 Hello, good afternoon sir. My name is Prasan Kumar Singh and my topic is interactive e-books on our class tablet. So, in this presentation I will be explaining the work done in MTP first phase that is the e-books I created and the literature survey that I did in this session. So, this is the table of content. First of all I will be explaining the introduction and the motivation section. So, the introduction. So, we are living in an age of science and technology and so the science and technology has made an impact on every aspect of our life. We use various technological devices in our daily life. So, the field of education has also not remained untouched with the effect of science and technology. We can see the effect of technology in our daily life. Like if the effect of technology in education can be summarized in the following points. There are smart classrooms now where the students can read with the help of computers and the teachers can demonstrate with the help of interactive demonstration in the class. So, the student can get the concept better. So, the second one is e-learning where a student can learn the concept itself on internet by searching through the various topics available. So, the books have also turned digital. So, the e-books are available that we can read on any small handheld devices that supports e-book readers. So, there are various course management systems like model that are available that helps our teacher to manage a course that is running on a large scale and there are various online courses available like Coursera and NPTEL where a student can learn and the courses. So, learning by e-books. So, learning by e-books is a recent concept as the technological devices are increasing the number of e-book readers are also increasing. So, but there are several limitations that are available when we read e-books on a tablet. Like suppose some young age children is reading a book on a tablet. So, he might feel it more interesting in like playing games than playing games or watching videos or movies on that tablet than reading e-books. So, suppose he read one or two pages and then he might get just distracted and he may might want to play some games or may want to play want to hear some song. So, there are more chances of distraction. So, the second limitation is that there are no interactive demonstration available on e-books. So, if suppose if I am reading something that is totally new to me and that requires a lot of visualization power. So, I will not be able to explain without any interactive demonstration. So, verbal. So, as we will see further that the verbal symbols that the usual talking and seeing that they do not leave a concrete experience on a user. So, motivation. So, motivation of my topic is to remove all those limitations that I described in the previous sections. So, to remove all those limitations there came the concept of interactive e-books. So, the interactive e-books provide certain additional features in compare to e-books. The features are as follows. The interactive e-books enable a reader to communicate with e-book. So, a reader can read a e-book. He can solve quizzes on the e-book and he can watch videos or animation in the e-book. So, he can communicate with the e-book. So, these books contain a embedded interactive multimedia material. Suppose these books contain animations, these book contains videos that make them interesting to read and user feels themselves engaged with the book. So, the interactive e-books make a user able to learn not just by reading, but by watching animations, by solving quizzes and by playing videos. So, they provide a better learning environment as compared to the normal e-books learning. Learning is a process of gaining knowledge. So, we learn with the help of our sensory organs. Suppose we see something or we hear something, then that comes to our memory and we learn that thing. So, various sensory organs are involved in the process of learning like eyes, ears, all these sensory organs are required. So, learning. So, there are learning hypotheses. There are two possible learning hypotheses. The first one is the passive learning hypothesis and the second one is active learning hypothesis. According to the passive learning hypothesis, if the taught content that is taught by a teacher is same, then learning will remain same. So, it actually says that if the two teachers are teaching the same concept and but they both follow a different style of teaching, then the learning will remain same as learning does not depends on the way of teaching it actually learns on the content to be taught. But active learning hypothesis says that the way of teaching is also a major factor in learning. So, if a teacher is teaching it differently, then a student will be able to learn it in a much better way. So, according to the passive learning hypothesis, multimedia or interactive objects play no role in learning, but according to active learning hypothesis, these create a major impact. So, I will be further explaining the cone of experience and the forgetting curve. So, the cone of experience. The cone of experience was given by Edgar Dell that was a famous educationist. He studied various audio visual methods that are required for experience. So, the cone was mainly divided into three regions. The first one was symbolic, the second one was iconic and the third one was inactive. So, the symbolic regions tell that whatever we see or whatever we hear. So, the top layer, the top layer of the pyramid gives the least concrete experience while the bottom layer gives the most concrete experience. So, according to this cone, if you are reading something or we are listening something, then the concept is not very concrete, it is abstract. So, and the second one iconic region, it involves that if you are watching something like if you are watching a movie or if you are watching a demonstration performed by someone, then it will give a better concrete experience. And the third one is inactive. Inactive means knowledge that comes by actions or when we do the same thing. So, suppose we are doing the same thing what we want to learn, then we will get a better learning experience. So, according to it, if you are performing a thing, if you or we are doing that thing, then it will give a better experience. So, the forgetting curve. The forgetting curve is given by Herman Ibingos, a German psychologist. This curve gives the relationship between the memory and the time remembered. So, suppose I learn something at 0th day, then the process of forgetting is shown by this red curve. So, suppose I learn something at 0th day, then the process of forgetting starts from the very next moment that we learn. So, the process of forgetting just starts after that moment. So, suppose here I learn something, then I start forgetting that thing in an exponential loss of information. So, suppose I learn something, then I will lose that information completely from memory after few days. So, the red line explains the exponential loss in the information. The green line explains the concept of when we revise the same thing. Suppose I learn something and then I revise, learn something at 0th day, then I revise the same thing at the beginning of the first day, then the remembrance of that concept will come to at the top and we can describe and that will come to top and it will say in our memory. But, even after that if we do not revise that concept, then the forgetting will start. So, suppose that at the beginning of the second day I start, I revise that topic again, then that will become more permanent and the rate of loss of information will become less. So, like if I keep doing this for next several days, then that concept will become permanent in our memory. So, effect of interactivity. So, I will be explaining an experiment done by Evans and Devans. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the impact of interactivity on students. So, several students were selected from a college of London University and the students were selected in such a way that none of them has a background in physics. So, this experiment was performed in 2007 and 33 students were selected from a college in London University and they all were taught a concept of working of a bicycle. So, the students were like that none of them had a background in physics. So, this was the experimental setup. So, the methods. So, the group was randomly divided into two parts. The first one was I group and the second one was N I group. I group means interactive group while the N I means non interactive group. So, after they were given the I group was taught using the traditional methods or by the I group was taught using an interactive simulation. So, after that lesson both of the group were given two quizzes to solve. The first one was the memory test that contains two questions and these questions were mainly to check their retention power or how easily they can recall the facts. So, this was mainly to check their recalling power. So, the questions were simple that were taught in the chapter. Those questions were like that how a bicycle pump works. So, they were actually taught in chapter that how a bicycle pump was in two phase in a phase and down phase. The up phase contains six stages and the down phase contains six stages. So, the questions were directly from the concept that they learned in the lesson. The transfer test. The transfer test was mainly to check their critical ability, critical thinking power of the students. Suppose a student learns something and how can he apply that in his daily life that was to check the transfer test. The transfer test contains six questions and the questions were like what could be done to make pump more effective, to make it move air more rapidly. So, the questions were how they think critically and that the duration for the both and test for a one hour each and the time for time was recorded both for the test and both for the lesson. So, this is the screen for non interactive group. So, the non interactive group was sent to a lab where he can see some slides. This is the slide where a student sees the working of a pump. So, it is the down phase while it is the up phase. So, here it says that the up down phase contains six stages and up phase contains six stages. So, this is the first phase as we press the pump. So, the piston goes down, the inlet closes, the air compresses and the air goes out of the pump. So, like this six stages were taught from this chapter. Similarly, there was six stages in the up phase. So, all these 12 stages were taught to the non interactive group, but the screen was totally different for interactive group. So, this is the screen that was shown to interactive group. So, there was a previous button, there was a repeat button, there was a next button on that screen. So, suppose if I am seeing the first stage on the screen. So, if I am pressing the piston and so after that I press the next button, then next stage will come to my screen. So, that I can see that I can see all these stages in 12 steps or even if I want to repeat that step then I can see that step on my own or if I want to go to previous step then even I can go. So, this makes the students learn at their own pace. So, suppose I am getting I take time to get the things. So, I can watch this slide at more time and whenever I press the next button then the next screen will come. So, the observations the observation that the other kids was that there was no significant difference in the memory test and but there was a lot difference in transfer test time, transfer test scores. So, these are the scores that interactive group got 2.5, this is the main scores 2.5 out of 6, but the interactive group got 1.8 out of 6. So, this was that the interactive group was able to apply those knowledge in was able to more critically think those concepts time taken. So, the interactive group even take less time to to solve the quizzes mean time for interactive group was 75 seconds, but for an I group it was 1160 seconds. So, these are the observations, this is the lesson time, this is the overall test time according we can see that the dot that circle represents interactive group, these are the interactive group for delta represents the non interactive group. So, the interactive group students take less time on learning lessons, but they take significantly less time in solving quizzes as I shown previously with the help of figures. Similar work, this is the similar experiment to check the effect of interactivity on students, it was done by Sastvan Nusri et al and others and also. So, the aim of in this experiment was to check the effect of multimedia on student learning ability. So, he selected several students from grade 1 in Jordan. So, all of them was thought simple concept of mathematics using using one was traditional method while second was multimedia group who was taught using animations videos and cartoons. So, cartoons were simply used like the Tom and Jerry cartoons. So, that student might find it interesting to watch the videos. So, simple mathematics concept was taught that was fraction principles. So, test was organized after this to check the effect. So, the mean scores for the traditional group was 8.05 while for multimedia group it was 8.47. So, the cartoons were used to teach and the other feels that cartoons make it more students feels more engaged and more interested to read the chapters. Animation in Learning. So, animation in learning the author Ricardie Meyer who was a famous educationist says that the using animations alone in education will not be able to give fruitful results. We have to represent animation in a certain way that make it possible to represent in to give best possible results. So, according to him we have to use animations in a certain manner how to represent animation that is what he taught using these principles. So, he represented these principles in these seven principles according to him. The first one is the multimedia principles is according to it the animations should be used. The narration alone is not sufficient to to teach best special consecutive principle. Suppose, I am teaching something and the animation is available but suppose I am teaching the first chapter and the animation is available on the third chapter then it will not be beneficial for the students. Animation should be closed to the text that is taught. Third one is temporal consecutive principle according to it tells the time difference. Suppose, I am teaching something through narrating and the animation is presented after that this would be not be the case animation and narration should be presented at the same time. The fourth is core in principle means if we are demonstrating something at it contains some irrelevant irrelevant sounds like some background sound background noise. So, it means it says that it contains negative impact on students it may lead to distraction of distraction to students. So, it must be removed modality principle modality principle shows that which modes should be selected. Suppose, I am teaching something through animation and narration then it will be more efficient than using animation with text. So, written then same principle as I told in modality principle that animation with narration is more effective than animation with text. So, the written principle says that if you are using animation and narration and then there is no need to use text. Text is redundant in that case personalization principle. Personalization principle says that if I am using the conversational style of conversation in class like I am saying suppose I am doing this thing suppose you are going to market then the student may be able to small children may be able to visualize it better as they may feel that they are doing the same task they may feel that they are doing actually doing. So, they get it better in conversational style than in formal style interactivity in ebooks. The technology has made with the advancement of technology the books have turned to ebooks. So, we can read them on any tablet devices we can read them on smartphones. But the ebooks are just a printed version or digital version of books. So, they lack the interactive features we cannot watch videos with within the books we can not attempt an inquisit we cannot watch any animation in the book they are just a printed version. So, within few years the technology has grown so much, but the effect on education is still not so impressive suppose we see still in various colleges the chalk and talk method is used where a teacher is simply using chalk and inheriting some concept. So, there came the concept of interactive ebooks that provides certain additional features in as compared to ebooks. So, these features can be summarized as support for audio and video content. So, a children may be able to watch videos, audio within the book. So, these are embedded in the book support for SVG SVG means scalable vector graphics these are the images that can be zoomed to a much larger level without any loss in information without any degrading quality support for in book quizzing. So, these books may contain quizzes within the book so that we can demonstrate. So, that we can check our learning capability at the end of the quiz at the end of the lesson support for reflowable content these ebooks contain reflowable content. Suppose I am reading something on my mobile phone and something that same thing on my tablet then it will display both the things that same book differently on both the devices better educational moment these books provides better educational moment as Achille as a child may feel it more interesting to read on a book that contain any message may contain videos that may contain quizzes. So, they are interesting to read. So, spoken tutorial is a program that is going on in an IIT Bombay. So, these are less duration programs less duration videos that are used to teach some particular topic. So, they contains the video of some slides that is narrated through some narrator. So, the main feature of this is that audio language can be changed with the audio language can be changed to any of the language. So, suppose some person who has poor English even he will be able to learn through these videos these videos will be displayed in his local language. So, the narration in these videos will be narrated in Indian accent that makes a user feel that he will be able to grasp the things more quickly on learning it is in that suits you better. EPUB now I will be narrating a and a book format that provides interactivity to ebooks. So, it is an open standard ebook format. So, that anyone can use it freely it is free and open and it supports interactive features like audio video and the file extensor for EPUB is dot EPUB. So, suppose there is a book named some ABC then it will be ABC dot EPUB. So, versions of EPUB there are two versions of EPUB available. So, the previous version was version 2.0.1 and the main feature of this version was to just provide reflowability. So, if I am seeing the same content on my mobile phone and same content on my computer then it will suppose my on my mobile that is a small screen phone it shows the first line as my name is ABC. But if we are seeing the same content on the on a tablet or in a small mobile device then it will if the screen is only able to fits the only my name and each ABC will not be able to it is not be able to display properly then it will automatically come to next line. So, it the main feature of it was to reflow the content version 3. Version 3 is the current version of EPUB. So, it allows various formats various facility it came into existence in year 2011. So, it supports the embedding of audio and video it supports the it supports mathematical features it supports CSS 3 it supports the involvement of CSS 3 we can give a better design to our page with the help of MathML we can embed math equations equations with the within the page without using images. So, it is actually HTML file that gives us all these features these also support SVG scalable vector graphics. So, now I am describing the structure of EPUB. So, actually EPUB is a G-parchive of some files there are mainly three file three one file that is MIME type involved and with two directories that is OEPBS and Meta-INF. So, there are mainly one file and two directories that contains various files inside it. So, the one file is the MIME type the MIME type file only contains the MIME type of EPUB. So, MIME type is a unique identifier of any file on the internet. So, the MIME type of EPUB is application forward slash EPUB plus chip. So, it actually tells that it is an EPUB file. So, if this is a book that name book dot EPUB then it will be having a MIME type a Meta-INF directory and a OEPBS directory. So, the Meta-INF directory contains only a single file that is named as container dot XML. So, the container dot XML contains the it is an XML file that contains the path of the file that contains all the address of all the things that are being required for the book. So, it contains the address of content dot OPF which in turn contains the address of all the files that we need for the book. So, it gives the file of the root part of the root file. So, OEPBS directory this directory contains all the files that we require for the book. So, suppose there is a directory for images there is a directory for videos there is a directory for CSS there is a directory for HTML files. So, all these contents images contain all these images which are required for the book video all those videos for the big CSS contents all the all the CSS data that we used for the designing of the book and all those HTML files that we used for the book. So, there are two files actually involved that the first one is the content dot OPF and the second one is the TOC dot NCX. So, the both of them are XML file the content dot OPF contains the all the addresses of the all the files like all the addresses of all images file addresses of all video files etc. So, it contains all the address it contains all the mime types of all the files it contains the meta information of the book like what is the name of the book what is the name of other in which year it get published like all these information. So, it contains the meta information even it contains in what order the things should be displayed. So, it tells exactly that the first page should be the power page the second page should be the table of content page etc. So, the other file is TOC dot NCX TOC dot NCX is a XML file that tells what is the table of content for the book. So, all these files are required for creating an EPUB E-book that is that EPUB 3 book that provides the features of audio video animations it is. So, meta mime type is a identifier that is used to identify a file uniquely over internet. So, meta nf contain only a single file container dot XML that contains the path of content dot OPF the second directory is OEPBS that contains all data files and it contains two files content dot OPF and TOC dot NCX. So, it gives the all the meta data that what is the name of the book what is the name of other in which year it get published etc etc and addresses and mime types of all data files. It also tells in what order the these content should appear in a book like the first one should be the power page the second one should be the table of content the third one should be the chapter one like this. So, interactivity in EPUB. So, now with this topic I will be explaining how we can embed interactivity in our book. So, interactivity in EPUB in this section I will be displaying the E-books that I created during first stage. So, this is the book that I created on a Cache tab. So, it is not able to so it contains a chapter this is the table this is the cover page of the book this is the first page. So, in this book I will be explaining the concept of sorting through this book. So, this is a selection sort suppose this is the black portion is an embedded video that we can play and with these topics I will be continue further for a quiz that is embedded within the book I will display this book during presentation. So, these are the snapshots of the book that I created. So, here it is a video that explains the story. So, this is the quiz portion that will be displayed at the last of the chapter that is shown and can attempt to quiz within the book. So, the first question is complexity of selection sort algorithm is. So, suppose he gave a wrong answer and the second question is complexity of insertion sort algorithm suppose he gave a right answer that is o n square. So, if he will click at the get his score portion he will see his score that he attempted one question of out of two correctly. So, he will get a score of 50 percent. So, authoring tools for ebooks. So, what are the tools that are available for creating ebooks? So, the first tool that is very good I found is iBook Author. It is a tool by Apple and it is a proprietary tool. So, anyone that uses a Mac can use this tool for creating ebooks that works only on Mac. So, the second is the PubSoft. It is a free to use online tool that is for creating animated books that works only for iPad and iPhone. So, the interface is very simple and it is mainly meant for a non-technical user. So, it is interface is based on Dragon Drop. So, we can easily create an interactive ebook using PubSoft. Cigill it is a tool that is open source and it allows the VCV editing of ePub book. It also allows creating creation of ePub two books. So, problem strategy and solution. So, problem statement that I found is in second page I will be discovering some other possible ways of giving interactive demonstrates interactive interactivity to ebooks. So, in this same I discovered some of the ways like adding videos, adding animations, adding interactivity, adding equations. So, in the second time I will continue it further to discover other possible ways and I am thinking to create a tool that will atomize the process of creating interactive ebooks. As we have seen in the previous slide that there are limited tools available and most of them have certain restrictions or limitations like if I am creating a any book using PubSoft then it will work only on iPad and iPhones. So, I am thinking to create a create an ordering tool for ePub books that will automate the process and that works good for a custom. So, solution strategy in the second same I will explore HTML5 and Java script in a much better way to explore all the possible ways that can be used for providing interactivity. I will create an automation tool that takes text and interactive media as an input and will provide an interactive ebook as output. So, this is the last slide conclusion. So, I will conclude with that the interactive ebooks is a recent concept of education. So, there are very limited ebooks or ePub formats or ebook formats available that provides interactivity. The concept of interactivity in ebooks can be a revolutionary idea, but it should be implemented properly. So, the usage of Aakash tab or similar taking other devices that are used by students will be very beneficial for this for for getting a benefit for getting the maximum benefit from the interactive ebooks. ePub is a format that provides interactivity. ePub is still in development phase and it has and in near future certain more features may be added to this format. So, we can explore ePub format in a much in a broader way to get more features. So, these are the conclusions or the pages that I referred. Thank you.