 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rajnissing, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Cursory College, University of Allahabad. And this time I am going to discuss with you, I am discussing with you all the historical perspectives of higher education in which I have already discussed the historical perspectives of higher education till 1857 from ancient Indian universities. And this time I am going to I am going to cover the time period of 1857 to 1947 and the development of higher education in this period. So, let's start. In the last lecture, we had reached the three universities of 1871, which were Calcutta, followed by Mumbai and Madras, i.e., Bombay and Madras. The University of London, where Vice Chancellor, Chancellor, and Senior were, like they were in London University. Now we will cover the period of 1871 when the first universities were formed. In the last lecture, which will be covered by the time period of 1940 to 2020. So, 1887 to 1882. Why 1882? Because 1882 is your Indian Education Commission, Hunter Commission. Okay, so the history of the first 25 years of university work is mainly one of growth in the number of colleges and students, but no new university was established in 1882. Do you understand? In 1887 to 1882, no new university was established in the 25 years of university. And in the 25 years, only colleges were increasing and the number of students was increasing. London University had supplied the model. Why did London University give us the model? Because the Britishers who were making it were the same university they made it. As affiliating bodies, the university is made, it is their sole function to conduct examinations and to regulate the admission of candidates to those through a supervision of the president of the place of instruction. It means that the work of universities is to conduct only examination and to supervise the admission of students. Elaborate regulations were framed and the freedom of the teacher consequently curtailed. It means that the teacher had no freedom to do anything. Then comes the Education Commission of 1882 or Indian Education Commission. In 1882, the government of India appointed a commission to inquire into the manner in which effect had been given to the principles of the dispatch of 1854 and to suggest such measures as it may think desirable in order to the further carrying out of the policy therein laid down. Though the working of the Indian universities was not specifically included within the scope of the commission, it collected a good deal of valuable information about the colleges, especially with regard to attendance, fees, discipline and later career of students which will be found extremely useful. An act of 1887 brought the Allahabad University into being. Expansion of higher education from 1882 to 1902. The recommendations of the Indian Education Commission of 1882 were followed by a rapid expansion of higher education during the next two decades. In 1882, the Indian Education Commission of 1882 was followed by a rapid expansion of higher education during the next two decades. The recommendations also led to the growth of a large number of new institutions hosted by private enterprise where education was less expensive and in some cases less efficient. In 1882, the Indian Education Commission of 1882 was followed by a rapid expansion of higher education during the next two decades. The recommendations also led to the growth of a large number of new institutions hosted by private enterprise where education was less expensive and in some cases a rapid expansion of higher education was followed by a rapid expansion of higher education in 1882. This legislation led to a rapid energy demand of Rs. sticks. In 1872, India also build a university called On 27th January, 1902, a commission was appointed to inquire into the condition and prospects of the universities established in British India to consider and report upon any proposals which have been or may be made for improving their constitution and working and to recommend such measures as may tend to elevate the standard of university teaching and to promote the advancement of learning. In 1902, an investigative commission was appointed to inquire into the condition of the universities established in British India to consider and report upon any proposals which may be made for improving their constitution, working and learning. In 1902, the British Indian University Commission was appointed to the commission. The legal path of the older university should be enlarged. The legal path of the older university should be enlarged so that all the universities may be recognized as teaching bodies. The local limits of each university should be more accurately defined and steps taken to remove from the Calcutta list the affiliated colleges in Central and United provinces. If you know a bit about the history of Indian education, you will know that Calcutta University was very busy with it and many colleges were affiliated with Calcutta University. Later, the Calcutta University Commission in 1917, which is also called the Settler Commission, said to reduce the burden. What else did it say? The seniors, the syndicates and the faculties have to be reorganized and made more representative than before. They said to make the seniors and the syndicates more representative. They said to make the affiliation rule more representative. There should be a properly constituted governing body for each college. The University Commission in 1902 said that every college should have a proper governing body. Attention should be paid to the discipline of students. The courses and methods of examination in all subjects have to be changed according to the suggestions made in the report. The course should be changed according to the suggestions given in the report. What else did it say? The University Act of 1904 comes to the University Act and it also embodied the main recommendations of the commission. The commission of 1902 said that it was coming to the University Act of 1904 while implementing it. It is also telling us how it should be done. Indian opinion was very critical of this act as the number of seats in the syndicates was thrown open to elections. Indian opinion was critical of this act as they said that seniors would be elected and when Indians were elected, it was very less. Then comes the Government Resolution on Educational Policy in 1913. In 1913, the Government Resolution was mentioned. It indicated that India would not be able to dispense all together with the Affiliating Universities for a long time. It was necessary to restrict the area over which such universities would have control and secondly to create new teaching and residential universities within each of the provinces. It is said that since more students and children are not able to cover then you should create new universities. Then the University of Dhaka was created. It is said that Aligarh, Banaras and Bailadan universities would be established at Rangoon, Patna and Nagpur. Then what you have to know is that there are two universities from this Resolution. Banaras and Patna were founded in 1916 and 1917. So what we have to know is that Calcutta, Bombay and Madras are established and then Allahabad and then Banaras are established. The former intended to develop Hindu culture in the study of Applied Sciences owed its existence to untiring efforts of Pandit Madan Mohan Malvi and he later was meant to cater to the needs of the new province of Bihar, Nudisa. That means the Patna community is catering to the students of Bihar and Isha. In Banaras, Pandit Madan Mohan Malvi is also being constructed with untiring efforts of Hindu culture and all these things. It is being constructed for development. You can remember such a crime. Then you come to Calcutta University Commission which came in 1917. It is known as Sadler Commission. In 1916, the Calcutta University wanted to break fresh ground through the creation of its post-Vegue departments. That means in 1916 Calcutta University, you can say that PG departments are formed. There was practically no provision so far for direct teaching by the university. And now under the dominating leadership of Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the university decided to concentrate post-Vegue teaching directly in the university and appointed a number of lecturers and professors for the purpose. We understand that the first universities were not teaching bodies, they were just examination bodies. So, the first time the PG course is being started here and it is said that PG studies will be conducted directly in the university and for that, lecturers and professors are appointed. Similarly, the Commission submitted a voluminous, one more for your information, that the terms of reference included all aspects of collegiate in university education. Problems of secondary education were not excluded from its purview and it was expected to study the organization and working of other Indian universities to help it to formulate the policy of the Calcutta University. You can read Sadler Commission in detail so you will get to know about it. And its main recommendations were that the intermediate classes of the university were to be transferred to secondary institutions. You are well aware that secondary education was also in the university at that time. That is why there were secondary education students and higher education students. So, it was said that you should separate secondary education and for that, for secondary and intermediate education make a board of secondary education and it will not be governed by the university. This is the most important thing. And it was said that the duration of the degree course should be three years. The course of the degree course will be three years and women's education will be given a special attention. It was said here that vocational and professional training will be given. And it was said that the medium of instruction for most subjects up to high school state was to be vernacular. They are saying that you should teach children in local native language and then you will have to teach in English. Now, the rise of new universities. Now, some new universities are opening up. For example, Othmania University in Hyderabad. Then, your Mayo College in Aligarh. In 1875, Mr. Sayyed Ahmed Kohler later becomes a Muslim University. Aligarh Muslim University, right? Similarly, the United Provinces accepted the recommendations of the Calcutta University Commission and constituted in 1921 a board of high school. And in the end, Lucknow University is opening up. Canning College and King George Medical College, which you know as KGMC, is being merged in Lucknow University. And Muir Central College and ECC are being merged in Allahabad University. So, look at all of this. There are a lot of things that we don't know. Similarly, these new universities, Banaras is a teaching university directly under the government of India. And its territorial jurisdiction is confined by the act to the recommendation and constitution of colleges in Banaras. Banaras is becoming a teaching university. All the colleges are being affiliated with it. After that, your Allahabad maintains the two-fold activity of teaching and affiliation for five years till its external side was removed to Agra. I mean, first Agra was also merged in it and then Agra is being separated in this way. Our Rise of New University, means the new university, it doesn't have to be read word to word. For you, you read it and remember it as much as you can. The University of Roorkee is opening up. University teachers are not overburdened with routine duties in teaching and are encouraged to undertake research. Here, it is said that the university's education is not only engaged in education, but it is also engaged in research and understanding. And then, you are being made the Inter-University Board IUB. With the establishment of the why Inter-Investigate Board? If there are so many universities, how will we communicate with each other? With the establishment of the new university, the Government of India felt the necessity of some agency to coordinate their work. How will the coordination be? So, a conference of Indian universities held in 1924. In 1924, there is a conference of the Indian University Board to act as an Inter-Investigate Organization and Bureau of Information. Inter-Investigate will facilitate information between universities. They can be exchange of professors. They can be an authorized channel of communication and facilitate the coordination of the university work to assist Indian universities to get recognition for their degrees and diplomas in other countries. It is said that how can a degree and diploma be representative of India at Imperial and International Conferences of Indian Education? So, who will be representative of the university education from India? So, all universities were made for coordination. This is the end of the slide. Because the same Inter-University Board recommends the freedom of India when you establish the Radha-Krishna Commission. I read it a little early because it is theoretical. You can understand it as much as you need according to your question. But in this way, till 1947, there was a development of higher education in India. As soon as India was free, our University Education Commission becomes the Radha-Krishna Commission. The Secondary Education Commission is called the Kothari Commission. The National Education Commission was founded in 1996. The National Education Commission was founded in 2010. The National Education Commission was founded in 2020. If you read this much, you will be able to see the recommendation of higher education from Nanda, Takshashila till now. So, in this way, I have completed the second part of this lecture. Higher education in India. So, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel Explore Education. I have done from my side.