 Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindi news analysis by Shankara Ace Academy for the date 16th July 2019. The list of articles which has been chosen for today's analysis along with the page numbers of Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi and Tiruvannanthapuram editions are provided here. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping for the displayed articles is given in the description box below and for the benefit of smartphone users the time stamping is also provided in the comment section. Let's move on to our first article analysis. This news article talks about the reservation which is related to the 103rd constitutional amendment. This discussion can be linked to the areas of prelims and main syllabus which has been highlighted here. The 103rd constitutional amendment bill became an act after it was passed in the both the houses of the parliament and after it received the assent of the president on 12th January 2019. Therefore, from 12th January 2019 this 103rd constitutional amendment act has become an enforceable legislation. This act amends article 15 and article 16 which comes under part three of the Indian Constitution. We know that the part three of Indian Constitution has provisions of fundamental rights and article 15 and 16 are fundamental rights which comes in the set of rights under Right to Equality. The 103rd constitutional amendment act provides for the state to make any special provision and reservation in appointments to posts and in admissions to the educational institutions. This reservation can extend up to 10 percent of the total seats which are available. So who are the targeted beneficiaries under this act? These special provisions and reservation are for the advancement of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens, the schedule casts and the schedule tribes. This economically weaker sections of citizens are also called as economically weaker sections of the general category. So when we say economically weaker sections according to the 103rd constitutional amendment act it means that they are persons other than persons belonging to the socially and educationally backward classes of citizens that is the persons belonging to the schedule casts, schedule tribes and other backward classes. That is why the author says in the third paragraph that the quota will apply only to citizens other than the classes that are already eligible for reservation. This constitutional amendment act is being challenged by few petitioners in the Supreme Court. The case will be heard by two judges of the Supreme Court in this month so this news will repeat again in July. The petitioners say that the reservations based on the economic status of the individual violates the basic structure of the Indian Constitution. When we say basic structure we mean a set of rights and provisions in the Indian Constitution that are earmarked by the Supreme Court as something that should not be changed. In other words if we say some provision is part of basic structure then this cannot be altered or violated by a law or policy or whatever. Also there are structural inequalities in Indian society that we know but the act has been made enforceable without minding these structural inequalities. Therefore the prevailing rationale or logic behind the reservation itself is overthrown here. We can see such structural inequalities in education, health, job representation etc. Therefore the reservation based on the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act destroys the Constitution's idea of providing equal opportunity. We will see what is this Constitution's idea of equality according to this author and according to the Supreme Court in this article analysis itself but a bit later. The response of the government to this allegation is that the parliament is not confined to only one vision or any singular vision in achieving the equality that is demanded or provided by the Constitution and it has the power to decide how to guarantee equal status to all persons. The author says that though most of the legal disputes have a simple solution to solve the challenges that is made to the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act poses a major or more difficult test to the judiciary. So this is one of the hard cases of constitutional challenge. Then the author talks about the meaning and purpose of reservation. Here he quotes the words of the sociologist Gail Omwit. The sociologist said that the whole history of the struggle for reservation has also been a debate about its very meaning and purpose. In discussing the meaning and purpose the author talks about the purpose with which the reservations were first introduced in the princely states. When we say princely states we refer to the states that existed in the name of princely states before the Indian independence. In the princely state of Mysore every post available under the government was actually monopolized by the privileged castes. In other words it was monopolized by the wealthy castes therefore in this princely state a system of reservation for backward classes was introduced. It was introduced to give the backward classes a larger share in the administration. Here you have to note that the reservation was introduced to get a greater representation from backward community. This was the meaning and purpose of introduction to the reservation system in princely state of Mysore. By the time the constitution was being drafted that is in the period of 1946 to 1949 the rationale or logic and the reasons behind the reservation was broadened. That is reservation was seen as a promise against prejudice. That is reservation is a promise against disadvantage of backwardness. It was seen as a tool to include the deprived and oppressed people in the public life. Then reservation is also a means to repair and compensate the persons belonging to the group that was historically discriminated for centuries. For example in our country if a person is doing the occupation of manual scavenging before the reservation he and his successors should do manual scavenging only. That was the scenario even till independence. In some remote areas even now we can see such things. So to repair the harm endured by the people of such backward oppressed and unrepresented communities reservation was introduced. Therefore the famous legal expert Mark Galanta calls the reservation by the Indian constitution. That is the reservation policy existing before the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act as a compensatory discrimination principle. The basic foundational logic for reservations was on a demand for a fairer and more representative share in political administration by getting adequately represented in the state services and the central government jobs. The purpose of reservation is to finally end the caste based domination and monopoly of jobs and employment in the public sector. The author says this domination of jobs in public sector was built over thousands of years. Even during 1950s that is particularly in 1951 when the first Constitutional Amendment Act was introduced the attempts made to categorize the individuals for reservation based on economic status were rejected. The author says the thinking behind the idea of rejecting the reservation based on economic status is the theory of justice. Here justice is elevating the position of historically disadvantaged groups by providing reservation and to eliminate the inequalities produced by the caste system. Now here note that the first Constitutional Amendment Act of 1951 introduced article 15 sub clause 4 that is the state can make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the scheduled caste and the scheduled tribes. Earlier in one of the case law that is in the case state of Kerala versus N.M. Thomas the Supreme Court held that the reservations based on social and educational backwardness has to be seen as an intrinsic or an essential part of the idea of equality. So the author says that this social and educational backwardness along with the theory of justice to end well the caste domination and to end the inequalities by caste system should be the necessary conditions to the Constitution's purpose and idea of reservation. The author and the petitioners say that this should be the Constitution's idea of equality which we saw in the beginning of the analysis. So according to the author what is actually wrong with the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act? Firstly it unseeds or it throws away the Constitutional Code of Equality in providing reservation that is it does not aim to end the caste based domination of the wealthy castes. It does not aim to enhance the historically oppressed disadvantaged sections. There is no clear reply for the question whether the 10% reservation is given to increase the representation for the groups who have been so far unrepresented. This is because of the economic criteria which is provided by the Amendment Act that is this reservation suggested by 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act is going to be based only on economic parameters such as family income and other parameters of economic disadvantage. It nowhere talks about social disadvantage but we saw that the Constitution's idea is that socially and educationally backwardness has to be seen as a natural essential and an in bond condition for the idea of equality. The author says that seeing the reservation based on economic parameters it further strengthens the ability of powerful castes to retain their positions of authority. This is because before January 12, 2019 there were certain amount of merit seats or unreserved seats. Now, 10% of this unreserved merit category pool is being reserved for the economically weaker sections of the general category. Even before this reservation if you see the greater majority of the unreserved seats in any competitive exam will be taken by the persons belonging to the castes other than schedule cast, schedule tribes and other backward classes. In such a situation a 10% reservation of the unreserved quota means that the available pool of unreserved positions for the OBCs, SCs and STs have reduced by 10%. Therefore, the author says that the 103rd Constitutional Amendment further creates even greater monopolization of the shares of powerful castes in the administration. These are the opinions of the author. Then the author suggests that the Supreme Court should consider the petitioner's arguments seriously and should refer the case to a constitutional bench based on Article 145 sub clause 3 of the Indian Constitution. Article 145 sub clause 3 states that there should be a minimum number of five judges to sit for the purpose of deciding any case that involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this constitution or for the purpose of hearing any reference under Article 143. This bench of the Supreme Court is referred as constitutional bench in the news article. We have seen that the challenges against the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act involves interpretation of constitutional idea of equality in reservation. And on July 2, during the question-answer discussion session in our video, we saw that Article 143 deals with the power of president to consult Supreme Court. So, remember that. Then the author asks the Supreme Court not to fail from staying or suspending the operation of the 103rd Amendment to the Constitution till the matter is fully heard by the constitutional bench. If the Supreme Court fails to consider and execute these suggestions, the author says that the Supreme Court will be brought to a position where it has to accept the cruel accomplishment of the government where only the privileged, powerful and wealthy castes will occupy the public positions and there will be monopolization of positions. To highlight this, the author uses the word cruel faith accompany. Simply, the author says to the Supreme Court that this is the right time to act and if it is delayed, then the opportunity to correct it will be lost. With this, we have come to the end of this article discussion. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article discussion, which is about the fossil remains of a lizard, which is found inside the stomach of a micro raptor in the northeast China. This discussion can be linked to the areas of prelims syllabus, which has been highlighted here. A team of researchers have discovered the fossil of a micro raptor in northeastern China. The fossil has the remains of a nearly complete lizard, which is preserved in the stomach of the micro raptor. The details of this study was published in one of the scientific journals. Here, the micro raptor is a four-winged theropod, that is a meat-eating dinosaur that resembles a bird. It is said that the micro raptors have lived during the early Cretaceous period. Even in the past, many well-preserved fossil remains of micro raptors have been recovered from the Liyaloon province in China. Here, the Cretaceous period denotes the time period from 145 million years ago to 66 million years ago. It is the last period within the Mesozoic era in the geological timescale. This lizard specimen that is found in the stomach of a micro raptor is also from the Cretaceous period. It has been named as Indrasaurus wangi. The name Indrasaurus is inspired by a Vedic legend in which the Hindu god Indra was swallowed by a dragon during a battle. The name wangi was taken from the name of a professor, Wang Yuan, who is a paleontologist and a paleo herpetologist of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Here, a paleontologist studies the fossils of both animals and plants that lived up to billions of years ago and a paleo herpetologist studies the evolution of reptiles and amphibians including the snakes, lizards, etc. Next, the evolutionary or the phylogenetic analysis of Cretaceous lizard shows that all known Cretaceous lizard species were more closely related to each other than to any other modern lineage lizard or the present lizards. The new lizard had teeth different from other previously known lizard species from the Jehoal biota. It has a widely spaced short crown and nearly square teeth, which is different from all other Cretaceous lizards. This indicates that this lizard followed a different diet from its relatives. Generally, when we say biota, it means a grouping of animals, plants, fungi and other organisms that shares the same geographical region on earth. The Jehoal biota includes all the living organisms of northeastern China between 133 and 120 million years ago. The micro raptor, which is discussed in the news article, is known to have fed on mammals, birds, fish and lizards which is evident from its tamak remains. This study also confirmed that it ate lizards. The previous studies on micro raptors showed that it ate mammals, birds and fishes only. So, it is interpreted that the micro raptors are an opportunistic predator. An opportunistic predator can be defined as a predator whose attack on prey is determined by the coexistence of the predator and prey and also based on some environmental and physiological factors. It is said that they may eat alternative prey also for their survival. Then the complete remains of the lizard shows that it was swallowed whole and the micro raptor has swallowed the lizard's head first. This shows that the micro raptor fed in a manner similar to the present carnivorous birds and lizards. Some research has proved that micro raptors had ingested or excreted pellets similar to the extent or surviving carnivorous birds. In particular, it is similar to owls. But this feature is absent in this recent micro raptor fossil. This further strengthens the view that the evolutionary transition from dinosaur to bird was characterized by extreme homoplasy. It means numerous traits have evolved multiple times and independently in closely related groups. A homoplasy is a character which is shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor. For example, if A is the common ancestor and B and C are evolved from A, then B and C might evolve certain traits independently also. These independently evolved new traits of B and C might be absent in A. This evolutionary character is called as homoplasy. Now let us see few information about why the discovery of a new species is important. Firstly, the discovery will give an idea about the evolution of different species. For example, the way the prey was swallowed by the micro raptors and the living carnivorous birds and lizards are similar. The similarity in prey consumption may lead to new questions such as whether the present living carnivorous birds have evolved from micro raptors. Secondly, the discovery of new species helps in establishing the predator-prey relations. Now there are 20 such predator-prey relationships which are documented through direct evidence of stomach contents of the fossils of micro raptors. Thirdly, the discovery will provide information on the food chain that has existed in the ecosystems that vanished several millions of years ago. With the discovery of new species, the food webs will be modified. This will also correct the errors and it will clear the unknown areas in the previous research studies as well. With this, we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article discussion which is about the water, sanitation and hygiene amenities. The relevant areas under which the discussion can be linked to the prelim syllabus and main syllabus has been highlighted here. The author says the water, sanitation and hygiene amenities that is the wash amenities are important and are critical for the safe functioning of the healthcare facilities. The healthcare facilities are of many types and they are diverse such as some are primary healthcare facilities, others are tertiary healthcare facilities. Then the healthcare facilities are public or private but despite the different types of healthcare facilities and wherever they are located adequate water, adequate sanitation and adequate hygiene that is adequate wash amenities along with waste management and environmental cleaning services are important for the safe functioning of healthcare facilities. So what will happen if these amenities are not adequate in a healthcare facility? First of all, if there is a lack of adequate wash services then infection prevention and infection control cannot be carried out properly and they will be severely compromised. Then because of the inability to prevent and control infection, the patients and also the healthcare workers will get sick from unavoidable infections. So as a result of this, the efforts to improve maternal health, neonatal health and child health will be undermined or it will be weakened. Here neonatal health means the health of the newborn children. Next the lack of wash facilities will also result in the unnecessary use of antibiotic which will be used to prevent the infection. The author notes that this unnecessary use of antibiotics will lead to the spreading of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance or AMR is the ability of a microorganism like bacteria, viruses and some parasites to stop an antimicrobial from working against it. Here the antimicrobials are the antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials etc that helps to prevent and control a disease. So if these antimicrobials do not work then standard treatments to diseases and infections will become ineffective. Then infections will persist or continue and these infections may even spread to others. Now this concern in wash amenities in the healthcare facilities has emerged due to a recent report. This report is a joint report published this year. It was jointly published by the World Health Organization that is WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund that is UNICEF. The report is named as Wash in Healthcare Facilities Global Baseline Report 2019. This report presents the first global assessment of water, sanitation, hygiene, healthcare waste management and environmental cleaning services in healthcare facilities. It establishes baseline estimates for monitoring progress during the Sustainable Development Goal period. Now the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in this context include goal number 6 which states ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Under this goal the target 6.1 calls to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030. And the next target that is target 6.2 calls to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and also to end open defecation by paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations and this has to be done by the year 2030. Then the next target under the STG is the target number 3.8 which also calls to achieve access to quality essential healthcare services. Now based on these goals and target the healthcare facilities were assessed by the report. The report has indicated that the wash services in many healthcare facilities across the world are missing or they are substandard. According to the data from the report in 2016 globally an estimated 896 million people had no water service at their healthcare facility and more than 1.5 billion people had no sanitation service at their healthcare facility. Then globally one out of every 6 healthcare facilities that is about 16% of healthcare facilities in the world had no hygiene service. Here no hygiene service means it lacked hand hygiene facilities at points of care as well as it lacked soap and water at toilets. Then in terms of waste management and environmental cleaning there was inadequate data to estimate a global coverage. Here waste management means the waste is safely segregated into at least 3 bins and sharps and infectious waste are treated and disposed of safely and environmental cleaning means basic protocols for cleaning are available and all staff with cleaning responsibilities have received proper training. Now in addition to this the World Health Assembly has passed a resolution in May 2019. Here the World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of World Health Organization. It is attended by delegations from all WHO member states and it focuses on a specific health agenda which is prepared by the Executive Board of WHO. Also the Health Assembly is held annually in Geneva in Switzerland. This resolution was passed in the 72nd World Health Assembly. The resolution is hoping to catalyze or to accelerate the domestic and external investments to help reach the global sustainable development goal targets. These include the ensuring of at least 60% of all healthcare facilities to have basic wash services by 2020. Then at least 80% of all healthcare facilities to have basic wash services by 2025. And then finally to achieve 100% of all healthcare facilities to provide basic wash services by 2030. To achieve the above mentioned targets the member states should implement each and every practical step that is recommended by WHO and UNICEF. The first step which is recommended by WHO and UNICEF is that the health authorities should conduct in-depth assessments and they should establish national standards and accountability mechanisms. This assessment is important because the author states that across the Southeast Asian region in which India is also covered and also across the world there is a lack of quality baseline data. This lack of data limits the authorities from understanding the actual problem. Then second step is that the health authorities should increase engagement and work so that they can instill or introduce a culture of cleanliness and safety in all healthcare facilities. There should be information campaigns that targets healthcare facility administrators. Along with this all workers in the healthcare system that is from doctors and nurses to midwives and cleaners they should be made aware of current wash and infection prevention control procedures that is the IPC procedures and then they should be made to practice the current wash and infection prevention and control procedures. To achieve this modules on wash services and infection prevention and control procedures should be included in the pre-service training itself and this should be carried out as a part of professional development. In addition to the awareness and preparation the healthcare authorities should work more closely with communities that too especially in the rural areas. This is to promote the demand for wash services that is to demand adequate water adequate sanitation and adequate hygiene. Then the third step is the ensuring of collection of data on key wash indicators such as basic water services in healthcare facilities, basic sanitation services in healthcare facilities, then basic hygiene services in healthcare facilities, next basic waste management and environmental cleaning services in healthcare facilities. The healthcare authorities should ensure a routine collection of data on the key wash indicators. If this is done it will help to accelerate the progress of wash amenities by promoting continued action and it will also ensure accountability of the healthcare authorities and healthcare providers. The author says if routinely this data is collected then it will also help to spur or increase the documentation because it will provide the links between policies and their outcomes. The author concludes by saying that to make the above steps to happen WHO is working with the member states and the key partners to develop a data dashboard. This data dashboard will bring together all the health facilities and it will track the indicators on health facilities which includes wash services also because securing safe health services is the need of the hour. Now also know that the author of this article is a regional director of the Southeast Asia region of WHO. So try to inculcate all these steps which are mentioned here in your main's answer writing. With this we have come to the end of this article analysis. The displayed practice question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article discussion which is about the Motor Vehicles Amendment Bill of 2019. The relevant areas under which the discussion can be linked to the problems and main syllabus has been highlighted here. The article states that the Motor Vehicles Amendment Bill of 2019 was reintroduced in the Lok Sabha. It amends the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988. The bill has been reintroduced meaning it has been again introduced by Lok Sabha. This is because in the previous term of the present government the bill was passed in the Lok Sabha but the bill lapsed because it had not been passed by the Rajesh Sabha. That is why it has been reintroduced. Now let us see some of the important proposed amendments to the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988. One of the amendments is with respect to compensation. The amendment proposes to insert an article 164. Under the article 164 clause one of the proposed amendment it states that the owner of the Motor Vehicle or the authorized insurer shall be liable to pay the compensation due to any accident which is caused by the use of the Motor Vehicle. In the case of death the compensation of sum of rupees 5 lakh is proposed and in case of grievous hurt 2.5 lakh rupees compensation is proposed. This compensation will be given to the victim or to the legal heirs of the victim. Then the amendment seeks to increase the fines and penalties for the violation of provisions of the act. Then it also seeks to facilitate the grant of online learning license. It will amend section 8 of the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988. It simplifies the procedure for obtaining a learner's license by enabling an applicant to apply to any licensing authority in the state. It seeks to use online means to submit the application fee and other documents to obtain a learner's license. It also seeks to provide for the issue of a learner's license in the electronic form. It then seeks to replace the existing provisions of insurance under the Motor Vehicles Act with simplified provisions. This is to provide an expeditious or speedy help to the accident victims and their families. The Motor Vehicles Amendment Bill of 2019 seeks to insert a new article 164b which provides for the establishment of the Motor Vehicle Accident Fund. This is regarding the compulsory insurance of all road users and it is for the purposes of emergency medical treatment of the victims or to the victims of road accidents. The fund may also be utilized for the purpose of providing compensation to the victims of road accidents and their families. Then the amendment also has provisions for the protection of good Samaritans. The amendment seeks to insert article 134a which protects the good Samaritans. Under this provision, good Samaritan means a person who in good faith renders emergency medical or non-medical care or assistance to the victim at the scene of an accident or even the person who transports such victim to the hospital. Here good faith refers to the act that is done voluntarily and without the expectation of any reward or compensation. Under article 134a clause 1, a good Samaritan shall not be liable for any civil or criminal action for any injury to the victim or death of the victim by an accident involving a Motor Vehicle. So, this is to encourage many people to help the accident victims. The bill also proposes to raise the time limit for renewal of driving license from one month to one year before and after the expiry date. Now, the news article states that many parties are opposing certain provisions of the bill. They are saying that it will take away the powers of the state governments. But the minister of road transport and highways has assured that the provisions in the proposed legislation are not binding on states and it is up to the states to implement it or not. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Moving on to the last article discussion for the day which is about Blue Flag Beach Program. The relevant areas under which the discussion can be linked to the problems and main syllabus has been highlighted here. The Blue Flag Certification Standards and the International Certification are established by an International Non-Governmental Non-Profit Organization which is called as Foundation on Environmental Education or in short FEE. This certification is an eco-label that is awarded to beaches, marinas and sustainable boating tourism operators. The organization FEE is based at Copenhagen in Denmark. The Blue Flag Beaches Standards were initially popularized by FEE in all over Europe. In 2001, it was extended to other parts of the world as well with South Africa joining the International Blue Flag Beach Program. At the global level, Spain is the nation that has the highest number of beaches that are certified as Blue Flag Beaches. This is followed by Greece and France. The news article states that if we see within the region of South and Southeast Asia, only two countries have Blue Flag Certified Beaches. They are Japan and South Korea. As of now, no beach in India has been certified as a Blue Flag Beach. To be certified as a Blue Flag Beach, beaches has to be environment friendly and then they have to meet 33 standards in four areas. The news article says that some of these standards are voluntary while some standards are compulsory. The four areas are environmental management which includes the cleanliness factor and the solid waste management system, then environment education, thirdly safety and security of beach goers and finally bathing water quality standards. With respect to these standards, they see how the infrastructure development projects are planned and executed in the beaches, then they see cleanliness and safety and security services, waste disposal facilities in the beaches, then how far the beach is disabled friendly beach, then the presence of first aid equipment in the beaches is also a part of these standards. Now, the beaches has to be disabled friendly so that the differently abled people can also enjoy the way how others are enjoying nature. This requires facilities such as mats, wheelchairs that can be pushed through the sand and disabled friendly chairs that can float. Then one another criteria is that a person is not allowed to have access to pet animals in the main areas of the beach. Next, if beaches in a particular country earn this international reputation then it means that beaches of that country are environment friendly, it is free from pollution and the beaches of the country is safe and apt for tourists. This can contribute to the local economy and the tourism sector of the country. The news article states that India is improving its standards in 12 beaches, each in some states and union territories and by the end of this month they are planning to apply for certification for two beaches. One is Shivrajpur beach in Gujarat and the other is Gogla beach in Damanandayu. If the certification is given then the beaches will be flying the blue flag in the locations. The certification has to be re-applied annually to continue the right to fly the blue flag. This process will make the administrators to maintain the beaches consistently and sustainably. If not they may not receive the certification during the next annual application. Now, let us have a look at the initiative of the Government of India with respect to blue flag certification to beaches. This initiative is an integrated coastal management scheme which is named as BEAMS. BEAMS stands for Beach Environment and Aesthetic Management System. The agency that develops the beaches under this program is the Society of Integrated Coastal Management. Shortly it is called as SICOM. This society is established under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. It is SICOM that has commenced the pilot project of Blue Flag Beach program in December 2017 in India. Under the BEAMS program the Society of Integrated Coastal Management has been identifying beaches in all the nine coastal states and four coastal unit territories of India. In total 13 beaches to work for getting the blue flag certification. The main objective of the BEAMS program is to promote sustainable development in coastal regions with respect to beach management. The main focus is given to attract domestic and international tourists. We will have more updates about this in the coming days. With this we have come to the end of our article analysis sessions. The respect practice question will be discussed in the next session. Moving on to the last session for the day that is the practice questions discussion session. If you look at the first question it is about article 15 of the Indian Constitution. Two statements have been given we have to choose the correct statement. Now if you see the first statement it states article 15 deals with the equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. Now this is wrong because article 16 deals with equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. But article 15 deals with prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. So remember article 16 is public employment. Article 15 is based on prohibition of discrimination. Don't confuse. So here the first statement is wrong. Now if you look at the second statement it states it has been amended by both the constitution first amendment act of 1951 and the constitution 103rd amendment act of 2019. Now if you look at the second half of the statement we know that the 103rd amendment act amended article 15 and article 16. So we know that that part is correct. But here you may get confused when you look at the first half of the statement because it states the first amendment act also amended article 15. Now during our analysis we said that the clause 4 in the article 15 was introduced by this first amendment act of 1951. So this means article 15 has been amended by both first amendment and the 103rd amendment act which makes this statement as the correct statement. The question asks us to choose the correct statements. So here only statement 2 is correct. So the correct answer to this question is option B 2 only. Now if you look at the second question it is also based on Indian constitution. It is on article 145. The question states the minimum number of judges who are to sit for the purpose of deciding any case involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the constitution or for the purpose of hearing any reference under article 143. So here it asks how many judges have to sit for this purpose? 3, 5, 9 or 4. Now know that article 145 clause 3 mentions this fact that a minimum of 5 judges are required for this purpose. So here option B is correct. Now if you look at the next question it is based on the new lizard species. The question asks the new lizard species which is named as Indrasaurus wangi was discovered from which of the following places? Either from India, China, Sri Lanka or Malaysia. Now after seeing the name Indrasaurus we might think it is somewhere related to the Indian god. Yes it is related to the Indian god Indra but it is not discovered from India. It has been discovered from China. So the correct answer to this question is option B China. Now this question is based on the micro raptor. The question asks the term micro raptor sometimes seen in news refers to which of the following? The first option is a robot with precise artificial intelligence functioning. The next option is a spacecraft which is developed to soft land on the moon. Option C a recently discovered microorganism. Option D a four-winged theropod that resembles bird. Now as for the past week we have been discussing about Chandrayaan and we have been seeing that it is a spacecraft developed to soft land on the moon. So don't confuse that micro raptor is some instrument in that or it is the name of this spacecraft. It is wrong. The micro raptor is a four-winged theropod that resembles a bird. This micro raptor lived in the Cretaceous period that is some 145 million years ago to 66 million years ago. Now let us see the next question. This question is based on a report. The report which is wash in health care facilities global baseline report is the first report or the first global assessment of water sanitation hygiene health care waste management and environmental cleaning services in health care facilities. The report is jointly published by which among the following. So we have to say among which among the five given organizations which organizations have jointly published this baseline report. Now based on this report you can easily say that this report is related to the health sector and the health care facilities. So you might think of you know eliminating option one and five you may think they are not related to health in any way but don't do that. Even some of the reports of World Bank Group is related to health and some of the reports of United Nations Children's Fund that is the UNICEF is related to health and also this report has been jointly published by UNICEF and one another health organization that is World Health Organization. So the correct answer to this question is option C 2 and 5. Now this next question is based on the blue flag initiative. The question asks the program blue flag is an initiative launched by which of the following organization. Four options have been given UN environment, UN framework convention on climate change, foundation for environmental education and then fourth option is green peace. Now here two UN organizations have been given know that this is not an United Nations initiative so you can eliminate option A and option B and this initiative is launched by foundation for environmental education that is option C. Now you may think that this is very simple question but in the year 2018 prelims exam there was a similar question in the question paper. So try to know these small details and facts about some initiatives I mean who launched it and where it was launched and which year it was launched etc. Now also know that this organization is based in Copenhagen and it works to make the beaches and marinas in the world clean environment friendly and safe by giving a blue flag certification. The organization also provides a scheme for individuals to reduce the carbon footprint. This scheme is called as the global forest fund. Now let us see one main question based on GS paper 2. Critically examine the importance of wash that is water, sanitation and hygiene and suggest measures for the safe functioning of healthcare in India. Now for the first part of the question that is critically examine the importance of wash you just first have to say what is wash then how is it important? Like you can say without adequate water and without adequate sanitation and without adequate hygiene infection prevention and infection control will be severely compromised and then in turn the patients and the healthcare workers will get sick and also it will weaken the efforts to improve maternal neonatal and child health policies. Then you can also say if there is no adequate wash amenities there may be an unnecessary use of antibiotics and this will lead to the spreading of antimicrobial resistance. So if this antimicrobial resistance increases then the treatments will be ineffective and there will be a persistence of infections and the infections will also spread to others. Then for this you can also code the SDG goal number 6 which talks about ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Then you can also code target 6.1 which talks about universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water. Then you can code target 6.2 which talks about adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all. Now if you look at the second part of the question it asks suggest measures for the safe functioning of healthcare in India. For this you have to first say that providing wash amenities is the first measure for the safe functioning of healthcare in India and how this wash amenities can be improved and provided to all for that you can take these steps which was recommended by WHO and UNICEF like in-depth assessments and establishing of national standards should be carried out. Then there should be an increased engagement and work to instill cleanliness and safety in all facilities and the healthcare workers and the healthcare authorities should work closely with communities especially in the rural areas to demand wash services. Then you can also say that there should be a routine collection of data on key wash indicators so that we will know how the policies are implemented and what are the outcomes of the policies and we can also say what policy changes can be made to improve the wash amenities and we can also add some other viewpoints based on today's analysis. With this we have come to the end of our analysis sessions. If you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for more updates on civil service examination preparation.