 Dear students, in this module, we are going to talk about the verse system theory which explains the global process of stratification. Verse system theory is a perspective that explains global stratification as a result of interconnectedness of the words, economic and political systems. The word system theory is that the globalized world is connected to a particular economic system. Some countries are above the advantageous position and others are above the disadvantageous position. Just like we see a capitalist economic system as a class-based system, there are two classes, a bourgeois class and a proletariat class. The means of production of the class is at the advantageous position. The working class or labour class is at the relatively disadvantageous position because they cannot decide, they cannot choose. The proletariat class has so much competition that the value of labour is set according to the market. The more competition there is, the cheaper labour is sold to them. In the same way, the word system theory also looks at the relationship between countries and in their opinion, the whole economic system of the world is also class-based and developed countries exploit the developing countries for labour and raw material. According to the word system theory, the word is divided into core, semi-periphery and periphery with the core countries dominating the global economy and periphery countries being exploited for their resources and cheap labour. So this theory suggests that global inequality and poverty can only be addressed through systematic changes to the current world, economic and political system. If we have to take a big change in the world, and we are really convinced that the low-income countries of the world also have this kind of potential so that they can move forward like developed countries, then we have to change the whole system of the global economic system. First of all, the low-income countries who are exploited only for raw material and exploited for labour should also have the means of production, they should have potential resources and they should have the potential to use their labour themselves. Similarly, the developed countries do not exploit those developing or less developed countries so that they do not only take cheap labour, but instead, the technology given to them is very expensive and its value is very high. Interestingly, all these technologies may be due to the raw material or cheap labour of those developing countries, but because the ideas are constructed there and the technology is determined by its value. So advanced developed countries, when it comes to the economic relationship with the peripheral countries, then this system is based on potential inequality. So this system of stratification, if the developed countries and the less developed countries have such a situation in which countries become relatively dependent on themselves, then they become a part of the semi-peripheral countries. So in Pakistan, if we see the word system theory that has been used to critique the countries' position in the global economy and to advocate for more equitable trade relationships and international policies. So Pakistan, because it is a part of the low-income countries, it is a part of the peripheral countries, and that is why you will also see that the labour force in the face of our expatriates, those people go to foreign countries, cheap labour affects them. Our experts, through brain drain, go to developed countries. The cheap raw material is also taken from here and its value is not the value that the raw material becomes commodity after processing it. So in a nutshell, it's a food for thought for you also that you see that the other global world of Pakistan has a historical connection with it. And in this process, what were the core countries from which Pakistan, in terms of foreign aid, in terms of resources or in terms of technology, it has been taking help and in return, it has been exporting its raw material or its cheap labour.