 a very good evening aspirants welcome to the hindi news analysis by shankara's academy for the date 25th may 2021 these are the lists of news articles taken for today's discussion they have been provided along with the page numbers of these articles in different editions of hindi newspaper so now let us start our news analysis with this first snippet news article from the business page this news article talks about the at1 bonds see the news is that securities appellate tribunal has stayed a sebi order this order slapped a penalty of 25 crore rupees on yes bank and this order has been stayed by securities appellate tribunal see as you know the s-bank crisis is making a buzz for a year now and in that context 81 bonds have also become prominent so in this discussion let us understand the issue in detail and we'll also see what are these 81 bonds and it's relevance to the yes bank issue the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference first let us start with the s-bank issue as you know yes bank was the fifth largest private bank and between 2014 and 2019 yes bank went on a lending spree that is it lent more and in 2017 under the asset quality review initiated by rba it checked the credits that are being given out by the banks this review also scrutinized the banks lending practices and in that only the skeletons in s banks closet were revealed that is the secrets with the yes bank was revealed and the issue came into rba radar when the non-performing asset in the bank increased close to 8 percentage in may 2020 along with this the credit deposit ratio even crossed 100 percentage when the customers started sensing something went wrong with the bank and they started withdrawing rampantly so this is what happened with the s-bank now let us understand these issues one by one in detail first as you know a non-performing asset is where a loan that is lent by the bank doesn't earn any interest or even repayment also doesn't happen and in this regard rba has fixed criteria as to when to classify an asset as npa that is non-performing asset as per these criteria if a loan that does not earn interest or no installment for more than 90 days then it is classified as npa now what is this credit deposit ratio see as you know we deposit money in a bank the banks take that money and they lend it to those who are in need of loans now the interest from these loans are the banks earnings but note that the bank doesn't lend all the money which it gets from depositors it retains some of the deposits for those who withdraw so the credit deposit ratio is generally in the range of 70 percentages for a healthy bank that is roughly 70 percentage of the deposits are lent and 30 percentages retained to give it to the withdrawers but for s-bank the issue was this credit deposit ratio crossed 100 percentage meaning that it lent more than what it received in other words we can also say that s-bank lent everything which it received as deposits and in addition to this it also borrowed some more to meet the loan demands here the deposits by customers depleted but the lending spree of s-bank did not come down so ultimately it had two impacts first is that the bank may have to borrow from outside to lend and secondly it may not be able to meet the demands of the withdrawers see normally a successful operation of a bank depends on its asset liability match when a bank indulges in outside borrowing it is an indication that the asset liability match is not under control here you should remember that an asset for a bank is the loan which it has lent and liability is the deposits that we make in the bank loan is an asset because we will repay the loans and it will become an asset of the bank and deposits are a liability because we may withdraw the deposits anytime and the bank has to pay s-bank now besides this a dubious lending practice was also adopted by s-bank which led to piling up of nps that is it lent to those companies which did not have a good repayment record and we cannot expect a non-payer to return a debt so the nps piled up with the s-bank now all this led to low profitability of the bank and last year when the s-bank issue got worse rba interfered and it put caps on the lending and withdrawal in the bank as a temporary measure rba also brought about enormous changes in the banking governance structure as a part of this state bank of india infused about 49 percentages as capital that is sba bought 49 percentages of shares at 10 000 crores and besides this various lending instruments were also scrutinized and when that was done 81 bonds came to light and in this regard sebi earlier levied penalty on the s-bank so what are these 81 bonds 81 bonds is the short form for additional tier 1 bonds and these are not like conventional bonds see if you take the conventional bonds we buy them we get paid on maturity along with interest this is a simple procedure and here the maturity period is predefined in the bond conditions as you know maturity is the validity of the bond and at the end of such maturity the bond buyer gets paid along with the interests but this 81 bond is not like that these 81 bonds are attractive option for buyers so what makes it attractive it is the high interest rates that are offered by 81 bonds but this even comes with a risk and the risk is that these 81 bonds are perpetual bonds so what are these perpetual bonds the maturity of these bonds is not defined in the bond conditions and that is why they are perpetual bonds that is when the bond matures is not defined in the bond so this makes 81 bonds as a very risky instrument this is because the company that sold the bond may never issue maturity in other words it may never redeem it in that case the bond buyer or the investor will be at complete loss so it is one of the most risky financial instruments in the market if you see usually mutual funds invest in these 81 instruments and in the s-bank case also a lot of mutual funds had invested in the 81 bonds and most of them were written off that is they were not paid back we already saw that the validity in 81 bonds may never be issued and that is what happened here also so this prompted many investors that is the 81 bond buyers from the s-bank to file cases and regarding this only today's news article has appeared so what is the news say earlier RBI extinguished the rights on the 81 bonds associated with the s-bank so consequently sebi received many complaints from the 81 investors or buyers and here the buyers accused the s-bank for furiously or falsely selling the bonds as a safe investment option so in order to safeguard the interest of the investors which is one of the functions of sebi sebi slapped a penalty on s-bank and regarding this it seems that s-bank has approached the securities appellate tribunal and regarding this only the order has came now and in this order securities appellate tribunal has stayed the order of sebi regarding penalty for further consideration so this is the news as of today now let us wait and see what is the next step taken by the appellate tribunal and how it resolves the issue of s-bank and also of the 81 bond buyers these are some of the matters that you should know about the s-bank issue and 81 bonds now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article it talks about the protests that are happening in the union territory of laxative now these protests are happening for last few days and it is happening due to a large number of administrative reforms that have taken place in the union territory these administrative reforms were announced by the island's administrator Mr. Praful Patel see as you know a union territory is administered by the president through an administrator who is appointed by the president and this administrator is given certain designations like the administrator is given the designation of lieutenant governor in case of deli and budicherry and in case of laxative the administrator is called as administrator only so these reforms have been announced by the island's administrator Praful Patel now currently the protests for these reforms have got widespread support and the protests are intensifying under the same laxative campaign so in this context let us first discuss about the laxative islands its history and the ongoing developments the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see as you know laxative islands group lies close to the malabar coast of kerala in the arabian sea this group of islands is composed of small coral islands and earlier they were all known as laxative minicoy and aminjeev but in 1973 only these were renamed as laxative now in malayalam and sanskrit laxative means a hundred thousand islands and note that laxative is india's smallest union territory it is an archipelago which consists of 36 islands with an area of 32 square kilometers and it is also a unidistrict union territory that is it has only one district and this union territory is composed of 12 atolls three reefs five submerged banks and 10 inhabited islands now the capital of this union territory is kabiratti which is also the principal town of laxative so what about the history of laxative islands see the local traditions in these islands attribute to the period of cheraman perumal who was the last king of kerala at that period first settlements on these islands began it is believed that the king converted to islam on the instructions of some arab merchants and he went for mecca now for searching the king several search parties went after him and they started small settlements in the islands of amini kabiratti androth and kalpani and later when portuguese arrived in india they made laxatives as important place for seafarers most importantly at that time this finely spun choir was much needed for these ships so the portuguese started looting the island vessels and it is said that they even forcibly landed at the amini island to procure choir sometime in the early 16th century but the people killed all these invaders by poisoning and thereby they also ended the portuguese invasion in their islands but after this the entire island population converted to islam but even then the sovereignty of the islands remained in the hands of a hindu raja of chirakal in kerala for some years now from the hands of the chirakal raja the administration of the island was passed on to the muslim house of arakal of cananor and this happened around the middle of 16th century and later some of the islands even came under the reign of tippu sultan but the island was annexed to the british east india company after the battle of siringapattam or the shirangapattam in the year 1799 and from then it was administered by the british east india company from mangalore so after independence these group of islands was made into a union territory in the year 1956 and later it was given the name of laxodip in 1973 so now what is the recent issue see the heart of the problem of these issues is the draft laxodip development authority regulation of 2021 now this regulation gives the administrator certain powers for town planning or any developmental activity and these powers include removal or relocation of islanders from their property also so this has created widespread protests along with this there is also another controversy which is over the prevention of antisocial activities act it was introduced in the union territory in january 2021 now this act empowers the government to detain a person without any public disclosure for a period of up to one year so people are also not happy with this legislation and the next controversy is regarding a draft laxodip animal preservation bill this bill provides for a ban on the sale of beef so this bill is also facing criticism in the union territory then there is also another reform which is under question it is the draft laxodip panchayat regulation of 2021 as per this regulation no person shall be a member of a grand panchayat or they cannot continue as a member of a grand panchayat if they have more than two children so we can see that these legislations are affecting the lives of the people and their normal administration and these issues gain prominence when a kehla rajya sabha mp wrote a letter to the president of india and requested the president to urgently call back the laxodip administrator so let us see what happens next and we can hope that the island's administration will consider people's woes while enacting the laws from now on so these are some of the points that you need to know about the recent issues that are ongoing in the laxodip group of islands we will know more about this in the coming days when we see more news articles now let us move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this oped article which talks about child sexual abuse see recently a teacher was suspended from a school in chennai due to sexual misconduct and this incident has again put the pokso act in spotlight so on this backdrop only this oped article has been written and the author here talks mainly about the historical child sexual abuse and how the indian laws are inefficient in dealing with it so let us now discuss these aspects the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see as you know the pokso act that is the protection of children from sexual offenses act of 2012 was enacted to protect the children from offenses of sexual assault sexual harassment and pornography with due regard for safeguarding the interest and well-being of the children and as per this act child is any person who is below 18 years of age and this act regards the best interest and welfare of the child as a matter of paramount importance at every stage now this is to ensure the healthy physical development emotional development intellectual and social development of the child and the act also defines different forms of sexual abuse including penetrative and non-penetrative assault as well as sexual harassment and pornography and we have discussed selling features of this act on our May 8th hindi news analysis aspirants can view that analysis for better understanding about this act but today our focus and this oped article is based on the inefficiency of the pokso act in dealing with the historical child sexual abuse cases so first what is this historical child sexual abuse see in simple terms it refers to the incidents that are reported late according to the author of the oped article historical abuse is not just confined to the institutions but it also includes intra familial abuse that is the abuse that occurs within the family and particularly an intra familial abuse it is difficult for the child to report the offense or even the offender at the earliest point in time it often takes time for the child to recognize the abuse and comprehend the gravity of what has happened and it even takes more time for the child to become confident enough to report the offense or the abuse but even when the child gathers such confidence required to report the offense there are many hurdles in the reporting and prosecution of historical child sexual abuse cases and the biggest one such hurdle is the principle of criminal law see according to the principle of criminal law every act of crime must be reported at the earliest and any delay in filing the complaint dilutes the efficacy of the prosecution's case so based on this principle giving power to historical cases may seem like we are acting against the principle in addition to this we know that pokeshaw act was enacted in 2012 only but prior to its enactment cases involving child sexual abuse were classified under lesser offense for example they were filed under section 354 of intent penal code and this section is about the assault criminal force to women with the intent to outrage her modesty see here the term outrage her modesty is very important because the law doesn't define it and even supreme court referred that modesty is a feminine decency and it's a virtue that one processes owing to their sex so what does outaging modesty means see for example let us assume that two children are playing and among them one is a girl child and they are playing holy and while playing the male child rips the t-shirt of the female child now this act becomes a crime only if the male child has intended to do it or only if the child knew that this act could outrage the modesty of the girl child otherwise it is not considered a crime so here the part intent is more important so before pokeshaw act child sexual abuses were filed under section 354 only which dealt with outraging the modesty of a woman along with this there was also another hurdle which was that any reporting of an offense under section 354 of the IPC more than three years after the date of incident is barred by the CRPC this is prohibited under section 468 of code of criminal procedure which sets a time limit for the reporting of offenses but since now pokeshaw act has been enacted and this act overrides all the other acts where there is discrepancy currently no such time limit is set by the pokeshaw act but the historical child sexual offense cases before 2012 could not be reported and such a scenario renders reporting of such cases unlikely and this also presented an insurmountable legal barrier against the registration of historical child sexual offenses which took place before 2012 now you may ask why such a time limit is included in CRPC see these time limitations were incorporated to avert delayed prosecution but can understand that the circumstances around child sexual abuse cannot be and they must not be viewed in the same manner as any other criminal offense so delayed reporting in prosecution with regard to incidents of child sexual offenses are vital for protecting our children because we know that children do not report the sexual abuse immediately due to various factors like they may be experiencing threats from the perpetrator or they may be fearing public humiliation or they may even lack trustworthy confident or they may also experience accommodation syndrome so what is this accommodation syndrome which is very common among the victims of child sexual abuse see accommodation syndrome is a situation where the child keeps the abuse a secret because of the fear that no one will believe the abuse and this leads to accommodative behavior where the child pretends like nothing has happened so because of these reasons only the abused child will take time to understand the situation and then report it there is also growing research and empirical evidence that point to the behavior which justify delayed reporting so it is high time that or it is necessary that we amend the current laws to favor reporting and prosecution of historical child sexual abuse cases but our government is testing to do so it is mainly because in delayed reporting there is lack of evidence to advance prosecution according to various studies in delayed reporting we have less than five percentage chance of gathering direct physical evidence or medical evidence so this makes it difficult to convict the perpetrator along with this in India we also lack procedures or procedural guidelines in dealing with the historical cases of child sexual abuse so in this regard only author has given a suggestion which is that India should follow united kingdom when it comes to historical cases of child sexual abuse see UK has issued detailed guidelines regarding historical child sexual abuses or historical abuses and these guidelines are designed to set out the approach that has to be followed by the prosecutors while dealing with the child sexual abuse cases in general and also in dealing with the historical cases so India can follow these guidelines from UK and frame its own guidelines to overcome the current inadequacies with respect to historical cases of child sexual abuse so these are some of the points that you can take note from this opiate article now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this picture which depicts a beautiful halo that was witnessed in Bengaluru see there is something infinitely healing about the nature and this first page picture reminds us about that and this beautiful halo is a refreshing departure from the harrowing and haunting articles about the pandemic and for those of us who have forgotten what nature looks like since we are in the lockdown let us take a moment to understand this natural phenomenon from exam perspective see this halo was witnessed in Bengaluru as I said earlier and this bright rainbow ring around the sun was witnessed for few minutes on Monday morning this is a rare optical and atmospheric phenomenon it is called as 22 degree circular halo if you see this halo also occurs around the moon and if it happens around the moon it is called as moon ring or winter halo previously before the advent of meteorology halos formed a part of weather lore because it was used to predict rains in a region it was believed that if a halo occurs then within two hours since the time of its appearance it would rain so in this regard let us understand the science behind it see this phenomenon occurs when the sun's rays or moon's rays get deflected or when they get refracted through the hexagonal ice crystals which are present in the cirrus clouds you may recollect cirrus clouds from geography nct reading it is the most common form of clouds they are thin clouds and they are high level clouds typically found at heights greater than 20 000 feet that is around 6000 meters these clouds contain millions of tiny crystals and these crystals act as prisms when light passes through them so they refract split and even reflect the light to give an impression of a circular rainbow ring and when this is formed at 22 degrees from the sun it is called as 22 degrees circular halo so that is all you need to know about this natural phenomenon now let us move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article which mentions that iIT delhi is going to set up an optics and photonics center now through this center they are planning to study the fundamental properties of light and using them in practical application so in this discussion let us see what do we mean by photonics and why it is important see photonics is the branch of science and technology that deals with the generation control and detection of particles of light that is photons so in other words we can say that photonics is the science of light or simply the study of photon is the photonics now as you know we can only see a very small part of electromagnetic spectrum and this part is the visible region but the invisible light waves are also part of our everyday life and that is why it becomes important to study them and harness it now this photonics involves cutting edge uses of lasers optics fiber optics and electro optical devices in various and diverse fields of technology here you should know about optoelectronics it is an important field of photonics in this useful interaction between semiconducting materials and light is explored and this is done for the origin control and detection of light so some of important optoelectronic devices include photodiode solar cell and light emitting diodes that is LEDs so in this regard you should know that photonics supports technologies that we use in our everyday life like from smartphones to laptops then internet to the lightning technology medical diagnosis and treatment procedures like that so it has applications in education manufacturing industries medicine entertainment agriculture defense and security exploring universe in solving crimes and also in art and culture etc and we are going to more focus on the applications of photonics because in problems technologies or applications of physics like this are more often asked so let us see these applications one by one first it is used in aerospace technology because it has uses in LiDAR that is the light detection and ranging or in laser radar systems and it is also used in laser altimeters then in optical pattern recognition systems for navigation etc then it also finds application in agriculture because it is used in satellite remote sensing to detect large-scale crop effects it is used in scanning technology and infrared imaging to monitor food production and quality it is also used in sensor systems for planting and education then it also finds application in biomedicine especially it is used as lasers for surgery therapies etc like photodynamic therapy and it is also used in lasik procedures that is the one which is related to eyes then it can also detect diseases at an early stage with non-invasive imaging techniques other than non-invasive imaging techniques it also can be used for non-invasive treatments for example in surgery for brain tumors cyber knife system is used which works by delivering beams of high dose radiation to the tumors with extreme accuracy so this high beam of radiation only targets the tumor and it does not target the healthy cells other than this a laser scalpel is also extremely useful in surgery and nowadays it is more often used by surgeons next let us see its uses in engineering micro technology and nanotechnology here also lasers are used in the manufacture of electrical devices motors engines semiconductor chips circuits and computers then other than this supermarket barcode scanners and credit card holograms also include photonics then most importantly it also has a use of an enabling technology in alternate energy solutions or green solutions see the contribution of photonics is considered green if it generates or conserves energy or even if it reduces pollution or when it yields an environmentally sustainable outcome or when it improves public health so in this regard some of the green photonics or green solutions include photovoltaic devices which are used for solar electric panels that is the solar photovoltaic panels then it also includes solar heating solar thermal electricity etc apart from this it also finds application in solid state lighting and this includes light emitting diodes that is LEDs and OLEDs which is nothing but organic LED technologies then it is also used in geographic information systems and global positioning then in information technology it is most widely used it is used for data storage then ultrafast data switching especially a transmission of data across fiber optic networks uses photonics then it is also used in infrared remote controls tv flat panels optical scanners computer displays etc then if you come to transportation for example if we take cars the comfort and control provided by the infrared security systems in cars uses photonics and then optical monitors for antilock brakes then optical fiber dashboard displays led traffic signals laser traffic radars all of these are manifestation of photonics then next it also has uses in security where it is used in dna scanning laser forensics retinal scanning identification of dangerous substances optical surveillance etc and in biotechnology for example if you take the infrared non-contact ear thermometers which is more often used in this pandemic is also a manifestation of photonics only then most importantly it also applications in defense it is used in laser range finders laser guided bombs target trackers and simulators of weapon training these are some of the devices and equipments based on photonics technology now these devices use laser as source along with optical components and electrical instrumentation for the measurement and fire control so we have just provided you some of the applications of photonics and this is not an exhaustive list other than this also there are many applications of photonics we have given you the major ones so that is all you need to know about photonics now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article which mentions that india has attracted highest ever total foreign direct investment inflow during the financial year 2021 the total fda inflow was around 81 billion us dollars and this is 10 percentage higher as compared to the last financial year in the financial year 2019 to 2020 it was only around 74 billion us dollars as we know foreign direct investment means the investment through capital instruments and it is done by a person resident outside india in an unlisted or listed indian company so fdi is when a company takes controlling ownership in a business in another country so through the fdi foreign companies are directly involved with the day-to-day operations in other country now this fdi is considered as a major source of non-debt financial resource for the economic development and the fdi flows into india have grown consistently since liberalization so it is an important component of foreign capital because fdi infuses long-term sustainable capital in the economy along with this there are also other benefits like it helps in diversifying investors portfolio and since it infuses long-term sustainable capital it also enables the promotion of stable long-term lending then it infuses new technology in developing nations it provides financing to developing countries that is the receiving country it also brings the technological know-how and managerial expertise to the receiving country and by that it creates more jobs and opportunities it improves the infrastructure and it also raises the living standards in the emerging economies and it helps to create competitive global capital allocation and by all this fdi facilitates the economic growth or even economic repair now the main financial components of fdi are equity and debt instruments equity includes common and preferred shares reserves capital contributions and reinvestment of earnings and the debt instruments include marketable securities such as bonds debentures commercial papers etc so just keep these facts in mind we will discuss these terms in detail some other day let us see the news article which provides us with some important data which are more important from the prerum's perspective see initially we saw that gross fdi inflows has 10% year on year this gross fdi inflows include fdi equity reinvested earnings the equity capital of unincorporated bodies and other capital now in this fdi equity inflow it grew by 19% age in the financial year 2020-21 compared to the last financial year because in this financial year it was around 59 billion US dollars and in the last financial year it was just around 49 billion US dollars and in terms of top investor countries Singapore is at the apex with almost 29 percentage of fdi it was followed by USA which accounted for 23 percentage of fdi and next comes Mauritius from where 9 percentage of the capital flows originated so in short we can say that fdi equity inflow increased in the financial year 2021 and the top investing countries are number one Singapore number two USA number three Mauritius now among the top sectors which received the highest fdi computer software and hardware is at the top it accounts for around 44 percentage share of the total fdi equity inflow second comes the construction or infrastructure activities and third one is services sector which has around eight percentage of fdi inflow now this data is important because in prerum's you may have statement like in the financial year 2020-21 services sector received the highest fdi inflow but this statement is incorrect because just now we saw that computer software and hardware emerged as the top sector that received around 44 percentage of total fdi equity inflow now among the states which received the highest fdi inflows Gujarat is the top recipient during the financial year 2020-21 it has a share around 37 percentage it was followed by Maharashtra and Karnataka now here one more fact we should know which is that the highest percentage increase in fdi was seen from Saudi Arabia out of the top 10 countries that means Saudi Arabia is the top investor in terms of percentage increase during the financial year 2020-21 it has the highest percentage because it invested around 2816 million US dollars compared to its previous financial year investment which was around 89 million US dollars you can see that it has moved from two-digit investment to four-digit investment so that means Saudi Arabia has drastically increased its fdi inflows to India so here you have to remember this statement because in prelims there are also statements like this which use the superlatives like drastically like that we saw that inflows from Singapore USC has also increased but the drastic increase was seen in the case of Saudi Arabia only so year-end datas like this are important from prelims perspective so these are some of the points that you need to know about the fdi inflows in the last year so with this we have come to the end of news articles discussion session now let us move on to the next session of practice questions discussion in this session we will see some practice questions based on the news article discussions now this first question asks i range the following islands from north to south first one is minikoi second kavrati third agati fourth chetlet now you should note that all these islands are islands of laxvadeep and generally you should know that minikoi is situated at the southernmost part of laxvadeep as you can see in this map so it should be at the end because we have to arrange this from north to south so one should be in the end from this we can easily eliminate options b and d now you have 50 chance of correctly attempting this question now other common islands are kavrati and agati now here note that agati is to the north of kavrati so that means two should be before one so our correct answer this option a four three as you can see here this is where chetlet is then agati then kavrati and minikoi now this next question is based on photonics it asks photonics has applications in which of the following solid state lighting cyberknife system lidar lasik procedure barcode scanners as you know solid state lighting includes the lighting applications that use leds or organic light emitting diodes that is OLEDs or even light emitting polymers these are all commonly referred as solid state lighting now in an incandescent or fluorescent lamps they create light with filaments and gases which are encased in a glass bulb but in a solid state lighting it consists of semiconductors that convert electricity into light and the solid state lighting is used in a variety of lighting applications because it offers many benefits including long life energy savings and better quality light output etc they are also durable intrinsically safe so that means first should be an option so first is an application of photonics but the second one is cyberknife system see the cyberknife is one of the most advanced forms of radio surgery and this cyberknife system is a painless non-invasive treatment that delivers high doses of precisely targeted radiation to destroy the tumors or lesions within the body it uses a robotic arm to deliver highly focused beams of radiation as you can see in this picture so this is also an application of photonics now next one is lidar lidar stands for light detection and ranging it is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure the ranges to the earth that is the variable distances to the earth these light pulses generate precise three dimensional information about the shape of the earth and its surface characteristics and this lidar instrument principally consists of a laser scanner and specialized gps receiver and this is an example of a lidar map and this lidar system allows scientists and mapping professionals to examine both natural and man-made environments with accuracy precision and flexibility so lidar is also an application of photonics now the next one is lasik procedure see lasik stands for laser assisted in situ keratomyelosis it is an eye surgery which is best to known and most commonly preferred laser refractive surgery to correct vision problems and it is used as an alternative to glasses or contact lenses in this lasik surgery a special type of cutting laser is used to precisely change the shape of the dome shaped clear tissue at the front of our eye which is the cornea this is done to improve the vision see in normal eyes the cornea bends that is it refracts the light precisely on to the retina which is at the back of the eye but when we have any vision problems like near sightedness far sightedness the light is bent incorrectly and this results in blurred vision and this is where we use glasses or contact lenses to correct vision but in lasik surgery the reshaping of cornea is done which itself also will provide the necessary refraction and it is used as a correction option to correct the vision problems like near sightedness far sightedness and astigmatism so this is also an application of photonics and the fifth one is barcode scanners you would have seen these scanners in the supermarkets at the building station which is used to read the price tags and this is also an application of photonics so the correct answer is option d one two three four and five all the five are applications of photonics now this next question is with reference to 81 bonds the question asks with reference to 81 bonds recently seen in news consider the following statements they are in the nature of perpetual bonds this statement is correct during the discussion we saw that the maturity date is not mentioned in the bond so it is of perpetual nature but the second statement if you see it is contradicting to first statement it mentions that they are safe investment option carrying minimal risks see if the maturity period is not mentioned then how can it be a safe investment option so since both the statements are contradicting and statement one is correct we can say that statement two is incorrect and here also the question asks for the correct statements only so the correct answer is option a one only so this next question asks with reference to 22 degree halo consider the following statements they are exclusively a nighttime phenomenon now this statement is incorrect because during discussion we saw that 22 degree halo is found around sun as well as around moon that means it appears in nighttime and also in the daytime and recently it was observed in the daytime only now the second statement is cirrus clouds are responsible for the formation of these halos now the statement is correct we saw this during the discussion and here the question asks for the incorrect statements so here also the correct answer is option a one only now this next question asks as per the latest estimate released by ministry of commerce and industry india attracted highest ever total fda inflow during 2021 which of the following countries is the leading investor in india during financial year 2020-21 here the question asks for the leading investor so the correct answer is option c singapore we saw that it has a share of around 29 percentage it is followed by usa and then more issues now we saw saudi arabia with respect to the percentage increase in investment because from around 89 million u s dollars in financial year 2019-20 it has increased its investment to 2800 million u s dollars in financial year 2020-21 so here there is a percentage increase and that is why saudi arabia is not the correct answer now let us take one main question based on gs paper 2 this question is based on poxow act we are seeing many references related to poxow act in the current affairs and this question asks us to bring out the gaps which are currently being witnessed in the criminal justice system regarding child sexual abuse and you have to also critically analyze the poxow act that means you have to mention the positives and negatives in the poxow act we can answer this question in 250 words and you can post it in the comment section for peer review with this we have come to the end of today's hindi news analysis along with the practice questions discussion session if you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and to subscribe to shankara ace academy to channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation