 Good morning Make it warmer, please. Good morning. Good morning, sir Did you watch that film where a very popular film where the actor says good morning Bombay? Did you that is actually a very good copy of a another English film which says good morning Vietnam? You know you must watch that movie. It's a wonderful movie. Good morning Vietnam Okay, right Let's talk about today beginning today. We are going to talk about production of Speech sounds I told you yesterday that human beings produce Through their body all kinds of sounds, but not all of them May be sometimes they may be but not all of them may be speech sounds Here on this course we are directly concerned with speech sounds Human beings have a unique capacity to talk They can talk in dark. They can talk while running. They can talk even while sleeping Do you know anyone who talks in sleep? Lots of people talk while asleep people talk even when eating No other animal can do that. I told you yesterday Dog cannot bark while there is a bone in its mouth But human beings can you know the best of their quarrels take place at the dining table Right human beings have the unit they can talk underwater They can talk even when you gag their mouth gag your mouth yourself and do try and say good morning Okay, that's a very versatile Capacity, you know they can talk through their nose. They can say Hmm Sit straight, you know, I remember I had a grand aunt who would not speak while on prayer And that children when he disturbed her she would you know scold us through her nose Okay, you understand Human beings have a very powerful brain and not an equally but almost equally powerful. Please write vocal apparatus a Very powerful vocal apparatus This enables them This vocal apparatus enables them to produce a variety of sounds Under a variety of circumstances under a variety of conditions whether you are emotionally disturbed or otherwise It may be a lecture or a conversation. It may be soft voice Sweet like honey or it may be bitter voice Like chili, you know, no matter what human beings have a wide range They can whisper such that a fly is not disturbed They can shout such that a lion can be frightened human beings have enormous capacity with language and Part of that reason is because they have a very versatile Vocal apparatus actually some people say that human beings can speak like any other Creature in the world If you look at them look at these creatures from the point of view of language They can you can classify you can have four kinds Unfortunately, I did not put the fourth kind here. You know human beings can talk like reptiles Reptiles are not here. Can you name any reptile, please? Snake crocodile lizard anything else They they speak in one way. They produce hissing sound like Produce that sound Everybody please do it They produce hissing sound. Okay, and they converse those who have studied communication among reptiles and I mentioned Well, have I mentioned this book to you? Animal world by somebody called Gerald Darrell. Please write I'm not I'm not too sure about the title Okay, but I'm very sure about the author Google Darrell Google animal world and you will find perhaps the best book you may have read read on Communication among animals actually the Times literary supplement said while reviewing this book that if animals had a Nobel Prize This book would get a Nobel Prize. It's extremely well-written. You know, it's almost like a fiction Particularly, I recommend this book particularly to those whose English is not good quote-unquote good Okay, you will not only learn English. You will also learn something about the animal world. So through hissing sound as well snakes and crocodiles and lizards and other kinds of reptiles Have a lot of conversation Have a lot of quarrel have a lot of plans have a lot of you know time happy or bad time Together, but they produce only one kind of sound. What is that? What is that? Yeah, even if even if very angry cobra can only produce a Hissing sound have you seen a cobra? I'm sure those from the village may have seen it And otherwise you can walk to the snake park here, you know your neighbor Okay, and look them then there are bees and flies They produce buzzing sound. They don't speak but they're you know wings flapping produce buzzing sound something like Do it Keep doing it. Please do it everybody. Please So human beings can speak like flies butterfly and the human beings have enormous capacity We can produce buzzing sound in many of our languages. We have a sound like Don't we? Don't we in English when you say is that's a buzzing sound? Okay, or we can talk like birds You know not only Twitter You know the birds as they talk to one another they have very Lovely sweet many of them maybe not all but many of them have such lovely, you know communication systems They sing they cool. They produce a sweet sound something like Do it whistling sound how many people can whistle Do it free please. I want to I want I want the world to see that IIT You know students at this Institute are proper human beings. They know Yeah Please produce the sound Those who do not know please take tuition from those who know easy You know very simple just round your lips and produce some let air stream go out by sunset. You will be producing You know whistling sound there can be variety of whistling sounds not just one There can be frightening there can you know those you know look at the talk to the actors talk to the magicians talk to the street vendors they produce a variety of Sounds in in villages, etc. You know in agricultural areas where distances used to be long now Of course, everybody has a mobile phone, but earlier, you know when I was your age or even younger You know there wasn't any mobile phone and people would shout or people would whistle because whistle travels longer distance It's fundamental frequency may be low, but it's format frequency terminal frequency is very high That is why birds can listen to one another from long distances There is a lot we can learn from birds as Engineers as in engineering sciences read this book. I am terribly serious when I Recommend these things to you, you know birds have the radio frequency birds fly in a formation And those who have a studied say that when they fly in formation they fly at least 40 percent faster Than they do when they fly individually, you know nature has given us all a variety of abilities So whistling can also be of a different of various kinds, you know So, you know human beings can talk like birds. They can talk like flies. They can talk like Snakes they can also talk like dogs or lions barking sound. Can anybody produce barking sound? Wow, wow produce it come on now come on. You see we are learning Inhibition is all right when you do if it good things for bad purpose There's nothing like good or bad in the world our philosophies you tell you it is intention If you are giving somebody sweet, but with a bad You know intention then sweet is bad. Okay. Come on do it Wow Everybody please looks like it was a class of ghosts come on produce some noise One two three You see some people can do it I you know some people can do it really well Congratulations to you, but how can you do it? Well the question Please come back. Okay. You see nature has been very kind to us the Bible says I don't know I'm not a scientist Bible says God created man by man. He meant both man and woman in his own image Give human beings a variety of abilities This is the only creature which can survive under the earth above the earth under the water Perpetually snow snow capped places like Alaska or the Himalayas or Ladakh Okay, similarly with voices human beings can produce please write various types of speech Sounds they can produce Hisses They can produce Buzzes what is it? What is it buzzes? They can produce Banks such a wow wow Okay banks they can produce glides bird like bird like Queen sound gliding sound shouting roaring or Whispering our singing our quarreling, you know the range of Human faculty in voice is extremely large When you read more about phonetics, I have given you references to books. You can also Google many books are available I have also going to give you link to lectures on phonetics look at some of them if you have fine time and There's a lot to be learned how nature has done engineering with us human beings can produce Please repeat after me Hisses buzzes Banks and glides Close your eyes human beings can produce Hisses buzzes Banks and glides now I will ask you questions and you will complete human beings can produce Once again, please human beings can produce Variety of sound how is that possible? What did nature give us? That it did not give to snakes or lions that it did not give us to Flies or birds of course it gave us a very powerful brain the best that nature has Okay, it also gave us some matching apparatus the vocal apparatus look at the diagram of this vocal apparatus Can you draw it? I'll give you Three minutes. I guess you guys have done courses in engineering drawing. Am I right? Okay, I'll give you three minutes Draw it outline and make it look like human beings. You know, don't make it look like crocodile or frog Okay, and also level the parts You can ignore me for the few minutes camera, please and just look at the notebooks I don't need to be there in the camera Okay, make the relative position correct. It doesn't matter whether you draw a large or small But let the relative positions be okay okay, and Do some practice Back in your room if it is easily possible Wow, that's great, man. Did you get a distinction in engineering drawing? Tank or Human being this is student has a good drawing so you can later, you know, and if it is as you can capture it Don't worry. Let the relative position be okay. Oh, this is a nano vocal cord so small Yeah, good enough Do it back in your room as well with a good pencil HP to or some such thing Are you able to get it? Okay, are you drawing the cuckoo or a human being? Not bad level it level it Are you able to see? Okay, these are the parts So find where they are. Sorry. I took a bad. I'll change it Okay, I didn't take a good copy I'm so sorry So you you will know where jaws are where lips are where teeth are okay? That's why I named it outside the diagram tongue and teeth Can you please capture? Okay, so you know you you I think you have no difficulty recognizing jaws lips nose Tongue teeth alveolar ridge. This is alveolar ridge You know behind your upper teeth Behind your upper teeth here. This is alveolar ridge then a hard and soft palette. This is hard palette This is soft palette In some books you find it mentioned as velum v e l u m velum, okay This is you will a What in our common language we call little tongue or small tongue? Okay This is you will a This entire thing is farings you see This entire thing is farings When you laugh your farings swell when you shout your farings swells okay then This box it is sometime in some you know you'll find it mentioned as larynx Okay, in some books you will find it mentioned that Glottis there is minor difference between the meaning of two meanings of two terms But call it what you like we in general language call it Adams apple inside the Adams apple. There is a very highly sensitive diaphragm which vibrates at the pressure of air and that is called please write in some books You will find it mentioned as vocal folds Excuse me in some books you will find it mentioned as Vocal folds in many other books you will find it mentioned as please write vocal chords so basically basically this is the Vocal apparatus or organs of articulation Okay, some people of course, you know also use their hands while speaking They cannot speak unless they move their hands You know they the you know there in their case movement of hand is almost inevitable It's like you know theater on this side. I have love on that side. I have my parents My parents are saying don't marry this boy or girl. My love says marry this boy or girl. Oh God. What should I do? Okay, some people always speak like they were in a theater, but you can also speak without moving your hand. Can you? Say yes or no, please You can speak without moving your hand, but you cannot speak without moving your lips Can you speak without moving your lips? Can you speak without moving your tongue? Can you speak without the help of your jaws? Can you speak without the help of your uvula or vocal cords? So there are some organs Who which which are you know, which have a direct role in Articulation, please write those organs are called organs of articulation which have a direct role in Articulation if you don't use them you can't speak so hands and feet and eyes in this subject in this course are not organs of articulation of Course, you know, you can speak a lot through your eyes. You can listen a lot through your eyes okay, but for this course quote-unquote we will not call them organs of articulation organs of articulation constitute The lists given here jaws lips, etc. Etc. Etc. Okay Some of these organs They don't have the same function. They don't have a they don't have the same function But the function in unison the function in collaboration with one another Okay, there are some organs which are static They don't move Look at your two jaws do both of them move in in the case of human beings, it's the lower jaw That moves you can only slightly open it and see You can fully open it and shout you can say wow do it Please I want you to do it Come on do it. Please everybody together. Okay first whisper Okay, and now shout Lovely that's great. You see so your it that shout is not possible That shout is not possible if your jaws don't open hold your jaws and now try and shout You can't you see But in the case of other creatures like somebody said crocodiles Upper jaw opens their lower jaw does not in some other cases Snakes both their jaws expand that is why they can swallow a huge thing Okay, they only swallow. They don't know how to chew because they don't have teeth for chewing They have a fan which you know You know we which secretes venom otherwise, you know that they they can't chew anything So in their case both their jaws open or expand that they have the elasticity But in the case of human beings only the lower jaw opens up to a certain you know distance or closes tongue Look at the tongue you know the tongue can move in in a variety of different ways and slightest difference in The position of the tongue can produce Many different kinds of sounds say for example, you know produce a sound like a Do it You're the blade of your tongue Expands towards your Molar teeth Okay, you cannot stop it if you don't let it expand you cannot produce a Do it say a Everybody please do you feel that blade of your tongue expands? Okay, but when you say It is somewhere in the back of your tongue the root of your tongue, okay, or for example when you say Cha as in church say Or just as in judge Your tongue rises towards the heart palette But when you say ah Your tongue sits firmly on the Lower jaw and also opens with the lower jaw letting the air pass similarly, you know lips Lips take a variety of shapes To produce different kinds of sounds when you produce a sound like e as in cheese say cheese Your lips expand You know like you so if you don't expand your lips You cannot produce if you don't spread your lips lips. You cannot produce a sound like e can you Okay, but on the other hand there is a sound like Mmm say it You have to round your lips If you don't round your lips, you cannot produce e a spread your lips and say ooh You cannot if you want to produce You have to Round your lips if you want to produce E you have to spread your lips and there are intermediate positions There are intermediate positions slight rounding lot of rounding no rounding Absolute rounding, you know Total, you know for example when you are happy and you say oh my god. Thank you. I made it through the J Okay, or something like that. God bless you Okay, so you know There are some organs of articulation Which perform in one manner And there are some others which perform in another manner the first vision is some organs of articulation Can move and take a variety of shapes? Can you look at the list and underline those organs which move? Can you look at the list and underline those organs of articulation? Which move which don't remain static which change position even if slightly Even if very little but they move They are not static. They are dynamic They move Underline those you can talk to each other. No problem. Please You can take the list in the camera. Okay, just focus the zoom on the list Okay, okay, who can now tell me the names of organs of articulation that move Say yes or no do George move Lower jaw does so right lower jaw not both the jaws lower jaw Okay Do lips move? Yes Does tongue move? Yes Do teeth move? Not until you are very old if you lose your teeth you have difficulty producing certain sounds. We'll talk about them Does alveolar ridge? move Where is alveolar ridge? behind the behind the upper teeth Sorry, we are not behind behind and above the upper teeth, you know behind the upper gum behind the upper gum This is where alveolar ridge is behind and above the upper teeth Does heart palate move? Okay, you can feel it Take your finger inside. I hope you have a clean finger. I want you to do it actually please feel the difference Is it hard or soft? So in the front half of the mouth the palette is hard Take your finger inside if you don't have if you have clean nails if you don't have clean nails keep them out Okay, put your finger inside and see is it hard or soft Okay, now you know go for the palette in the rear half of the mouth and touch it there Is it soft or hard? It is soft now wipe your fingers clean, please Okay, do they move? No, neither hard nor soft palette moves. They are where they are they stay put Okay, does uvula the little tongue does it move? It does it has a very versatile role in the production of speech sounds, you know, it is uvula It is the gatekeeper all the air All the air that comes out of lungs Come to a particular pass Here, you know the lung air comes this way comes up to here and here This uvula the gatekeeper Okay, just as the on our campus. We have a main gate etc etc Here it is the gatekeeper the uvula decides whether you are going to produce a nasal sound Or you are going to produce an oral sound Okay, what is the difference when you produce a nasal sound the air comes out through your nose Keep your hand here and say Do you feel warm air coming through your nose Okay, but when you say when you produce oral sound then air comes out of your mouth not from your nose keep your hand here again and say Where does air come from come through it comes through the oral passage comes through your mouth It is uvula that decides whether air goes through the Oral cavity oral passage or through the nasal cavity nasal passage. How does uvula do that? uvula can either rise and when it rises it blocks the nasal passage. So all speech air only has one escape all speech air escapes through the Oral passage but when it is lowered Then oral passage is blocked Okay, there is no passage here. It is blocked and this passage becomes wide open Okay, it is this thing this particular thing Okay, uvula if it is lowered Do you get a nasal sound or an oral sound? If it is lowered once again, everybody please are we together? If uvula is lowered, do you get a nasal sound or an oral sound? nasal sound if uvula is raised Do you get a nasal sound or oral sound oral sound obvious? You know it blocks. So uvula also moves More than anything else more than any of these things. It is this box Extremely, you know, this is one of the heights of nature's engineering To have designed a box the kind of material the kind of alignment, you know If you have to learn a lesson in engineering design the this is one of the marvels of nature How could nature place it produce it keep it in such a place and the kind of elasticity and the kind of Functions it does we are able to hear one another because vocal cords vibrate You know, I'll I will have an entire session on the function of vocal cords But at the moment I only want to tell you keep your fingers here. Don't press please You know, you might choke just keep your fingers here gently and say And now please say Say it alternately again and again and again Do you notice any difference here? Do you notice any difference here? What's the difference? When you produce It vibrates when you produce It doesn't vibrate it is the vibration of these vocal cords these vocal folds that Carries That carries your voice to me my voice to you that we are able to talk to one another Actually, many people call it by very different names vocal cords in some books are also known as please write phonator phon 80 Or phonator Oh, thank you. So kind of you Vocal folds in many books are also known as Fonator or by another name the resonator, you know the resonance that you produce There are some unfortunate people who through some you know Disease like if you if there are people, you know Unfortunate people who get cancer of glottis cancer of throat in their case surgeons remove the voice box They can still speak But they won't be audible at a distance You have to stand next to them To be able to hear them their lips move The air this the air stream comes out You will I still decides whether it the air will come out through the nose or through the mouth But there is no resonance So vocal cords Also move right now have you made a list of organs of articulation that move? Okay, let's check our list You will have to say yes or no. Yes means it moves. No means It does not move. Yes means Everybody please yes means Moves and no means It does not so I will now call out each organ of articulation and you will say yes, or you will say no Okay, Jaws Everybody together with something was sleeping early in the morning. Okay, Jaws lips Nose Tongue yes, teeth Alveolar age Alveolar age hard and soft palate You will a yes fairings You know they can swell they can contract but they don't move Epic glottis. Yes, it can go high up low down glottis Yes vocal cords Yes, please write organs that move are called active articulator lips tongue You've life vocal cords there. These are all active articulators Others are therefore Passive articulation. No passive is not a good term You know, I'm not happy with this term But because these terms are used in the book. So that's why I am also using these terms They are not exactly passing the a better description will be static articulators. They stay where they are without those articulators Without the teeth without the upper jaw without the hard and soft palate without a lot of other things We won't be able to speak yet in literature You will find some things mentioned as active articulator and some other things mentioned as passive articulator. So, let us Let us take a recap speech air Speech air rises in the lungs. I have not shown the lungs here is speech air rises in the lungs and from lungs it comes to vocal folds The first obstruction is at the vocal folds Vocal folds may be wide open May be closed if it is closed then speech air strikes the vocal folds and produces noise from book after crossing the vocal folds Speech air meets next obstruction at uvula Uvula may be lowered or uvula may be raised if it is raised all speech air passes through The oral passage and you get oral sounds if it is lowered then all speech air passes through the nasal passage You get nasal sounds, but it may be in the medial position as well. It may be partly raised partly lowered Then you get nasalized oral sounds say for example when you say what is the Telugu word for mother? Amma You know is that the uvula is partly raised partly lowered. So part of the air just say Say it You feel air coming out both through the oral passage as well as through the nasal passes These sounds are called What are oral sounds oral sounds are those sounds that? The production of which is possible because Speech air comes through the oral passage What is the position of what is the position of uvula here? Uvula is raised Then we have nasal sounds What is the position of uvula here? Uvula is lowered and then we have an intermediate sound that is We call it nasalized sounds What is the example of nasalized sound a lot of vowels which are nasalized like ah Okay, like he you know Hindi has a Lots of them. I think even Telugu has lots of them, you know, right when you say ma ma You don't say ma ma. Do you? We don't say ma ma we say ma ma the ah you know or when you say Eat brick in Hindi. Okay, lots of sounds where you have nasalized sound. What is the position here? uvula is partially raised or partially lowered Uvula is partially raised or partially lowered so that you get nasalized sounds How do we get different kinds of sounds so that you know, we have a variety of Kaka Kiki Kuku Cha Cha Titi Tata, you know, we get all kinds of sound. It is the manipulation of These organs of articulation if lips are rounded we get ooo If lips are a spread we get ee if the tongue Rises towards the heart palette touches it we get cha If it doesn't we get sha Okay, they are all within the same limited space But the versatility of these organs of articulation is such that slightest movement one against the other active articulator moving towards the passive articulator You know, you get a variety of sound will lower lip moves Towards the upper teeth you get as in fan As in van but when both lips come together you get pa Can you have pa without both lips coming together try? You cannot okay. Similarly, you know when you want to say what lips have no role They they they don't participate. So in a variety of ways One interacting with the other the other interacting with one in close contact or in please write in Approximation various kinds of movements of the organs of articulation Produce variety of speech sounds in the next half-reduced in classes or so we will look at how these organs of articulation move and How we get different kinds of sounds but before we do that it is very important that you and I know the relative position of Organs of articulation in other words the diagram of the vocal apparatus It will be a wonderful thing if you draw it at least once a day for the next four or five days So that you know it gets implanted in your head then you will be better able to understand the mechanism of Production of his speech sounds if you want to change your pronunciation If you want to see why somebody sounds different from another person Why a lot of people don't sound like one another? This is the difference in saw in the cases of some lips spread and nano Nano inch a nanometer more than somebody else It is these minuscule differences in the movements of organs of articulation that not only give us different sounds That also indicate different People there is a reason why Lata Mangeshkar sounds different from her sister Asha Boschle though They sing the same songs. They are both great singers. They're both great vocalists Okay, but each of us does it slightly differently if you want to design a machine tomorrow which you want which you You know want to have you know the machine to have the ability to talk like human beings then machine will also Have to produce all of these variety of sounds Before it can produce human language in the next few classes. We will be talking about mechanism of speech production. Do you have any questions? Do you have any questions? Okay. Thank you. Have a good day