 Hey everybody, Dr. O here. This week we're going to cover the bone markings or at least the terminology. So why is this important? First of all, your bones have all these lumps and bumps and holes on them. This is going to be where your muscles attach and the holes are going to be where nerves and blood vessels enter and exit. So these are all very important. It's important to get a general sense of the terminology because we're going to go through all the bones and many of the major prominences on them. So if you understand what a foramen is, then when we're talking about different holes, hopefully it will help you. So we're just going to cover the terminology here. I'm going to give you lots of good examples, but hopefully it will really get solidified in your mind as you learn them when we go through the skeleton itself. So here to see a bunch of examples, let's go ahead and dive in. So first at the top of this list, here we have articulations. That's just going to be our joints. We have a whole chapter on that coming up. So we're going to start with the head. So a head is a prominent rounded surface, like it says there. I have the head of the femur and the head of the humerus are going to be your two best examples there. The heads are going to be the balls of our ball and socket joints that make up our hips and our shoulders. Next, we have a facet or a facet. This is going to be a flat surface. So what I'm pointing out here is going to be the facet joints of the vertebrae. That's where when we think about the vertebrae and joints, we often think of the discs and that's what supports most your body weight on the front. But a lot of the movement in our spine comes from these flat facet joints there in the back and they can cause some serious problems and lots of pain. All right. Here next, we have condyles. So a condyle is a rounded surface. So I show you here the condyles up at the bottom of the femur and the condyles at the bottom of the bottom of the humerus. Those are going to be called the capitulum and the trochlea, but we'll get there later. And then over here on this other image, we have the occipital condyle. These are these, these flat rounded surfaces. That's going to be where your occiput, the base of your skull attaches to C1, your first cervical vertebrae. So those are condyles. Next, we have projections. These are just going to be raised markings. The example they give here is the spinous processes of your vertebrae. So if you feel in the back of your spine, the points that are sticking right back out at you, those are called the spinous process. What do we have next? I lost my place. I was projections or processes. Next, we have a protrubrance, which means protruding. So also if you're feeling here in the back, the point in the back of your occiput is called your EOP or your external occipital protrubrance. And then we have the mental protrubrance there, the bump on the front of your chin. So that's a protrubrance. Now a process just means a prominence feature. Here we see the examples are the transverse processes on the sides of your vertebrae. Next, we have a spine. So a spine is going to be flat, narrow, or a sharp process. I have a couple of slides here for you. Here we see the spine of the scapula, this flat ridge. Reason that's really important is because right above the spine is going to be where your supraspinatus muscle is. Right below is going to be where the infraspinatus muscle is. But the most important spines are going to be here on your pelvic bones. You'll notice we have the anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine. Then on the back, we have the posterior superior iliac spine and posterior inferior iliac spines. Like for example, posterior superior iliac spine, we would call that the PSIS, just to kind of save time. But these are going to be important landmarks for discovering locations and muscle attachment points and the like. All right, so next we are on to the tubercle. So a tubercle is a small, rounded process. Here you see the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus. They're going to be the only ones you really have to know there. Speaking of tubercles, we have trochanter. So this confuses some students. The humerus has the greater and lesser tubercle. Here we see your femur. It has a greater and lesser trochanter. So a larger bony prominence that wasn't on this list here. Last one on this page is the tuberosity. So a tuberosity is going to be a rough surface. It's going to be an important attachment point for muscles. So the example they gave here is the deltoid tuberosity. They're on the bottom. But the most important one to me is the tibial tuberosity. This is where your preteller tendon attaches. So all the quadriceps muscles actually attach onto the tibial tuberosity. And we'll cover that more later. Next set here we have a line. So a line is a slight elongated bridge. We don't talk about the temporal line. So the example I gave you is the linea aspera. They're on the femur. Lots of important muscles attached there. Next we have a crest, which means a ridge. And here we see the iliac crest. The top of the iliac, ilium there is going to be the crest. Holes, we'll cover holes and feramins together. So holes are just going to be obviously any openings where blood vessels or nerves run through. Two most important ones of the two that come to my mind are the feramen magnum, which means the biggest hole. That's going to be how your spinal cord gets out of your skull. And then over here on your cervical vertebrae, you have what's called transverse feramen or transverse foramina, which kind of means a little feramen. That's where the vertebral artery runs up through your cervical vertebrae. The only vertebrae that has those holes are in your neck. Next we're on a fossa. So a fossa says there is an elongated basin. I gave you a couple here, your cranial fossa or where the different parts of the brain are going to sit in your cranium. Then we talk a lot about the electronon and coronoid fossas, which are these small depressions in the humerus because that's because where your ulna actually attaches. So as you use your elbow, as I flex my elbow, the coronoid process of the ulna dips into the coronoid fossa of the humerus. As I straighten my arm, the backside, the electronon process, dips into the electronon fossa, which is why I can't hyper extend my elbow. Those bones are now touching each other. So those are going to be your fossas. Fovia just means a small pit. The only one we talk about is the fovia capidus, which is in the head of the femur. A sulcus. I don't use the term sulcus with any of the bones. So I just put your brain here. A sulcus is a groove. So you'll have to know that when we get to the brain, your brain is full of hills and valleys. The valleys will be the sulcus there. A canal is going to be a passageway in a bone. The best example here is the auditory canal. So there you see that ear hole there on the temporal bone. The canal itself that makes up the middle and into the internal ear is called the auditory canal. So a passageway in bone over here. We have the optic canal. That's how the optic nerve gets from your eyeball to your brain. So that's a canal fissure. So a fissure is going to be a slit through a bone, not just an opening. The superior orbital fissure is a good example there, but we don't talk about those too much foramen. I've already mentioned this. I use the same images. So a foramen is the best term for a hole through a bone. So the foramen magnum and the transverse foraminer or foramen are the same example. So just remember a foramen is a hole. There's lots and lots of them all over the place. Next, we have a meatus. So a meatus is going to be an opening into a canal. So we just talked about the auditory canal being that bony passageway through the temporal bone into your brain there. The openings are going to be called meatuses. So I kind of like, I use those words interchangeably sometimes. So here we see the external auditory meatus on the outside. Then on the top there, when you look on the inside, the internal auditory meatus. So those are the two openings to the auditory canal that we covered earlier. Then lastly, we have your sinuses. So sinuses are going to be airfield spaces in our bone. They play a role with resonance, with sound production, which you know, if you've ever been stuffed up, you don't sound normal. They also lighten bones. So those airfield spaces are going to be your sinuses there. All right. A lot of terminology there. I don't expect you to master it by watching this video, but I want you to be familiar with the terminology so that when we cover these individual pieces on the bones, you learn them quicker. All right, I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.