 Good morning to everyone. Let's talk about radiation and Mars. We are the Italian Mars Society. Our organization is Mars Planet. Our main project is Mars City. Mars City is the idea to build an innovation center based on space exploration activity and obviously Mars exploration. Since Mars is the next destination of humans, at least there are a lot of people who think so in the world, we are working to this. Inside Mars City we have different modules. One module is called VU-Mars. VU-Mars are the group of technology we investigate related to the simulation of Mars exploration and space exploration by means of virtual reality and in the last two years also augmented reality. This is our website as Mars Planet organization. This is our project. For what is concerned about radiation and Mars, it is very important to understand how radiation will affect travel from Earth to Mars and on the lives of astronauts when they will live on Mars. These are two separated problems, while they have a lot of connections, but are separated because in space we have a full level of radiation and on Mars we have a little bit limited radiation and this is due to the atmosphere on Mars. Mars has a thin atmosphere, about 1% of Earth's atmosphere, but with this thin atmosphere can be done a lot of interesting stuff. One of these is a major production or protection of astronauts against radiation. And so what we are working to is a forecast of weather on Mars and on space, we exclude the forecast of radiation levels and we use something like machine learning approach or other kind of approach, deterministic approach based mostly on Python tools. This is the reason because we are here today, obviously. When we talk about radiation, we have different problems. Radiation is a complicated stuff. The most important problem related to human health is particle radiation because particle radiation can have effects on human body and can modify the DNA of people. In this sense, we must make a classification of radiation in type of radiation. A first group of problem arises directly from sun. Sun has reactions of coronal masses and this mass produces radiation. Sun produce also energetic particles and these energetic particles are another type of radiation. And in space and on Mars we have obviously also galactic cosmic rays, rays coming from outside the solar systems and which are combined with the overall amount of radiation. So the study of radiation must be taken into account at least all these three components. The first type of particles have different times. They arrive with different amplitude in space and on Mars and the same for galactic cosmic rays. On Earth we have a big advantage. The advantage is that we have a magnetic field which protects Earth from radiation. This magnetic field was also available on Mars according to latest studies in the first times of the Mars history. In the first one billion years of the life of Mars there were probably a magnetic field on Mars. It is not exactly clear how this magnetic field disappeared but now this magnetic field doesn't exist and so if we want to protect future astronauts on Mars we must investigate new type of techniques and the materials. There is a good example of this study which is currently carried out on an international space station. International space station has been designed to orbit near the Earth at 400 kilometers but at this distance it is almost in an open space so what happens in international space station is interesting also for the study on radiation related to Mars. There are many theories and hypotheses on the kind of effects that radiation can have on astronaut on Mars. However, what we know about radiation is related to our activity on Earth and we have different levels from few levels related to medical devices. For example, when we make an x-ray analysis we get some radiation. Obviously this radiation is very low in our case and we must compare these levels that we have on Earth to the possible levels we have during space travel or during the life on Mars. We have already made an experiment of this because the history of space is about 60 years and now we have acquired from the first space missions in Apollo, Gemini and Apollo we have acquired a lot of information and new information are developed continuously by the data that we acquire in different manners with telescopes and other stuff like this. What is true is that the level of risk for a scene for a Mars mission, for a human mission to Mars is the most high level that we can imagine now and so we must work a lot in order to reduce the risk related to this mission. This also because a possible mission of Mars of humans cannot be lower than three years, two years and half, five years. Till now we have made this study only on a few limited time in the best case is one year for the astronauts on the International Space Station. So this is another challenge related to the exploration of Mars. The big level of exposure for a big time during the space travel and the stay of Mars. Now, practically, what can be done to solve this problem? One concept is the space weather forecast. We can predict what happens to the sun, to the cosmic rays and so on. And this is something that we can do by means of software in some manner. And the other point are the shielding material. We can develop appropriate shielding material to protect spacecraft and astronauts from radiation. What are the best shielding material? A very good shielding material is water. But water has a big weight. It cannot be transported in the space in big quantities. Water is a good means of protection because of hydrogen. Because hydrogen has the same dimension of the radiation particles which are composed of neutrons and protons in many cases. Other kind of protection based on materials are, for example, plastics. Plastics, like polyethylene, can have a good performance. But they, again, have a weight and not is too much to be put in the space. The most recent studies of materials are investigating the possibility to use nanomaterials. Some nanomaterials with boron, nitrogen and carbon, again, inside can have effect on the medication on the reduction of radiation. This because the little particles of radiation can be stopped by the little materials of nanomaterials. And this is a very huge amount of studies that currently have been developed in the space science and technology. We have to produce something in terms of software. We must analyze what are the main use of data and how to tackle with this data and introduce them in a kind of software management system. We have a space weather prediction center which are always largely used also for commercial and practical application. Do you know about 30 years ago, 25 years ago, there was a big solar flares which caused in Canada and North America some problems to the energetic equipment used by energy companies. This was a big problem and this problem must be useful as in many cases, all big problems to understand how the problem of the prediction can affect our system on earth, especially for us, we live at the middle latitude, not in the northern and south latitude. Objuzely, this can have a huge effect on telecommunication systems and everything is related to electromagnetic field. Practically everything on earth today. We use these two data as a basis of our project N, O, A, A, A and the predicts and this data coming from this center offer information also to other staff, like for example geomagnetic activity. And this information are useful also, not only for the development of the project in itself that is the prediction of radiation values but how for example introduce this data in a virtual environment. Suppose that we are a virtual astronaut and we are now exploring Mars or space. What we want to do is to have inside the virtual reality environment some data that comes directly from the source data and have been managed to give us information directly to astronauts and this can be used also in the future. In the sense in the future possible astronauts will have real time data on radiation and prediction on the level of radiation. Prediktion is important both during the space travel and during the stay of Mars especially during the space travel we can suppose to have a spacecraft divided into we have an area of this spacecraft which is especially equipped with materials and other devices to protect the astronauts when there are big levels of radiation. So if we have systems to predict radiation we can suppose to place this system on the spacecraft and when the astronauts are in space based on these systems they protect the area of the spacecraft. Practically there are also other kind of sources these sources coming from data of satellites on other devices in the space our project is based on the idea to take all this data and to by means of machine learning and also by means of deterministic approach based on Python to use, to predict the radiation dose in a spacecraft or in an area in the space. What the basic point of the project is also to give some alarm signal when the system predicts some high level of radiation and so we should have systems to recognize dangerous events related to big amount of radiation. Here we see a possible roadmap of the two approach and this is more or less the main sections in which we divide the tool. So there is a first unit which analyze data another one which give alarms which give signals related to alarms and there are some rest service related to this management of information. The project in itself has many components this is a resume and we are working to a part now and we are developing other parts in the next months and this is the idea of the machine learning approach under development and we make a kind of training based on the data that we have recovered from the source and we must define all the kind of layers hidden layers that we need to better manage this data source. So what we see this project as a first step of a further project in which we include all the tools based on machine learning which are useful for the travel in space from Earth to Mars and are useful also during the life of astronauts or Mars. This is more or less a description of what we are doing. Thank you very much for the talk. We have time for questions. Yes, thank you very much for the talk. The learning data you are using you showed the charts or something like that. Is it just one-dimensional so all the spikes you are measuring or is it multidimensional data? Machine learning is multidimensional according to the source data. Now we are developing the first dimension. OK, thank you. Sorry for the notifications. Anyone else questions please? Just a reminder, you can vote on the talk on the app. I can ask a question. I don't know if it is really relevant to Python but do you know if any other institutes are doing the same kind of research? There are many, many institutions working on radiation because radiation has been investigated as a fifth step by space agency but now it is becoming also a commercial because on radiation we can take information useful for health. So there are for sure different institutions working on this from different approaches. So radiation is related to the human mission to Mars. You can use the same technique for moon because there are people working a lot of moon and you can use this for moon. And for Earth as well? For Earth as well. Earth as well is a practical problem because as I mentioned our telecommunication systems becomes even more complicated and huge, this system could be affected by radiation. There are also some similarities with medical problems. There are problems type Chernobyl or also in medical activities in which this study can be compared and can be useful for each other while they are distinct in their scope. Any other questions? Thank you so much. Thank you for everyone.