 Today, I'm going to talk about interdisciplinarity and prehistoric archeology in Romania. The aim of my paper is to explore the history of interdisciplinarity in Romanian prehistoric archeology. And its role in shaping archeological research from 1918 until today. Why 1918? Because this is the year when Romania became a state after the collapse of Austria-Hungary. And my paper will focus on especially on archeobotany, archeozology, and computational archeology. For preparing this paper, I especially used 20th century and 21st century scientific publications focusing on the main archeological journals of the time and on monographs. In the development of interdisciplinarity in Romania, I managed to identify largely poor main phases of development. The first one is from 1918 until 1970. And this is a period of collaboration. The second period is from 1970 until 1989. And this is a period of multidisciplinarity. The third period is from 1990 until 2000. It is a period of pre-disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity. And the fourth phase starts in 2000 and lasts until present times. And it is a time of interdisciplinarity and through-disciplinarity. So there is more interdisciplinarity than through-disciplinarity. This is why I put it this way. I call the period from the first phase of development, which spans from 1918 until 1970, the period of isolated attempts. Why? Because collaboration with specialists from other fields was occasional and mostly remained isolated. And these collaborations did not influence archaeologists' interpretations concerning a certain site. The results were just additional information. In the case of botanical remains, for example, archaeologists became more interested in recovering them only towards the second half of the 20th century. And archaeobotanical investigations were done by botanists, agronomists, who did not have any connection with archaeological field work. And their work focused on the identification of species without any further interpretation on the relationships between humans and plants. And very often, their determinations were wrong. So botanical and zoological remains in this period were mostly considered to be less important than pottery or tools, for example. And many archaeologists were skeptical about collaborations with other disciplines and the information that these could bring. The second period spans from 1970 until 1989, which is the year when communism collapsed in Romania. So this is the period when archaeometry starts to develop in Romania in a systematic and more organized way. And the investigations focused on dating, fellow environment, and conservation. Especially three fields developed in this time, archaeozoology, archaeobotany, and computational archaeology. I'm going to talk about each of them. And I'm going to present the key specialists in these fields who actually contributed to the development of these fields, the institutions to which they belonged, and very brief geographical information because there is something common in the biography of each of them. They each had key research states outside Romania. And these research states actually influenced their careers. So when they came back, they actually started working on the fields in the research lines in which they specialized outside Romania. So for archaeozoology, we have two women, Alexandra Bolomey and Olga Nekrasov. The first picture is that of Alexandra Bolomey and the second one, that of Olga Nekrasov. Alexandra Bolomey worked at the Vasile Porvan Institute of Archaeology and Bucharest, and Olga Nekrasov at the Faculty of Biology. So they were both, Olga Nekrasov was a biologist, and Alexandra Bolomey a zoologist. I'm going to talk. I'm mostly going to talk about Alexandra Bolomey. She was a zoologist, and during her bachelor's studies, she started participating in archaeological excavations. That was in the early 50s. And after graduating, she started working at the Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest and then at the National Museum of Archaeology. During her work in these institutions, she continued to participate in archaeological excavations. And in 1972, she goes on an archaeological expedition in Greece, which was conducted by English archaeologists. And after this expedition, she returns to Romania and starts promoting the idea of interdisciplinary research in archaeology, which should include specialists from various fields. So she published her ideas in an article, New Approaches to Research on Prehistory in Romania, which was very innovative at that time. And she also started to use ethnographic analogies to better understand the relationship between humans and the environment. However, most of her observations contradicted the interpretations of the most important archaeologists of her time. So the results of her archaeological investigations were not incorporated into archaeological interpretations. These were mostly considered an addition, and they completed the conclusions of archaeologists. So archaeologists continued to prefer the traditional archaeologists. And this not only happened with archaeozoology, but as you will see, it also happened with archaeobotany. In the case of archaeobotany, the key specialist is Mariquin Pirtumaru. He is the one who deeply contributes to the development of this field in Romania. And at that time, he worked at the Vasile Purvan Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest. And then after 1990, he moved to the University of Turgoluște. Mariquin Pirtumaru became interested in archaeobotany in the 70s after a research stay in East Germany. And it is here that his German colleagues convinced him to take up research in the field of archaeobotany because nothing was known about it in Romania. So he received his training in Germany. And when he comes back to Romania, he starts studying a large amount of archaeobotanical samples. And he reevaluates previous determinations. And he identifies many, many mistakes. And in 1989, he finishes his first book called Paliuetne Botani, Research on the Prehistory and Photo-History of Romania, which was finished and forwarded for publication to the Romanian Academy of Sciences, where it remained for four years due to lack of funds. So his research was also quite difficult to accept by the leading archaeologists of the time. And he managed to publish his work, his book in this case, with his own money. So in several biographical fragments, he mentions the difficulties that he faced during his youth. Then we have Archaeological Informatics. And the key specialist in this field is Giorgio Lazarović, who at that time worked at the National Museum of the History of Transylvania. And he also collaborated with the Babisboe University in Pugnapoca. He is the one who introduces statistical and mathematical modeling, as well as databases in pottery processing in Romania. And in the early 90s, he develops a software called ZEUS, which was used for pottery processing. And it is still used today by his former students, despite the fact that the software really needs updating. His interests for mathematical and statistical modeling develops after thorough collaborations with English archaeologists. And such an archaeologist is, for example, John Nandrish from the University of London, who is an English archaeologist of Romanian origins. And in 1974, John Nandrish leads an expedition to Romania. He was searching for obsidian sources in the mountainous regions of Romania. And then he also leads an ethnarchaeological expedition to Romania. And this time, he also incorporates Giorgio Lazarović in his theme. So Giorgio Lazarović introduces the new information he acquired during these expeditions in Romanian archaeology. He lectures and publishes about them. And he also teaches his students to use software in archaeology. Many of his students are part of a generation that is now in its 40s and 50s. He coordinated a large number of PhDs thesis on statistics and archaeology. He collaborated with physicists, geologists, and computer scientists. He even created the Department of Archaeometry within the National Museum of the History of Transylvania. He organized conferences on archaeometry. And he was the first editor of the journal Archaeometry in Romania. So the three scholars whom I presented were young and enthusiastic in the 1970s. They had research stays outside Romania, which significantly enriched their knowledge and training. And these research stays were turning points, not only for their careers, but also for Romanian archaeology, bringing many innovations into it. So they established contacts in these countries, developing a strong academic network which continued to facilitate their access to literature and collaboration in international projects. Their students benefited from this network. And these students had also research stays at the same institutions and further developed the network of their professors. The period from 1990 until 2000 is a period of a new beginning. After the fall of communism, there was a general feeling of enthusiasm in every discipline. So new universities, faculties, departments were founded or reopened. And most of these universities had a faculty of history. And several interdisciplinary research centers or institutes were founded within these new faculties. And even within the museums. However, in many cases, these institutions were interdisciplinary only with their names. The previously presented specialists had a great contribution to the creation and development of these faculties. And several of their students and close collaborators were appointed at these universities and continued to work, continued the work of their professors, trying to make archaeological research more interdisciplinary. Collaboration with other countries was, after 1990, free and open. And this had also a strong rate importance in the development of interdisciplinarity in Romanian archeology. So the period which spans from 2000 until today is a road to actually interdisciplinarity. And I think that this sticker very well characterizes this time, keep calm, and stay on track. Romanian archeology is much more interdisciplinary today. And the results of such researches are properly incorporated into interpretations. In the last 10 years, several Romanian handbooks for archeologists have been published on archeobotany, sedimentology, mineralogy. And there is even a yearly Congress called Arheovest, Interdisciplinarity in Archeology. However, there are only a few persons in Romania who specialize in the fields that I've been talking about. Most investigations are still conducted by foreign specialists, who most often are the members of international teams working on excavations in Romania. And the presence of these teams boosted and boosted the interest of having more Romanian specialists as well. So we have now a phenomenon of migration. And many students who begin their studies in Romania go abroad and receive training in the fields that I've been talking about. Most of them, however, do not return to the country. But they still collaborate with their former Romanian professors. Conclusions. So archeological research in Romania started to become interdisciplinary only in the late 1990s. Before 1990, we can mostly talk about collaborations, that is between 1918 and 1970, and fluid disciplinarity from 1970 until 1989. In Romania, fluid disciplinarity was and is still often confused with interdisciplinarity. International relations and projects, especially with Germany and the UK, were and are still essential in shaping interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary archeological practice in Romania. So thank you for your attention.