeat. So there are n number of sensors n number of inputs that we can think of like the touchpad of your screen of your you know mobile phone that is also sensing your touch right when you are creating pressure on the touch screen that is also sensing that pressure of your finger. So there are many different kinds of input that are sensed. So that is the first part acquisition of information acquisition of data acquisition of signal. Second part is once you have acquired the signal it has to be stored right. So all of us are familiar with memory. So when you talk about a computer's configuration, laptop's configuration we talk about what is the memory right? What is RAM? So what is the hard disk? So we talk about the memory. The second part is storing the information. So there also is a part of electronic hardware. So there is some electronic hardware in that system which is storing the data or the information. Next part is processing the information right? So if you have acquired certain data from the external world generally there is some processing involved like there is video compression audio compression. So before you do any further activity with the data generally there is a lot of processing that goes in. There is some filtering also. All of you must have used a lot of camera related apps where you are able to do some filtering right? So you are able to filter the images. So there is a lot of such processing goes on. The audio also that we are using right now. For example, I may have a lot of background noise that may be there but there is some processing technique in the software that I'm using that will filter out that noise. So whatever audio is going that is also being processed. You are not hearing the raw audio. There is some intelligent algorithm running which is processing this audio and giving you the refined noise free voice so that you can interpret it better. So there is the signal processing information processing which is the other part. The next part is the communication. Now when you are for example right now I'm recording this video that video is getting recorded on the cloud. So some server it is getting recorded. So this video is getting continuously transmitted to that server right? So wirelessly this entire video recording is going to the server. When you're talking on phone your voice is going somewhere. You are going for video calls. Your video is going somewhere. Maybe to a server and from that server to the recipient. So there is always a huge amount of communication going on between all these devices. So then again there are the electronic devices sitting at the core which are responsible for enabling all this communication right? So there is an antenna. There is some electronic device which is sending data out of that antenna. Again on the other side there is some device which is receiving and again processing decoding all that information. So again there is a lot of electronic hardware responsible for enabling this powerful communication right? So whatever communications you know platforms we use there are these electronic devices and these communication platforms keep evolving right? We have seen how it evolved from 2G, 3G, 4G. Now people are talking about 5G. So all these are again enabled by electronic hardware responsible for communication. So and of course there are other parts also like that I have not mentioned here. The electronics hardware may also involve many other sub-components that I will deal with in the next slide. So in effect I can say that okay these are the three major components. One is the hardware part. Second is the information processing part and the third is the communication part. Now a segment in electronics engineering which people participate in or you know work in that is the CAD tools. CAD means computer edit design. So when we talk about engineering or designing of these electronic hardware or the communication processing system, communication system. So there are certain tools, computer edit design tools with the help of these tools that make all these designs. Again there are a lot of engineering processes which go into building these tools themselves because ultimately these tools enable you to design electronics or develop electronic hardware software communication whatever. So then there's a lot of people who choose to work on those CAD tools and that becomes actually closer to computer science domain because that has a lot of algorithms and techniques how to basically help you design something electronic hardware. So that is closer to I would say computer science than electronics. Let me go ahead and here I will try to go deeper into the electronics hardware. I just wanted to you know interrupt you sorry for that. So I just the first question which is coming in my mind is all these topics are studied in undergrad course as well or these are specializations which have to be taken after your graduation is done. So this can be this is covered in the undergrad level as well. All these elements most of these things most of these things are covered at least as electives for example the electronic hardware part and the data processing communication part most of it is covered. Whenever you have an electronics and communication course these components will be covered. Now of course from institute to institute there may be some variations like if there is a course on electrical engineering, electrical and electronics are slightly different. If it is the electrical engineering course you may have some more components added and some components taken out. Maybe there will be not much of communication there will be less focus on the CAD tools but more focus on some other things like electrical motors and electrical transmission lines and electricity management those kind of things. So when you talk about electronics and communication definitely the electronics part that means the hardware part and the communication part which is basically the networking, the signal processing, data processing all that together that is very much part of the UG curriculum also. In the PG of course we have different specialization dealing with each of these. Now let me come to the hardware because when you talk about electronics the first thing that comes in our mind is electronics hardware. So the term electronics also arises from the term electrons which basically means which basically originates from the fact that all this information processing that we are doing, all this data processing, all this number crunching, all this communication that we are doing it is enabled by the movement of electrons that's why we call it electronics. So the first thing that comes in our mind is the electronic hardware which is basically the enabler of the entire information technology domain. If you don't have electronic hardware you can't work on powerful algorithms, you can't develop artificial intelligence, you can't have huge servers storing humongous amount of data, you can't have such a high speed communication your board brand and optical communication. Now that will work if you don't have the electronics hardware which is enabling this entire system. So at the core of it we have this electronic hardware. Now when we talk about the engineering study of electronic hardware again there are different domains. Here I have tried to show the hierarchy of the electronic hardware starting from the bottom most level going towards the higher system level. Now here I can tell you that there are of course variations in the curriculum. Some institutes may not focus so much on the lower level that means the lower component level device that I have shown over here. So see the first picture that I have shown is of a nanoscale transistor. It's a 50 nanometer transistor. So in your class 11th and class 12 those who are preparing for GE right now and also those who are in early stage of their engineering studies, you must have studied some basics of transistor that there's some semiconductor switch made up of silicon and it basically has an on-off kind of operation and with the help of that you can basically do a lot of computation. So switching logic. So you might have heard about switching logic. So all these algorithms that we do you must have done some coding, C coding or Java coding or you know Python coding whatever. So there are different kinds of program that you have learned. Ultimately you know that it translates into assembly language and then you know machine language. Ultimately it is just cores of zeros and one and these zeros and one causes switching in these transistors and ultimately the switching in these transistors is responsible for executing this code. There are huge now billions of transistors in today's processors, billions. So these billions of transistors are switching on and off, on and off. So when they are on they allow the electronic current to flow. When they are off they basically turn off the electronic current. So in a transistor the current flows from source to drain here. You can see the structure over here. This is a nanoscale transistor actual fabricated transistor in nanotechnology. So there is a source side and a drain side and there is a gate. So when you put a high voltage on the gate it basically allows electrons to flow from source to drain. Otherwise if you have zero voltage applied it blocks the flow. So it's a simple switch. This is the basically the basic component with the help of which all the other other processing happens. Now there has been a lot of advancement, a lot of development in the switch design. So starting from say the dimensions of few micrometers earlier when the transistor design started and the semiconductor chip design started these transistors were of the dimensions of few micrometers. Today we have these transistors in the range of nanometer. Very recently IBM released isolated transistors which are of two nanometer dimensions. So now these switches have become so small that you can basically pack multi billions of these transistors on a single chip and if you have more number of transistors in the same chip that means that you have more storage power, more processing power because all these memory processors, all these things are made up of these switches. So if you have more number of these tiny transistors on a chip, you have more memory, you have faster processing, more processing, you can execute much more powerful algorithms. So there's a lot of technology development that goes into designing these transistors, how to make them better, how to make them faster, how to make them smaller, how to basically pack more of these in a semiconductor, how to make them stronger and more reliable. On top of it you have to also take care of the costing part. So it has to be you know, cost effective. Yeah, the costing also. So all of us know that the devices, the cost have been actually going down. If you look at the device cost, the IC cost, earlier in 90 or early 2000s or late 1990s, the cost were you know, few lakhs per computer. Today you are getting cheaper and so many mobile devices with much more capability, much more power. Every smartphone is a computer, many computer in your pocket with so much capability of processing. So this has been enabled because now each the mobile phone is having tiny ICs with these kind of very tiny nano-scale transistors which are enabling so much processing in a small area. So that is the main fundamental reason why we are able to get so much processing power in small devices. The scaling down of transistors making them smaller and smaller, working, researching on this semiconductor technology, finding out the right kind of materials, right kind of structures for these transistors. So that is the first area where a lot of engineering and science goes into picture. Now this area is more closer to outside physics. So it is more science intensive, right. So it is having more pure science, you need to you know talk about quantum mechanics, you need to understand the electrons flow, how the semiconductor works, what is the fundamental principle. So those things are closer to pure science. So it is closely interfacing with pure science, physics, chemistry, material science, etc. So I hope you can understand what kind of work it will involve if you are trying to be a technologist or basically a semiconductor technologist working on these kinds of semiconductor nano devices. This whole domain today is named as nano technology. So in Kharagpur we have a specialization in electronics which is called microelectronics. But now of course that microelectronics was coined when you know we were 25 years back but now today it has to be named as nano electronic because everything is on nano scale. It started with micro-scale but now it is nano. So this is the first. Now second part which is again a very big area is before that you know there is component design also. So I talked to you about different kinds of sensors, right. You may have temperature sensors, humidity sensors, you may have like you talk about your AC, right. So air conditioner you are setting up your temperature. So how does it work? Ultimately it has an electronic temperature sensor with the help of which it is able to control. Likewise many different gadgets have their own sensors. So your imager is also a sensor. Your microphone is also a sensor. It is basically sensing your pressure created by the voice. When you are speaking something it is creating vibrations in the air, creating pressure variation in the air and that is sensed by some pressure sensor and that converts it into electrical voltage. So there is some specific sensor which is doing that job. So there are many different kinds of sensors and designing those sensors with different kinds of materials, different kinds of semiconductor material or other kinds of materials that itself is a big area. Imagers, if you talk about the cameras, I hope you know how the cameras are built. So cameras are also built of something called photo diode. There are photo sensors. So they are tiny photo sensors which convert light into electricity. So if there is a light incident on it it produces some voltage or current proportional to the light intensity and when you have huge number of these diodes in an array you basically convert the entire intensity map into current per voltage map. That's how the camera works. So this is also like a sensor, an array of sensors. So there are a lot of researches and development going on in these areas also how to get better sensors. So you know that your camera today in the mobile phone it has reached such a high resolution starting from a few MBs today we have 20 MB camera more than that 30 MB camera sitting in our mobile phone. So this tiny mobile phone is having a small dot on the top and it is carrying such a powerful camera 20 megapixels of camera. So this has been made possible because of all the development that has happened on the sensor front. And then of course there are other things like power devices so whenever you have electronic device you need to provide power to them. So that happens with there are some special switches some special devices some batteries you know about solar power also there are a lot of gadgets which are driven by solar power these days. So there are a lot of different components which come into the power management system which are responsible for regulating the power supply to the hardware or the ICs or chips from the motherboard that you have that is a power system power device. So and of course there are passive devices like resistors capacitors etc which are also integral to your design many things are there on the system that we have. Now within the component there is a special component that I have treated separately over here which is IC design IC means integrated circuit. So you may have a circuit which is made of resistor capacitor etc in 12th 11th class also I think you have some components where you study about you know RC circuit RC circuits and all kinds of calculations related to that that is also a circuit. So you can make that kind of circuit you can buy some electrical resistors inductors capacitors and some switches transistors you can buy that and you can basically solder them and you can build a circuit out of it. But when we talk about integrated circuits they're talking about chips the semiconductor chips which are there on your motherboard why do we call them integrated circuits because there are huge number of nanoscale components integrated into this. So these transistors that I talked about a huge number of billions of these transistors are going into these chips to make different kinds of functional blocks so which are executing your algorithms or executing different kinds of functions. So these are integrated circuits because they are integrated on the same piece of silicon they are integrated on the same chip. Now this chip design that itself is a huge area and there are a lot of companies working on it so any product you take ultimately the core of it core of these electronic products are these chips because they are ultimately responsible for all the functionality. So these in the motherboard when you open these black boxes that you see with so many pins they are the ICs on integrated circuits or chips electronic chips which are responsible for all the processing all the communication all the algorithm execution data story memory every so now designing these chips is another major area and that also requires a lot of domain expertise you need to understand the devices without understanding the devices transistors you can't make chips out of it you need to understand the circuits like when you are connecting certain transistors how to make this kind of circuits robust fast and how to innovate on the circuit level so circuit design itself is a big area chip design itself is a big area and as systems are progressing more and more people are combining more functionalities on the same chip. So earlier we used to have a separate chip for the data converter or A to B converter which is called an ADC converter which basically interfaces with the sensor there is a different chip for processor there is a different chip for memory there is a different chip for say image sensor so there are different different chips in a standard processor or in a standard application but now there is a there is a trend towards integrating all these functions in a single chip so that we have a system on chip so there are a lot of companies which are working on SOC so these systems are becoming huge bigger and bigger they are able to pack more and more transistors they are able to do more and more functions on the same single piece of silicon what is the benefit of that so rather than integrating multiple chips you can just have very few chips and your system size can be smaller so that is the IC designing area and again it's a huge you know highly active area next is the embedded system embedded system as the name suggests it is embedded component so you can see the board over here which has several components it has some chips that you can see electronic chips it has this cylindrical structure which are like capacitors these are capacitors actually and there are several other components also that you can see they're connected through metallic traces so on the on this side if you look at the right hand side bottom diagram I have shown a small printed circuit board this is a small embedded system it is called a printed circuit board why because on this small board you have many different electronic components connected through metal lines this metal lines the patterns or connectivities are all printed on this board so when you open a motherboard you will see all these metal lines very clearly maybe I have a picture like that not very clearly visible but if you remember any motherboard you will find a lot of electronic traces right so metal lines parallel metal lines running from one end to another end these are traces these are printed connections between these components they connect different components like the chips and the capacitors resistors different kinds of components together and that forms a complete embedded board that you can use in different applications so as I have discussed earlier what are the different components you should have you should have a processor for processing the data it should have a sensor for acquiring data it should have a memory for storing data so there are different kinds of components that are coming into this embedded system and so there is a complete there is another domain which deals with designing of these embedded systems programming of these embedded systems so that they can do a desired functionality they can perform a desired job so whatever applications we have whether it is a mobile phone or a computer or any other electronic gadget behind that there is this kind of embedded system there is a the PCP which is having all these electronic gadgets so designing these PCBs programming these PCBs and making them work to fulfill your functionality that is another area that is called embedded system and ultimately they lead to application so you design embedded system for a certain application right so this is the hierarchy starting from the nano-skill devices going all the way to applications and each of these are having their own broad specialization so if you are entering into electronics engineering you may choose to work in any of these areas some of these areas are more science oriented more tech oriented as I said the device and technology part semiconductor nanotechnology that is more science oriented whereas the embedded system applications are more programming oriented design oriented that okay how to program the processor how to basically connect other components and make the application out of it there you don't have to worry about the physics that okay how the transistor is working really you have to think about how to use these existing processors existing components existing devices and integrate them how to you know make this embedded system out of it and how to program that processor so that it works according to my application so here less of science as I go down it's less of science and more of coding more of application more of basically design things that come into it so here again I have tried to elaborate it further this is another classification this is classification according to the functionality so if you look at any embedded system it will have all these different components so here you can see there are the different components which are labeled over here there are some components you can see uh I'm not able to see the mouse so here you can see msp430mcu so this is a microprocessor which is basically executing your ports so to do any functionality suppose you want to have a imager which is taking image and storing it to the memory so you have to write the code for that so that code will be executed by this microprocessor which is sitting over here right that is the brain of your entire embedded system that is executing the port likewise there are a lot of communication interfaces like you can see the usb interface over here likewise there are radio there is a radio IC radio IC is for communication wireless communication is responsible for communicating the data elsewhere there are some sensor interfaces there are some inbuilt sensors built on it like for example you can see the humidity and temperature sensor some boards may have it this is a commercially available board so this is having an inbuilt sensor on it also uh likewise you have a connector so here you can see the connector expansion connector where you can connect external devices external sensors through wires so there are many different components there is a power management IC so here this burden thing that you see is a power management IC which is responsible for the power regulation voltage regulation etc on the chip when you provide the power from external source of the battery it is supposed to regulate that power and provide a clean specified voltage level to the all different ICs on the board so that is responsible of the power IC so they are all these different components so I had just tried to classify them into these categories one is the the first part which is analog IC analog ICs and power management IC and I have also mentioned some of the companies which are in this area so here we talk about analog ICs Texas instrument analog devices are the two top companies that come to mind there are many others uh so analog ICs what does analog mean any natural information that you take from outside is analog right so when you are taking a sensor data suppose you're taking a temperature sensor the temperature sensor is taking what does it do actually it converts uh the temperature variation into some proportional voltage variation so uh that voltage is a continuous quantity the temperature can vary from the 36.1 to 36.2 corresponding to that there will be a voltage variation also 36.1 to 36.2 maybe the voltage varies from uh 1.1 volt to 1.15 volt something like that that is the continuous analog variation and then that needs to be converted to digital data so all of you must be knowing that the computers work with digital data right binary data 1 0 so uh if you are to present suppose the number 5 that is 1 0 0 1 if you have to present number 10 it is adding another binary representation so that analog data needs to be converted into this binary data so just to interrupt you here uh professor began so you know those people who are studying mathematics function so you can see the application of that uh here directly so you there's a mapping going on so there's an analog data which is mapped to uh digital data so hence you now know why functions are so important so next time when we are having a class one function so you better pay attention and learn it properly yeah yeah so that is the core so if you uh that is the core of uh electronics that is the interfacing with the world so when you are getting data from outside the analog and then you convert it into the binary data and then that data is digital data which is binary and the transistors can deal with that data right so when you have the transistors which are like switches so in order to operate those switches you must first of all convert that analog information into digital data if an external sensor is giving you five volt output that five volt needs to convert into digital uh or binary representation that is the work of the analog ICs so these analog ICs are basically responsible for taking the external natural information and converting them into digital data which the digital processors can compute and communicate all the communication all the processing all the storage in memory all happens in digital format so to do that these analog ICs are responsible they are responsible for converting processing cleaning all this natural data and converting into the digital data uh so the main device which is used for doing all that is analog to digital convert a to t converter adc as it is and then there are a lot of other things uh there are amplifier there are filters so whatever audio you may be giving it may not be strong enough you need to amplify that audio so uh likewise when you have to increase the volume of your phone or your computer you just press some buttons but what is happening over there it is basically having a d2a converter or basically a digital to analog converter which is whatever digital sound you have digital data that you have in your computer that is converting into analog data so that you can hear it if you want higher volume it will basically help you in increasing the power output of that digital to analog converter and listen at a louder volume so all these analog functions that you see you can build into your system they are responsibilities of these analog ICs so these analog ICs are generally less in number but they are very critical to the functionality of the entire board so when you're talking about the image sensor they're also the same story you have millions of pixels right you're talking about 20 30 megapixels of camera so each pixel is giving you some voltage output and you can imagine this 20 megapixel 20 million pixels they are basically producing 20 million different voltages and these voltages are converted into digital data each of them maybe 8 bit 10 bit 12 bit 24 bit each of them and then these each of this 20 million digital data 20 bit data is spent to the memory for storage or communicated further you can see the complexity of these electronics is how the information is recorded process stored and communicated in a very powerful way so at the very interface these are these analog ICs which are responsible for doing all that and then they are also the power management part why I clubbed with analog IC because this is also analog in nature so it takes power from external sources say a solar power panel or a battery or maybe an AC supply so it converts that into the clean voltage level which can be used by the system so these tips are very very sensitive they need very very clean voltage levels to work with the normal voltage that you have from a battery that may be very very unstable the battery voltage keeps changing as it discharges but these ICs need very clean stable supply to work so that is the purpose of this analog power management units which provide very clean voltage now of course these areas themselves are huge domains and the people who want to build career in these areas they stick to these areas only so it may very rarely happen that a person working in analog IC will try to switch to processor so art means during your engineering studies if you focus on analog ICs then at least early in your career you will be focusing you will be doing jobs in companies which work on analog ICs and you will be working in groups which work on analog ICs in those companies. Second part is the processor which is again the computing powerhouse of the system it's crunching all the algorithm all the digital numbers and giving you all the output so that is the job of the processor and then this is a digital machine right so digital design happens over here how to build a processor that itself is a huge area and that again requires good hold on algorithm so when you talk about processors since it is digital in nature again it's closely interface with computer studies also so when you're talking about the processor it has again many components and they are executing algorithms so in order to understand first of all how an algorithm gets executed on a computer or on a processor that has to be understood first and then there are ways to design this processor and these days there are many different advanced processors coming right you must have heard about multi core processors parallel processors GPUs you know which are very powerful many many cores and huge amount of memory so there are many different kinds of powerful processors people are companies are building which are able to process information much more faster they are able to process much more complicated information also that is another area again there are a lot of companies but the top names like Intel AMD IBM there are many other companies even Texas Instruments and all they also build processors processors is done by many companies but the generic processors they are of course done by some of the major players I have of course I can keep on extending this list if you talk about the GPU NVIDIA is the major player of GPU they manufacture GPU specifically that is also a special kind of processor next is the communication IC communication IC are responsible for all the communication wireless communication that happens right all the radio communication rf communication bluetooth communication all that happens through some specific ICs which are responsible you can see the radio IC over here as I said radio ICCC 2420 so again these are again communication also means serial communication the one is the wireless communication another is serial communication which may happen to wired media so USB all these the the wired connection that happens through the sensor interface over here they also require some ICs to do all this job the communication wired communication job that is the purpose of the communication IC both wired communication as well as the wireless communication and the other part is the memory again for any application you need onboard memory so some memory is of course sitting in the processor also so each of these chips have their own memory also so this processor if you see the msp 430 that also has its own memory that is sitting inside the chip that is the integrated chip but outside also there are some other memory chips which are sitting so you may have seen there is DRAM sitting on the motherboard so there are different kinds of memory ICs which are also there is SD there is solid state memory these days like the flash memory you can see over here so flash memory also is a separate IC which is sitting over here so these are different kinds of memory with different capacities which are also sitting on the motherboard so their design also is another area another big area so the concepts are similar your you know the design principles are similar but the strategy the experience involved in doing all of these is such that generally people don't cross over these domain if you become a communication IC engineer today probably you will be focusing on that for a long part of your career that's what that's how industry works and then of course there are other things display and the camera there are again companies which are working on that part also so that again is more closer to the physics because display camera is involving the high tech semiconductor technology to make them work so you can see that okay how the electronic hardware basically can be divided on the functional basis I'll give you two classification first classification was on the basis of hierarchy top-down hierarchy starting from the semiconductor switches how do you come to the application and each of these are different domain different levels and people can work we can choose to work on any of these levels and make that career in any of these levels they are different companies different industry groups which cater to each of these levels no single company works on all these so there are if you talk about applications you must have heard of for example GEE Phillips they are working on application Tony Apple they are working on application google is also building application but of course there are some companies which will also do many things like google today they are also building chips they are also building AI chips so but in general for each of these levels they are different company different industry the very mature industry lot of big players small players now lastly you know the CAD tools as I said each of these levels so I showed you different levels right so semiconductor device then I showed you the IC and then I showed you the embedded system so each of for these I have shown three levels of tools first level of tool you can see there is this transistor structure being simulated there is a source drain gate and you can set up many parameters dimensions materials and you can simulate this transistor how it is working so this is a CAD tool computer a design tool through which you can basically simulate and design transistors and once you have the results properly coming in the simulation tool then you say that okay now these simulation results show that if I build this transistor in this way it is going to work then only you go to the actual fab and fabricate these transistors this is actually a fab in IIT Kharagpur electronic department where you can see some guys for building transistors or devices actually the first you do it on the CAD tool then you go to the actual fabrication process that's how industry also works so there are a lot of people who will be just experienced in the CAD tool just developing the CAD tool or working on the CAD that two things either you can be a CAD engineer yourself that okay you are responsible for developing those tools then you are more of a computer science guy and second part is using those CAD tools to do the device engineering building those devices design those devices that is a device engineer or device simulation or device modeling engineer because you're modeling you're simulated and then there are other other people who will be actually fabricating so based on the simulation you give them the guidelines that take if you use this recipe of technology this is the way you fabricate you will get a good then you will they will take your recipe and actually implement it in the kitchen of transistors right this is the actual kitchen where the fabrication is happening these are fabrication people so this distinction is also there there's some people who are actually fabricating and some people who are doing the design then you have like a circuit design also in the circuits within the IC this is the interior of an IC you know within the chip you have many different components so just like an architect builds the map of the entire building a chip designer builds the map this is like a nanoscale map of the chip right so in this software tool you can see how different components within the chip are placed first of all you do the simulation in the schematic level symbol level so there's a transistor there's a symbolic representation of a simple circuit where you are connecting some transistors resistors and building some circuit making it work and many such circuit will go into building this large system so this is like a map so if you look at it it looks like a building right the top view of a building so it is like a nanoscale map where many different components are coming together and creating that chip that is a nanoscale architecture so that's why in electronics terminology also we call it nanoscale architecture which is the architecture of the chip because it resembles the building architecture right but of course apart from design architecture we mostly look at design stability strand etc here also there are many different things this is not only the placement and how you connect things there are many different things which come into picture in order to make this design practical and workable in real life and then finally you have the next level which is the PCB design so here it is less of a science here it is least science intensive and i would say the learning curve also here it is faster because PCB design does not involve a lot of science it is a tool you can connect the ICs which are already fabricated and then you just need to be careful you have some practical knowledge about how the connections should be made how the chips should be placed how the components should be placed how it should be connected to other things so that is the practical experience that is needed of course it has also a lot of experience requirement but the learning curve here is faster in the IC design field it is a lot more intensive because it requires a lot of experience regarding circuits and how the designs should be made the connectivities and the performance power consumption speed all these things are very very intensive so these two fields the first two this is closest to science there's more technology fabrication science modeling here it is again more engineering a bit of science but again a lot of experience a lot of different things are required here to understand chip design and how to make circuits how to make them work so you just have read some RLC equation maybe some Kirchhoff law and those kind of things in your physics course maybe but beyond that there are many things which are required to make this circuit work and perform for example this is a simple circuit of an amplifier it is actually an amplifier circuit made up of transistors and resistors now in order to make this kind of amplifier circuit work on a chip it has a lot of design considerations there are a lot of issues related to noise how to make sure that it is capturing the signal without getting affected by the noise how to make sure that whatever power supply is coming to it it is clean how to make sure that these tiny devices nano devices these transistors are ultimately nano scale devices so even you know we talk about big switches in our house we get fuse off right many times our switches in the boards they get you know fuse we get a fuse which is blowing off and the switch stop working these are big switches we are able to handle we are able to place those fuse here you think about those nano scale switches these are few nanometers and they have to work for 10 years without fuse you can understand what is the challenge involved in order to make these nano scale transistors work for 10 years without having fuse without blowing up without burning and making sure that it is working continuously without failing that is happening in all devices right so you can understand how much precaution how much knowledge goes into really making it reliable and work for that many years that is the beauty of this domain of IC design a lot of challenges a lot of you know engineering technology a lot of concepts involved the concept point to be very very intensive so uh let's let's go to the other part so I have covered the hardware part where you know I covered the hierarchy and then I covered the uh the functional hierarchy and then the cat tools now let me come to the other major portions uh the next I talked about the information processing so I already took some examples like when you are speaking or recording your voice there is uh an a2d converter which is basically first of all there is a sensor and a microphone there is a sensor which is recording the information converting into electrical signal and then there is a a2d or adc converter which is converting it into digital data and then it is sending it to the machine computer now that computer will be doing a lot of filtering and processing on that audio so here I have shown some functional blocks fir there is a filter and there are a lot of mathematical processing algorithm computation that happens over here this is all done by the processors which are sitting so in your motherboard the processor will be doing all this computation that I have shown in this block diagram a lot of mathematical processing happens a lot of algorithms are executed and then you get the clean voice and which is stored in the memory or you can later hear it if you have to hear it again you have to convert it into analog which is basically the sound for that you have a digital analog converter so you feed in the digital recorded voice and then basically it converts it generates audio waves out of it so that is the purpose of the DAC so then all this processing is basically the digital signal processing which happens inside the system likewise image image is just a 2d data when you talk about audio it is a 1d data is a one-dimensional data right it is running continuously image is a 2d data because here it is a two-dimensional and here also again a lot of things are involved like filtering and many kinds of processing compression happens because when you are transmitting a video you would like to transmit a smaller volume or you're storing the video you'd like to store a smaller volume rather than the raw volume and you have limited memory you have limited bandwidth you have limited power so you want to maximize the use of your memory space your bandwidth etc and minimize the size of these videos images without losing information so that also requires a lot of compression you may have heard about mpeg jpeg these are compression formats so they are also executed using some specific processing techniques there's a lot of filtering also that happens so all that is done by the dsp part whether it is image processing or a 1d signal processing that is done by the processors a huge amount of processing power involved in that now of course these days people are talking about artificial intelligence so artificial intelligence is again about processing information the same thing you are processing images videos audios any kind of data but you are drawing some inference out of it or making some conclusions out of it for example here i have shown you a image being analyzed it is a surveillance camera image which is capturing some traffic data like traffic image and here you can see that for using ai we are able to detect like how many people are working over here how many human beings how many cars how many trucks how many bicycles so that is our function right our brain is able to identify all these things once we see this kind of image we can easily say right where is the traffic light where are people where is the car where is the sign board all those things we can do easily but now people are making the computer to do all that so automatically it should be able to tell if the car is speeding and breaking the traffic rules it should be able to detect the number plate automatically and register the data wirelessly should be able to alert the police that okay this is the car plate number plate which has violated the traffic signal and gone so then the police should take action so that requires first of all detecting the car detecting your speed detecting the number plate reading the number plate getting a digital number sending it to the police so that all requires artificial intelligence right just like humans apply their intelligence to get that information here also the computer is doing that the computer attacks the camera over there that is doing that is done by artificial intelligence and again all these things are coming into picture audio video signal image signal all those things are there but again there is some additional processing algorithms that are being executed on those processors those intelligent algorithms they come from computer science so computer science people give us all those intelligent algorithms which are to be executed to do all this of course there is a very thin boundary these days between electronics and computer science so if you're entering into electronics and you're working on the data processing information processing you can choose to work on this particular domain which is more close to computer science in fact we're dealing with the processing of information inferring some results out of that information using artificial intelligence or image processing on pretty many different kinds of data analytics schemes that are there so this is this has less to do with hardware of course there are hardware issues here also like you have to talk about processing power what is the processing speed whether you should compute on the computer or you should compute somewhere in the server in the cloud so all these things come into picture but here the guy who is working on artificial intelligence algorithm he will not be worried about transistor how the transistor is working how the processor is working that job is done by electronics engineer he has given him the processing power he has given him the motherboard he has given him different kinds of platforms he has given him server hardware he has given him gpu he has given all kinds of hardware he doesn't worry about them he just uses them and he works on the code to implement those algorithms on all these platforms that is the work of the engineer who is working on this data processing information processing and these days there are a lot of very exciting applications here i have shown you some standard application but i have made some time permits i will show you some of the very interesting applications which are very mobile in one sense like you can have brain signal processing so one of the craziest applications these days is that you can put some sensors in the brain and they can sense your electrical signal of the brain and using that you can predict what is the person thinking or using that you can operate machines rather than you know doing you're using your hand you can use your brain signals and you can play a game there are a lot of very fancy applications also coming up and of course healthcare also there are a lot of many different applications where there are different sensors sensing your health parameters like there can be a sensors on your button which is sensing your heartbeat continuously and it is sensing data with a mobile phone and that mobile phone is sending out of the doctor and it is continuously monitoring your health parameter how the heartbeat is working how the respiration rate is going whether there is any problem coughing etc what is the pattern of coughing what is the you know blood sugar level all these things can be continuously monitored by a small electronic gadget sitting in your button and you know in your locket or in your bed on your wrist watch and it can be updating the doctor so there are also there is a lot of biomedical signal processing all these raw data that come from this sensor is a lot of processing that is involved so all these electronic devices which are responsible for data acquisition they have some data processing involved and that itself is a big field it has more to do with algorithms mathematics and the processing techniques data preparation so that is more closer towards the interface between computer science and okay yeah so just to interrupt permission here the question from a student is for artificial intelligence do we take computer science or electronics engineering so this is a you know so these people are you know very fascinated by these terms ai and ml and all those things so there will be typically lots of such questions related to that so what will be your response yes see so if you are 100% sure that you know electronics hardware is completely no no for you and you want to purely work on you know software side then maybe computer science is a better option but electronics and communication you have the specialization as I said means you have the specialization of communication and signal processing information processing which has all these things so it does not hurt you only thing is of course in electronics what will happen is you will have to unwillingly do some electronic hardware courses also because you are in the electronic department but if you go to computer science you can skip all those hardware related courses and focus only on the algorithm that is the benefit but end goal will not be much different I just add one point here ai is a tool so please remember you cannot isolate ai and you work in silo so ai is a tool which is implemented even in let's say for example I was a mechanical engineer but I implemented ai in you know fine-tuning manufacturing so hence you have to also understand the nuances of that particular field so ai can be implemented even in economies so it's a tool so you know only tool in itself yes you can be a computer science engineer and develop very proficient and effective you know those ai tools but ultimately those tools are effective only when you know which area you're going to implement it on and hence you also have to have some bit of knowledge on that of that particular area where you're going to because the tool design itself will be a function of which area you're going to implement it on so hence in my opinion correct me if I'm wrong profession regan that you know the for ai you cannot be only computer science engineer and hence you would be like you know a great ai engineer or designer of algorithms yeah true so very correct so ai is a tool which can be used across domains which is an interdisciplinary domain and many different departments whether it is mechanical engineering or civil engineering or even chemical engineering many different departments are using it in different ways right and even electronics product that I will be talking about I will show you some domains in electronics which are also very interdisciplinary and it can be used across domains and different departments studying I mean there may be different students across the department who work on those domains so one thing is that okay applying those tools one is applied work where there are certain tools developed and you are trying to apply them in certain applications so this can be done by any department any discipline you don't have to go deep very deep into the algorithm itself you're not really developing the algorithm you're not proposing new algorithms so that requires a deep understanding of the algorithm itself you need to basically again it's not necessary that you have to be a computer science engineer if you have a strong interest these days there are a lot of electives you can take additional courses electives you can still go to that level that you can come up with mobile algorithms you can innovate at the algorithm level that is one level of work and the second is applied work there you are applying these two there you just need to understand how it works and how to tweak with it how to tweak with the parameters you are not innovating on the tool itself you are applying that so the application part can be done by all whereas hardcore design and development innovation on the tool itself that requires of course more intense computer science yeah so you have it seems so you have created some bit of you know it sparked the curiosity in the students now they're asking a lot of questions so maybe we'll have to spend some time on them so the another question which is by Amonisha I believe is if one wants to make an operating system how much knowledge of hardware is required so this is the question so operating system of course when we study an operating system course the first slide or the first day first few lectures will be about the computer architecture so the two things go together computer architecture and operating system so you can't detach the computer architecture from operating system so operating system need to have understanding of the computer architecture again what does the architecture mean architecture doesn't mean that you have to go and do the chip design architecture or a chemical device you don't need all of those but you need the high level architecture of the the the board that you're looking for what is the motherboard how what is the processing power over there what is the memory over there so when you talk about say the processor architecture so the computer architecture specifically basically deals with the processor architecture so there the operating system is tightly linked with the processor architecture so that processor architecture has many things which determines how much processing power it will have it has multiple levels of memories level one cache level two cache level three cache it has a certain number of processing cores it has certain networking between those cores so all those things we need to understand if you're working on a operating system which is for multi-core you need to understand how that communication between the cores happen how those cores communicate with the memory ices or the memory part of the processor so that overall architecture you need to understand in order to basically be able to develop an operating system you don't understand that just to add again here monisha to your query you know operating system the moment you ask is if you are saying i'm designing an operating system the subsequent natural question will be on what platform or for what platform so hence you know the underlying thing is you must be very well aware of the processor or the platform for which you are designing the operating system and that's what am i understanding is i'm right professor yeah that's what i said like you know the essential part like how many cores what is the memory and what kind of architecture it is following what is the bus and what is the bus architecture of that so there are some processors which are for example noc processor network on chip there are multiple cores and they are communicating through a network so for that the operating system will be different if you have a single processor there the the operating system will be slightly you know different so of course the general operating system that we use for our processors you know they also take care of you know this entire processor architecture but there are certain specific emerging architectures of the processors for that the operating system is very very different like you may have specific ai processors for executing these ai algorithm right for that the operating system will be different okay so sorry you know we have to you know there are lots of again questions which are coming up so maybe we can interact with the students to understand you know if they have some specific and then we'll also briefly talk about the exam called jay so we that is left you know we have to discuss that as well so before that let us take these questions so the next question is from karun and the question is if one wants to make an operating sorry this is yeah is something like an alexa or siri a combination of digital signal processing and ai and how will it work so i would just repeat the question is something like an alexa or siri a combination of digital signal processing and ai and how will it work so karun if you know you can yeah is that is that the question what you're asking yeah could i phrase it well so do you understand what is the question yeah yeah so now see when you talk about alexa or siri so definitely there is some ai into it because your voice is getting recorded and it is responding to your voice right so it is playing certain you know songs or you know certain music based on your choice so that is basically detecting what you are trying to speak so there is something called last year language processing which is a part of ai or a sub domain of ai where you try to decipher what is being spoken right so just like a natural person does so there are the recorded voice you're trying to separate out words and sentences phrases try to extract the keywords and understand what the person has said like an intelligent algorithm that is the ai part which is executing over there and then once it is figuring or whether once it is able to figure out that this is the instruction given by the speaker then it basically brings that data from the website or visits that website and plays that from that internet server that is how it works so definitely there is some ai involved in that okay now this is something from anurag who's asking sir can't you develop a compiler agnostic os like linux then compile it for all processor architectures that's very difficult because you know different kinds of architectures you know their requirements are different and there are a lot of things starting from the communication between processor and memory and the overall memory architecture how many levels of memories all these things and the networking between multiple processors so it requires some customization so depending upon the overall architecture of the system you need to have some customization so it's as good as saying we are chasing some unified law of physics so the day that is possible this this will also be possible i believe because there are lots of standardization has to be done i believe you can of course combine multiple things together and make a comprehensive universal package and you know based on that you can select uh from you know what part will work where so that can always be done just like so see in the hardware side we are seeing integration people are integrating multiple components together on the same ic so likewise here also we may see these capabilities getting integrated and universal operating system coming so maybe you guys have this opportunity later on in you know in your career maybe you can take this up as a challenging project okay so the next question is uh uh yeah they just finished saying i have heard many colleges offer electronics and instrumentation what is it about and what are the opportunities yeah the instrumentation part is we also have electrical engineering in our iat kharagpur and it has instrumentation engineering as a part of it so there is an instrumentation engineering course within electrical engineering so they are instrumentation simply means building instruments so we are instrumenting you are basically applying electronics or electrical engineering knowledge to build something that is instrumentation we're talking about building an application uh there i showed to you that okay there is an pcb involved right so pcb level uh embedded system development you know data acquisition system attaching sensors to it getting data processing the data on the pcb communicating the data so it all requires some kind of instrumentation right so that is the hardware development part specifically application oriented hardware development part that is called instrumentation so again that is not a very closely linked with the very lower levels like the semi-consentive device ic design those things you don't have to touch but it is more about application design the the embedded system design the overall system design that is for your information iat kharagpur offers vtech for your course on instrumentation engineering which is part of electrical engineering department only yes so that's i think only iat kharagpur offers that course across all the iat's i believe yeah in the undergrad level so uh that's one information okay so the next question is from pinsook and he's asking about siri and alexa is it a bit more of machine learning so yes so what is the difference between the AI ml maybe you can throw some light over there yeah i already uh told you that okay means uh it has having some some AI involved in that right so okay so machine learning is part of AI if i might distinguish that means uh in a way they are linked together so AI is a broader term machine learning is a part of it uh machine learning means okay means you are basically uh the hardware is learning the information and through that uh learning through that memory it is able to take certain decisions that is uh you know specifically machine learning that is one basically specific aspect of AI now now the question which we were discussing the other day now they have the questions around the scope of quantum computing and how far it is from India at least quantum computing is a emerging area one of the very highly active areas of research in electronics uh and that again has researched multiple levels so at the lowest level it is about the nanotechnology is what kind of semiconductor devices should be used for implementing quantum computing uh many uh researchers earlier they proposed devices which require superconductivity they require very very low temperature unless that is happening it will not work now there is research how to make it work at room temperature so that we can have practical systems out of it and then how to make it stable how to make it really readable so there are a lot of different kind of devices that people have uh tried to explore to implement this people are also trying optical uh methods like how to do quantum computing using light at nano scale so there are silicon wave guides through which you can pass light and through the interaction of lights in different wave guides you can do some computing uh basically quantum computing so again um in terms of uh potential there is huge potential but in terms of research level there's a lot to be done there are companies which have come up with quantum computing processors but still uh the performance the computing power etc and especially the reliability part that needs to be accepted like the schemos technology that we have today which is basically responsible for all the processing power that we have that is a very mature technology very reliable technology uh but the quantum computing part is yet to basically come up to that level okay so in India going forward uh do you see some uh some some of that rising up in in terms of opportunities professional opportunities are our ids working on this uh one level of research is the the device semiconductor part and second part of the research is on the algorithm part like how do you build quantum computing algorithms and how do you make it more efficient etc so both part there are researchers going on and there are some groups which are working on that you know semiconductor nano physics and the devices the material uh that requires very very sophisticated labs and facilities there which are available in very very few institutes in india and abroad also and then there are mechanism level work which are of course doable from more places and uh uh developing algorithms more reliable algorithms that is i would say more accessible and can be doable from uh more the more opportunity i see because of the interest of time i'll also have to you know invite moinak now so maybe he can throw some light on moinak and can you hear me hello yeah yeah sorry so sorry to keep you waiting moinak so moinak is a third year uh undergrad student in iit kalapur currently so all those who aspire to become future iitians uh he is the man for his inspiration so yes moinak tell us about yourself and then yes uh you know whatever you wanted to discuss with all of these students please inspire them all right so uh my name is moina gosh i'm a third year and undergraduate student in the department of electrical engineering at iit kalapur enrolled in its dual degree course uh i'm a passionate electronics hobbyist and i'm interested in everything electronics like whatever just just to interrupt just to interrupt you moinak this is how you give introduction to seniors in iit kalapur guys who those who want to get into iit kalapur tomorrow so you know how what is the sequence of because if you don't follow the sequence you know iit kgp will not give you is going to forgive you so yes these guys they can send messages to the dean and you know we will get caught and i am i am i am just an iit senior so i don't really you know i don't have yes very good moinak please please go ahead yeah yeah so uh what i talk on today is i think sir has covered all the aspects of electronics engineering in depth and i don't need to go into the theoretical concepts anymore what i can tell you is uh what you can expect after coming to iit like what does an electronic student actually what kind of projects can an electronic student do like i can uh through my projects i will show you that uh to do uh like to uh do any real life project in electronics you don't need to be a researcher as such so uh uh can you get screen share yeah you can you can uh yeah um uh you have to just uh give these uh began case yeah can you see now yeah you can just share the screen yes go ahead all right so i started sharing my screen i hope it's visible yeah all right so uh what i'll talk about is the uh is the application of all the theory that sir discussed over here like sir has mentioned some part of that also the main application of electronics but uh you know what an average individual is concerned about is iot or the internet of things the internet of things is nothing but like it's a it's a network that connects all things around you like your smartphone your desktop the sensor that is sensing moisture on the agricultural field it connects everything to a common network that's called the internet so that is why we call it the internet of things because things physical objects are connected to each other the basic structure of this uh internet of things uh system is there are two things that you need to uh that you can interact with when you talk about iot one thing is the thing or the physical device that actually takes readings from uh the surroundings like sir mentioned an application where a camera was taking input like a camera was observing traffic on the road so that is your thing it is taking in data from the camera and that data is being fed to the cloud now how is that happening it's happening through a gateway a gateway is nothing but you can consider it to be a router like you have like you have your mobile phone that connects to the internet uh over 4g or 3g whatever so you can consider the mobile phone as a gateway that connects to your whatever sensors are there on your phone to the cloud what happens in the cloud after you get the data now this is where all the signal processing and uh the image processing part whatever processing you want to do in the on the data this is where all the analytics comes in this is obviously more related to computer science and mathematics but uh this is a very integral part of electronics today like there are very few devices which will not have any analytics today all right and the last thing uh that uh the last thing in an iot system is the interaction with the user like someone talked about alexa and city like these devices communicate with the end user like the human being over uh voice like like you say something to alexa and that audio signal is processed and then alexa speaks back something to you so that that's the user interface now how do we apply this concept of iot into actual real world scenarios so there are many applications in or diverse fields and i don't be i don't think there's any field where iot cannot be applied common people can make a difference they can make real life applications in all the fields like uh like uh suppose you want to uh the main applications are in smart homes like uh you take alexa for example like that is an embedded device that is an electronics device that interacts with you it collects data from the surroundings and based on that it performs certain types of analysis like voice analysis and then it helps you with all your housework like you can tell alexa turn on the fan or turn on the lights and it will do that so that is the concept of a smart home how smart devices are using electronics to uh make your home smart and they are being used to make your life easier similarly we can find applications of iot everywhere i'll jump straight to the applications like this is another application of iot sorry to interrupt but it would be good if you could like whatever you have done like have you started yeah yeah for example you have taken all right you know relatable yeah those having some electronics component heavy electronic component rather than the mechanical part all right so uh i'll start with some uh say some of my projects though okay so currently everyone uh like since uh it's the season of covid and we are in this pandemic for more than a year now so obviously it makes sense to build a real life application around covid right so this is a this is an iot device that i built a year back so what this does is that uh it turns a normal cap into an iot device what that does is that it takes in camera uh camera feed from this camera that you can see on the cap right it tries to detect uh from the images that it captures it tries to detect the faces of people it tries to pack these people like uh it identifies that uh this person is x or this person is y it stores that data in an online database and that online database is linked to the arogya setu app so as soon as that uh if there is a if the if that person comes uh closer than two meters to you immediately there's a buzzer on the cap that warns you that uh uh you need to move away from this person again uh since it is linked to the arogya setu app as soon as that person is diagnosed of covid you must be knowing that uh uh doctors usually uh mark the status of that patient on the arogya setu app as affect covid affected so as soon as that patient is marked as covid affected all the persons who came in in the vicinity of that person they are uh warned like you can imagine the impact such a device can have if this is implemented on a large scale if everyone starts using these smart caps like we would have a complete contract tracing uh network like and everyone would be warned in time like before uh they can be affected by covid or before uh like uh any mishap can happen so as you can see uh at the heart of this application like this can seem a very novel application and may seem very complicated but at the heart of this it's a very simple uh circuit that's uh doing all this stuff all right there's a lot of image processing involved and a lot of uh uh processing that is going on in the cloud also but you can see that uh using very simple uh uh development boards development boards are nothing but uh electronic circuits that are made for hobbies or individuals like you and me to program so that you can make real world applications so you can use these uh development boards to make real life applications without being a researcher and without having much knowledge of electronics also so uh this is the beauty of internet of things like anyone can make a change in a real life application another one please carry on carry on yeah all right so uh continuing with this theme of uh covid so uh many of you who are residing in metros like banglore or moon by you must be aware of the ride sharing platform like uh wherein you just have to uh register on an app so that you can share cycles that are parked in the neighborhood right there are uh cycle sharing apps like your low bikes and i don't know bounds i guess yeah so uh what's happening due to the covid situation is that uh people are reluctant to use these ride sharing platforms because obviously to ride a cycle you'll have to come in contact with all you'll have to sit on the cycle obviously so what's the solution one solution can be you sanitize the cycle after every use so what we can do is that we can place like uh sanitize we can place disinfectant uh treated paper paper dispensers at all these parking lots where these cycles are parked so if a user has to use a cycle he will not think he will just uh he will just use his mobile phone to activate this paper dispenser he will use this paper to sanitize the cycle and then use it so in this way uh this is a way to like incentivize the uh ride sharing platform like these ride sharing platforms have taken huge losses because people are not using them this will promote the use of these ride hailing platforms because uh you can just uh you can just sanitize your cycle by this simple iot device now what this iot device does is it's linked to the cloud so whenever the paper in this dispenser will uh like it will be uh like the role is uh uh like supposed to end that time it will just send a notification to the to the concerned authorities and they can come and refill the paper roll so that's how you can create a real-life application with these iot devices so this is the data analysis part where you can sit at like the authorities can check where what is the status of that iot device like over here you can see that we can see that the paper status is 88.7 percent which means that 88 percent of the paper roll is still in on the parking lot this is another example of a very simple iot device that is that can make a very big change again i'll talk about the last embedded application that i've worked on so here you can see a race car all right so you your impression of a race car might be that uh like a race car is more related to mechanical engineering and a mechanical guys supposed to work on that since it has things like motors and engines and stuff like that so but let me tell you that even the most basic basic of cars has around 40 to 50 microprocessors in that so there's a lot of electronics that goes on into making and making even an ic engine vehicle work so you can see over here that we've designed all these electronic devices from scratch so what happens over here is uh when the car is running all the data that we collect from all the sensors in the car like the v speed or the acceleration or the noise that the car is making everything is logged and that is sent to the cloud so that the data can be processed now how will we use this data this data can be used to give feedback to the driver like how is he driving at what point in the track is he's slowing down and how should he improve like this is very important this very important for student teams who are competing in racing competitions you can see over here that we have a user interface for the driver also like the driver can see at what speed he's driving what is the status of the battery what is the temperature of the engine he can see all that stuff right on his dashboard and this is the example of the user interface that i talked about earlier so yeah so that's about it these are the kinds of projects you can work on without being a researcher but just being an electronic student yeah yeah thanks thanks a lot for your uh you know insights i hope you're safe and you know enjoying connect good campus yeah uh yeah okay so back to uh professor Brigham said you wanted to share uh i'm glad that moinok is also working he's just started working on another ic design project so he's working on a chip design project which is under his row so he will be working on a chip which is responsible for data communication between multiple ic so high speed data communication chips so that is another interesting project that he's going to embark on soon oh very good so that is a different taste that that of course i said ic design itself requires a lot more uh focused knowledge base about the chip design concepts analog circuits digital circuits so that that is a more specialized domain and only those who have taken all these four cores in electronics they can handle that but embedded system or i would be of course it is uh more open in nature this is not that deep in concept so you can learn programming you can learn how to connect devices how to program these commercially available development boards and basically execute your operation develop your application so let me you know towards the end let me show you one or two applications where you have a nice combination of multiple components that i have discussed like the hardware part the ai order data processing part the communication part the power management part all taken together so let me show you a couple of such applications so let me share the screen once again so i hope you got a good uh a glance of how students work for moinak is of course one of the most active students working on many different projects at the same time and throughout right from early stages he has been very active right from early i think second year he has been working a lot of different projects so likewise in any good campus you will get all these opportunities there are student groups which work on different major products uh and you can join those groups you can learn things you don't need to wait for courses in the department to happen many things can be learned in student groups also and you can get started with some of these uh some of these uh projects early on in your and i think there is a lot of inclusion towards publication as well and earlier during our time undergrads were not very encouraged to because we did not know anything but today uh you know uh uh on publication side also undergrad students are actively participating and getting you know publications in reprinted journals iEEE journals and other things yeah and publication and patents as well so iITs and other colleges they have their own patents there also if you're innovating something you're doing something new developing a new product uh you can patent it also you can publish it also so uh that also gives you a lot of credit for your project that's a very important thing and it helps you in uh you know your future goals especially if your goal is higher studies it helps you a lot okay so many things of course we have uh not been able to discuss about higher studies we will do is we'll have to do up some you know part of this thing maybe because i think there is lots lot lot of lot of things to be learned guys so just uh you know so what we can do is we can have multiple parts of it anyways yes uh we can have a follow up questions like yes yes so i hope you can see the screen again so i will show you couple of applications where you know you have multiple components involved the first one again i will keep the description very very short and very brief the first one is about our surveillance system which we are trying to deploy in security sensitive area suppose border area or forest areas where you need to detect human movement so it is a restricted area but uh uh if there is a human trespassing you want to detect it now these are very inaccessible areas forest or hills or border areas uh where you don't have the freedom to uh basically deploy power lines and have wired connectivity to connect these devices from power neither nor you have basically a frequent access that you can go and change the batteries etc so the major constraint is that these devices should be able to last long with a small battery they should be able to operate long so towards that end we have uh one of my student in that PhD student who has just completed his PhD he has got some very interesting uh algorithms and techniques which can be deployed on tiny embedded boards along with the camera which processes both audio and video so there is an audio signal being recorded and using that audio signal processing it can detect whether it's a human being walking or there is any some other animal walking or some other natural disturbances imagine in a forest you have many different noises like birds and leaves and wind and whatnot rain so there are not a lot of natural noises also so among all that natural noise how do you train your artificial intelligence to identify that yeah this is a sound of human footsteps or a human being running walking talking in the vicinity of that sensor so if that can be done then you know get the camera gets activated and basically starts capturing the video because if you keep the camera on always it will burn a lot of power you know you can't keep the video on all the time so only there is a conditional activation of camera one that audio system which is a low power signal right audio is a 1d data is a smaller amount of data for the same duration if you capture audio that is a much smaller data as compared to video so that audio basically it is processed and once the activity is detected with a high probability it starts sending the video or pictures to the server and it starts analyzing so rather than sending the video it can also that processor can also compute all the AI on that device itself and send only the result so if you have to communicate smaller amount of information rather than the entire raw data you are computing the information right there and sending the result to the server and then the system gets alerted this is one interesting application there is again here we have not really gone into the hardware design ourselves but one of the target is to have a custom IC also a chip also which can do entire thing by itself rather than having an off-the-shelf processor so this board is of course off the shelf and this kind of boards are available in the market you can take it and you can program it you can burn your board main thing is your algorithms and maybe the power management part like you have a small solar panel with the help of which you can power this so that you don't have to change the battery so there is some hardware aspect coming into it there are some things which are off the shelf this board the embedded system board you are buying from the market maybe power management units like the power the solar power panel and the batteries etc all integrate together with this one in a package so that hardware level design is there but apart from that the major focus is on the algorithm development which can execute this audio and video processing you know constrained power constrained so this is you know is very suitable for defense applications security applications we are applying and we are testing it right now this has been developed by a package device now biomedical side also we have a lot of work I will not go into that so biomedical side we have several students on a group which have who have been working on biomedical IC design as well as signal processing let me come to the IOT application another IOT application which has all these components including AI including communication power management all involved so this is a pest trap this is a device which is having an electronic system you see this is a green colored box house shaped box within the box on the roof there is a electronic gadget attached again it has embedded system board it has a camera what is this embedded system doing on the floor of this house like structure there is a pheromone sheet which is having some chemicals to attract pests in the park and also there is a LED growing the pest mostly pest attack happens during the night time so there is a LED glowing and there is a pheromone sheet which attracts it releases some chemicals which attract the insects to this box now when the insects come they get stuck to this box there is this sheet this pheromone sheet at the bottom and this camera is basically continuously taking images you can see the green color small camera over here is continuously taking the image of these sheets and there is a processor there you can see this is a processor board there is an embedded system board on which there is a powerful processor so that processor is continuously applying AI on these images and trying to identify what kind of insect these are whether it is a normal you know common insect like a fly or there is some dangerous pest coming which is going to destroy the crop so if you are able to diagnose the pest at an early stage that okay you know some dangerous pest has started coming you diagnose it using this system and alert the farmer then he can take timely action and he can basically try to test decide or he can take some corrective measures so that his crop is saved otherwise it can result to huge losses if the insects grow and they come in large numbers all of a sudden it can result in huge loss so this early warning system by just detecting the arrival of these insects it can alert the farmer it can save the farmer from huge loss so again there is a lot of you know AI coming into picture there is this electronic device sensing imaging system coming into picture and then of course it has to work in agriculture field power management is an issue so this entire system works with a solar panel so this entire system is powered by a solar panel the power management unit also sticks inside this box it is responsible for power delivery to this electronic system using that solar panel so again that is also integral part of any application so when you think about application you have to think about practical challenges and you know you have to make sure that in the particular scenario like in this case the isolated farm application it can work for long hours another thing is the wireless communication like if you rather than processing the data here if you send the data to the cloud the entire video stream or all the images to the cloud again it will consume more power so to save the power it is processing right here and sending only the result to the cloud and then of course there are software in the app you can see like which insects have arrived and what is the number of insects you know in the software application that you have in android you can see all that result so again the software part is also integral part of the overall application so taking together the hardware and the software combined together you get the complete application so electronics the hardware the AI power management and then ultimately the software application which is like a web application or an android application that you use your mobile phone to reach the farm which you like what is happening in this field because when you're sitting at his home he has to use that android application that is a computer science part coming into picture and then there are you know the electronics part likewise you know there are many different applications that we have developed including you know the the combination of all these things so when you have an application at hand electronics comes into picture but you have to think about the overall big picture and generally you have to work in a team maybe there is a person in your team who is talking about say the electronic hardware design there is another person who is talking about the AI development another person who is more expert on the software app development so that completes the application so in a student's group if you work on application there's a huge number of projects huge number of potentials and generally you don't have to worry about every component yourself you focus on what is your interest area and then in the team other people can talk about they can basically take care of other components in the project that's how application development happens and these kind of applications are highly commercializable so if you develop something interesting you can commercialize you can have a startup out of the field you can basically sell these products or you can license with some existing companies or even government if you have products like these which are you know usable in the field and usable by people so I hope you could get an overview that we are starting from the essentials of electronics and what you learn in electronics how do you apply it over here and in a college scenario how do you basically apply all this learning and work in groups and develop something which are useful for people so with this I would you know conclude my discussion Thanks Professor Murugan and I know that this is not you know what you say it's not sufficient because this field is so vast and there are lots of questions from students also I am I'm sure but you know at least guys you've got a glimpse of what the you know the field is what all streams you can specialize into and you know how it can directly impact lots of people so if you are into hobby electronics as well or whether you take up electronics later on in colleges like IITs or many other NITs and other colleges are offering electronic courses so if you happen to land up in electronic course there's a vast potential no doubt about it and obviously again those who are not getting an opportunity to study electronic that doesn't mean you'll not be able to do it because as I told you and we have been talking about it quite often that none of the fields are you know you know isolated so it is a multidisciplinary world you have to anyways you can definitely do cross department studies as well for example I know that IIT Kharkur offers a major minor concept that you can do a major in one particular branch and take a minor in some other branch to you know complement your course so those things are there so what we'll do is we will have another session with Professor Murugan and maybe a few more of his team members and we will talk about let's say opportunities in terms of what all colleges because we had we had planned but we could not get time to touch upon which all colleges are there India abroad should you should the case be that you want to pursue a PhD then how to go about it how does it help whether you can do a job first and then go for higher studies or you finish your studies completely and then go for employment and all those aspects we wanted to touch upon so it's a good what do you say exposure to the field right now so let us you know convene once again do one more round of such discussion and then maybe we can initiate our question answer already we can take let's say we will we can take questions from the students before the session and we can discuss that in detail so rest assured we'll be having multiple such rounds not only with electronics so as Professor Murugan is working closely with other departments in IIT Kharagpur and we are trying to initiate a process where we will try and educate you as much as we can before you take a call you know of of let's say choosing a career so that you are well informed you know what all fields are there so one takeaway is there you cannot evade mathematics if you want to get into engineering you know and that too throughout your career so you have to have a good mathematical skill so whatever we do back at our end where we are trying to improve the mathematical level or you know mathematical competency of all of you that's very very important so that is going to play big time when you enter a college and then choose a career in in such fields so with those words I will again wish that everybody stays safe and I hope you learned something from Professor Murugan and Moinak thanks Moinak for being on the panel we will invite you once again maybe some more of your team members can come just for a quick informal chit chat with our people because lots of our students are aspiring to get into IITs they are very aspirants so maybe your version of story will you know we'll connect with them much so because we are some old lots so yeah his version is not too recent and relevant to the current you know yes so what we'll do is we'll again you know I will night you all and maybe a few more of your friends who can come and do a virtual tour of IIT Kharagpur maybe here because I don't know whether you are there in the campus right now you must be at home but somehow you know you can show them around so this with these words and we will definitely come back and you know conduct one more session on this because it's a very vast field and so is the intention so we will be taking up another engineering students as well because I have faced it all of our students all of our colleagues and you know students previous students have faced it it becomes very difficult to take a call when you get a rank and now you have to decide which team to pick up so hence these information these sessions are going to help you all so stay connected even if at times it might appear to be boring but you never know which information is useful to you tomorrow let's say you land up in a situation where you need such information that it becomes handy so with those words I will thank may not and especially Professor Migham Sarag for sparing time and you know when he these people are running the show again from remote location so IIT system is on so with you know I really thank all of you to be there and and just to you know he is in a place where lots of such cases are there around him with all those constraints also he took out his time and came over and you know enlightened our student with for those for these you know things I will I will I will extend my heartfelt gratitude to you thanks again and let's meet once again to help these kids decide on many other aspects as well thank you thank you so sure thanks a lot for this opportunity it was a great pleasure interacting with all the students a lot of nice questions and I'm always willing to connect more and you know share more information with the students so looking forward to building a good platform good counseling platform for the students yeah yeah with those words thanks a lot thanks again why not thanks Amrigan and all the parents and students stay safe we'll meet again and we are planning another one on aerospace soon we'll inform you very soon so let's meet once again okay bye bye take care good night