 The Moon and the European Space Exploration really will hear why we should go back to the Moon after 44 years. And we are very pleased to have Jan Werner as our honored guest today this evening and he is the current Director General of the European Space Agency. He is also the former Chairman of the Executive Board of the German Aerospace Centre also known as DLR. You would expect that he would be an aerospace engineer, but he started out as a civil engineer. For the Germans, that's heißt Bauingenieur. He got the Federal Cross of Merit First Class for his continuous engagement for young academics. And unfortunately to list all of his doctorates would really take too much time off of his limited talk time. So please give it up for Jan Werner. Please give him a round of applause for Jan Werner. Yes, okay, no, no. We have to be quiet because they did not give me enough time. So you have to be quiet and I recommend you to listen and see. And if possible do the whole lecture I will give to you in slow motion afterwards because otherwise I cannot do it in 30 minutes. Slow motion. This is a question I get nearly every day. I have nothing to do with it. But the question is we turn off investment always. That's the money. If you are a university, you know we have something like galaxies. I'm rotating and according to all our theories which we know about Newton and how the speed at the output should be slower than in the outer part of the galaxy. It should be slower than in the inner part. Otherwise the stars would fly out. But we see that the speed in the outer part is exactly the same as in the inner part. We do not understand this effect. That's why we gave this matter a new name, dark matter. So it's not something we see. It's just why I'm talking about it. It's just why I'm talking about it. Why am I talking about it? There is also another effect. Dark energy. If you have a big bang and then the universe is expanding according to just a low gravity, this velocity, because the gravity should decrease, the velocity should decrease, and finally it should implode again before total millions of years, 400 enough, the universe behaved like we thought by connecting to the universe accelerating again. Now why? It has changed and is accelerating again, and we do not know why. That's why we call it dark energy. Dark energy and dark matter are over 90% of the matter. The universe. There are also effects that take place in our solar system. Scientists have tried to prove that Pluto is the last planet in our solar system. Planet. That may not always be a planet. Planet. Always. But no, no. Later. No time. Pluto is the last micro-planet or something like that. And if you try to prove it with a theory and suddenly you have found out that there must be another planet. Nobody has ever seen it, but it seems to give something that moves further than Pluto. We don't know the size, we don't know anything. But this is all an example where we need curiosity. Neugierde is one of the most important drivers that keeps us going. Look at Einstein. He knows the general relativity theory. He also had a special relativity theory. The statement, the time is slowed down by gravity and in a general relativity theory the return of investment of this equation what is the benefit to society? If you are a politician, you will get an easy answer. No meaning. Everything is ready. This is the best sentence you can get. The question is, is it really just an academic idea without any consequences? If you look to satellite navigation, satellite navigation, really fast, really fast, that means it has to have an effect on the timing. They are far away from the Earth, so gravity is much lower than what we also have on the timing. And the satellite navigation satellites are nothing more than really exact blocks. So if these two effects are there, then there should be an effect also on the navigation system. Without knowing this theory, we would have taken an error of about 500 meters per hour in this navigation. That means we have to be curious, even if we don't know what it does. We have to stay curious to be able to explore other things. No, no, no, no, it's okay. No, no, no, no, no, it's okay. We have, but we have also concrete aspects, concrete aspects, concrete aspects, concrete aspects. We have global effects that we have to fight. We have climate change, immigration. You can read all of this yourself on the photo. But also curiosity, curiosity. That's another kind of challenge. She brought us out of the caves to the mountains. She brought us to the oceans. But I don't know why, but we did it. And that's why curiosity is the most important driver in what I call space 4.0. In what I like to call space 4.0. We look to commercialize it, where we look to commercialize it, where we look to digitalize it, where we digitalize it, and so on. And what you see here is what we at ESA are doing. We are coming up with some aspects. We are looking to observe, we are coming up with some different aspects. We observe Earth observation, we observe the earth navigation, we look at the start systems, we try to get the systems into space victory and meteorites. We are looking to look at new technologies and new technologies and various things to work with the industry. ESA is the European Space Agency with 22 participants, with the EU, with Slovenia, with China. We try to be a global player who works with all states around the earth. We are an international we have an international character who can work with others as a broker, as a mediator and as a possibility to explore the space for us today is all the evidence in giving some data to the ground. But space is now a satellite that sends data to the earth. Not only new information, but also new technologies. Also, new technologies in Space 4.0 we also use technology from the earth in space. Space 4.0 also means that more people not only politicians, not only space agents but also to lead these people from different countries we did a lot. Space, the final frontier you should know it means development. I could let this film run for half an hour but I couldn't continue. If you are interested you can see the whole video on our website. We had 2000 participants from over 22 countries and talked about different questions and a real debate and the results were a lot. I did a lot I wouldn't go through all but only the last one. I was very surprised. 81% said we should use natural raw materials from the earth. We should collect raw materials from the earth and use them. We can discuss that. It seems to be a very important question. 96% they see the earth as a universe of possibilities 84% they see the earth as a place that should be protected from pollution and so on. That is the most important part of it. I said it is very important and I said the research is very important. This is a philosophy. We will not stop researching things until we come back and see the place for the first time. I don't understand this sentence but that's why I like it and that's why I use it. Water is something that we use every day. Have you ever thought about water not only that you need it in the toilet or if you want to drink something? Water is very interesting. Water covers over 71% of an anomaly of water. That means that the ice is lighter and water is at 4 degrees. It is not poisonous. It has no taste. It has no smell. It has a high surface tension and there is a very exciting thing that we do with water. If you take the hydrogen out or replace it with deuterium if you add a proton you have heavy water and we have light water and we have many other uses every day. But the question is where does the water come from? Some people say it doesn't matter we have 30% of the surface not from the water bed but as a new year person that's an important question for me where does the water come from? That's an important question because the comet is frozen material and that's why we have planned a mission called Rosetta. It took us 10 years until we were there and without any expectations we didn't change oil of course we updated the software but the processor was more than 10 years old at the end. It was a very old computer in an area that is a lot heavier than here on earth it was a very heavy mission and at the end of November 12th 2014 we landed on the comet and that's the selfie that's the selfie that I was asked before landing what was the probability I was asked before landing and I said I have no idea we do it for the first time I have no idea about the probabilities but in fact we landed and because the gravity is so light we had the fear that we would jump back like in the trampoline Rosetta has a simple a therapun to fix the ground which unfortunately didn't work it also has a motor which should hold on the ground that's why the probe was hooked on the asteroid and finally we landed on the ground I need your silence because I want to show you the sound that at the first landing I also have it in slow motion for you so it's the sound in the legs and the reason we measured this was in order to get some input about the quality about the surface toughness and by animal instinct you can directly get very amazing and I'm not mentioned about the water issue and we looked at this comet all about water and it was water and it was water and it was water yes, there is water there is organic material but the relationship between heavy and light water was completely different than the one in the world on earth it's about constant on the comet it's about three times the amount of heavy water the question remains where does this water come from possibly from such comets possibly from others now this is a very important film that will show you which different cultures we have so many after it landed and jumped a few times we didn't know where it was because we were very very happy at 5th September 2016 we finally found a very dark place that was the reason why we couldn't charge it again because of the batteries and that's what we wanted to do and that's the last picture of the main probe of Rosetta which finally landed on the comet we got the information from the surface on the surface I already said Rosetta, Philae and the comet and these comets are so black like coal so you need a very special camera to shoot pictures of it because it has more than 50 shades of grey and this camera this camera technology was also used to fight the earth against fire and that's something I always say yes, everything is good we don't need that but you understand now we also have people in the space we have the Apollo early to the moon we had the space and of course they all know that the Americans won but one of the technologies of the Soviet Union was very important and that's the most famous picture I'm sure you all know that it's Buzz Aldrin, the second man on the moon he was very, very sad that he couldn't be the first and so he always asked Neil Armstrong come, take a picture, take a picture here in the picture you can see Neil Armstrong over there in the visor this picture is photoshopped by NASA yes, they were on the moon yes, I asked NASA administration what you really were on the moon they said it would be much more expensive to keep all the people quiet and they said this picture is photoshopped because NASA thought that it should be a bit darker than the night and unfortunately Neil Armstrong already cut the picture he missed something and so they put some black on it so they could show that there is still a black sky over there why do I know that? there is this picture, here this picture the antenna is missing the antenna is missing on this picture and that's the reason why it's photoshopped but trust me, they were on the moon so in 2014 the crime crisis and it's still going on and it's very important to see that problems can be solved in the world that's a picture after the crime crisis as an American shows a Russian and a European astronaut with a German accent like me that's Alexander Gerst and they sat here for minutes and then they stood together in front of the Soyuz rocket that's my hand by the way and they are here and they are now moving the rockets I shouldn't say goodbye but it's not so good then they took off in Kazakhstan and that's the place where they went the Americans, the Russians, the Japanese the Europeans in the International Space Station Alexander did a lot of experiments looked at the earth and reported about it and the Americans say that's not okay he shouldn't think about emotions but about research he did pictures like that he did pictures like that and said there are explosions and bombs on the earth that's something that shouldn't happen imagine an alien flying over the earth and sees that he probably wouldn't have a good impression that's a picture that I like and here is his landing the Russians call it a soft landing because you have to catch it with a soft part of the body as you can see it looks really hard but in good condition and the question was how do we get it home and I asked the Americans can't we bring it to Europe and they said you have to have a plane that has a emergency station and where do you get an emergency station in a plane I asked the Air Force and the Minister didn't accept it because the control numbers wouldn't pay so I looked for another one and they said the ADAC he had a plane and I called the president of that club and said I have a president and he called the ADAC and asked can you bring us a plane that has to fly to Europe he said yes if they allow us to publish it in our monthly magazine the ADAC Motor World and this is one of the most famous journals the other one is from the pharmacies the other one is from the pharmacies which also has a big circulation and he said I have one last question is he a member and I could answer yes Alexander is a member of the ADAC he was brought back back back to Germany to Cologne but next there shouldn't be a final goal we should go on to Mars NASA says we want to go to Mars and Journey to Mars means more than just a single flight to Mars but Mars is a journey it takes about two years to fly back and forth because of the different routes we have some of the problems you can fly to the moon between Christmas and New Year so instead of Hamburg you can also fly to the moon but some companies have suggested a way to go to Mars I think that's a bad idea but what's happening now is a European mission, ExoMars we want to go to Mars but without humans so a robotic mission the first one started in 2016 the next one comes in 2020 we want to go to Mars we found Mars on Mars and the question is whether it comes from a biologist or from another planet and we started this mission in Kazakhstan I like this picture very much it's a French Italian leader of the different space agencies so we see again the world that it's about national problems that's what we can do this is a picture that I was very happy about the space that flies to Mars and with this picture I was sure, yes, we really go to Mars and then we had this nice picture with the idea how we land on Mars so we have two spacecraft one is an orbiter and the other is this test module that the atmosphere ends with a heat shield then we have a parachute the heat shield turns off then we have the separation of the parachute then we have the fire of the the engines and until then it was ok you know the story everything green you can forget the problem was the spacecraft saw that it was under the surface and then it makes no sense to have a parachute so it solved the parachute and it also has the the brakes were turned off too early and then we had a hard landing not exactly where we wanted it but almost we had some points because of the parachute because of the heat shield and because of the impact of the landing we don't know what this track is there but I'm sure this picture shows the orbiter that it is really active that it is a scientific part of this operation we got all the data from the landing and also from the surface and this gas orbiter also worked as a further landing and he did that perfectly this was the press that said that the landing was completely destroyed very very bad here you know another guy, this is Elon Musk this is his third attempt to land on a drone ship everything was fine until here everything was excellent but then something was not great and that was the end of this rocket now the question is what what does the press say about it a similar case the satellite turns in orbit and this is the german newspaper and this is the german press the newspaper Space X has already failed the american have reported this a little differently Space X published video of the fast landing Elon Musk reports the ship is fine, small repairs cool day now what are the goals for the future, where do we go you know the village what is in the village different interests, different actors different activities and different calendars but a common understanding to do something together we are a village a community, a concept a concept is not a single project there is no fixed schedule from end to end blah blah blah blah but it shows the places where they are needed and these two things and the concept is together in the concept of moon surface operations we want to do international, human, robotic public and private partnerships science and the whole team together we want to do moon science we do not understand the moon we can do moon science we can do cosmology especially if we are on the dark side on the back not the dark side of Pink Floyd we can look out, we can do basic research, technology, transportation communication, logistics do planet defense and we can use this moon village as our start to move on and it should be open for everyone this is a picture and I hope that this community understands that this picture is the CCC vision of the moon vision and it already has a CCC flag moon village is the American following with the FAA is part of this concept which companies that they say they have the right architecture this is a Scandinavian others are of the opinion they could use the moon for other aspects and we could really see a long distance flight that means the journey to Mars is not is not a contradiction because if we want to go there we have to stop at the moon and I hope that you do not stay calm but stay active and create a moon community thank you for your attention thank you Mr. Werner thank you Mr. Werner for this very good talk we have a little time for two questions but only if you keep the questions very short so first I can comment second a question at least two sentences short question what do you think is the first hardware of the moon village on the moon and maybe when? it will be on Monday that is clear and as you can see this is not a plan in which ESA is taking specific steps we have worldwide different actors scientists from all over the world who have most of the plans to do this in the next year or later and many things I don't know maybe scientific research projects maybe just proofs that they want to do on the side of ESA and we do something with Russia we do a lunar resource my idea is that this architecture should be I don't want to decide when the future comes do we have a question from the internet? do we have a question from the internet? nothing yet question do we also work together with India and China? of course you see the beauty of ESA is that we have 22 participants and so we have no problem to work together with other countries and that is important don't forget about values don't forget about the things that are really good our cooperation is a base for us a strong point for all citizens of the world that's why I say but sure we don't have any more time for questions now but Mr Werner said that he is still available for a few minutes I thank you it was really great it was great to be here I thank you for being here for the first time if you liked it I will come again