 Section 8 of a brief grammar of the Portuguese language. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. A brief grammar of the Portuguese language by John Casper Brenner. Section 8, Verbs Part 2 Irregular Verbs 110 Some of the irregular verbs are so nearly regular that they are omitted from the following reference list of the verbs most commonly regarded as irregular. Such are verbs ending in air and air. These follow the succeeding models in the present indicative and subjunctive, but are otherwise regular. Sair to go out. Indicative present. Sair Sais Sain Sais Sain Subjunctive present. Sair Sais Sair Sairmos Sair Sair Esvair to disperse. Indicative present. Esvair Esvais Esvair Esvairmos Esvair Subjunctive present. Esvaya Esvayas Esvaya Esvayamos Esvayais Esvail Note, the verbs sair Kair And their compounds are generally written with H in those forms in which the S-A and C-A are followed by extended I or IR, in which cases the H is used to indicate that the A and I do not form diphthongs. Be Verbs ending in Usir Take Uish Instead of Uzi In the third person of the present indicative. Produzir To produce Produzish Reluzir To shine Reluish Reference list of the irregular parts of irregular verbs. 111 Conjugation Dar To give Indicative present Do Dais Da Damos Dais Dão Indicative Preterate Dei Desti Deu Destis Deron Indicative Plu Perfect Dera Deras Etc. Subjunctive present De Dish De Demos Deis Deim Subjunctive Imperfect Desti Destis Etc. Subjunctive Future Der Deris Der Deramos Derdish Derem 112 Second Conjugation Kabir To hold Indicative present Kaibu Kabish Kabi Kabemos Etc. Indicative Preterate Colby Colbeste Colby Colbemos Etc. Indicative Plu Perfect Colbera Colbera Colberas Etc. Subjunctive present Kaiba Kaibu Kaibu Kaibu Etc. Subjunctive Imperfect Colbeste Colbeste Etc. Subjunctive Future Colber Colberes Etc. Creer To believe Indicative present Creio Creish Cre Creemos Creides Creem Subjunctive present Creia Creias Creia Creamos Creais Creiam Imperative Cre Creedi Dizer To say Indicative present Digo Dizis Dizemos Dizis Etc. Indicative Preterate Dizis Dizesci Dizisemus Etc. Indicative Future Direi Diraish Dira Etc. Indicative Conditional Direia Direia Direish Etc. Indicative Pluperfect Dissera Disseras Disseramos Etc. Subjunctive Present Diga Digas Digamos Etc. Subjunctive Present Etc. Subjunctive Imperfect Dissesci Dissesish Dissesemus Etc. Subjunctive Future Disser Disserish Etc. Past Partible Dito Note The following compounds of Dizer Are conjugated in the same way Ben Dizer Con Dizer Contra Dizer Mal Dizer And Pre Dizer Estar To Be C-Page 79 Fazer To Do To Make From Latin Fakere Indicative Present Faço Fasis Faix Fazemos Etc. Indicative Preterate Fiche Fiseste Faix Fizemos Etc. Indicative Future Farei Fareis Etc. Indicative Conditional Fareia Fareias Fareiamos Etc. Indicative Pluperfect Fizera Fizeras Fizeramos Etc. Subjunctive Present Faça Faça Faix Etc. Subjunctive Imperfect Fizéci Fizéci Fizécimos Etc. Subjunctive Future Fizer Fizeres Etc. Past Partiple Feitu Note, the following compounds Counts of Fazer are similarly conjugated, A Fazer, Contra Fazer, Desh Fazer, Per Fazer, Re Fazer, and Satish Fazer, A Ver, see page 79. Fazer to lie, to repose, Indicative present, Jazu, Jazish, Jais, Jazemush, Jazeish, Jazen, Indicative preterite, Jouvi, Antiquated, Lea, to read, Indicative present, Leio, Leish, Lemush, Legish, Lein, Subjunctive present, Leia, Leish, Leia, Leamos, Leias, Leam, Perder, to lose, Indicative present, Perco, Perdis, Perdi, Perdemush, Perdeish, Perden, Subjunctive present, Perca, Percas, Perca, Percamos, etc., Poder, to be able, Indicative present, Posso, Podis, Podi, Podemush, etc., Indicative preterite, Podi, Podeste, Podi, Podemush, etc., Subjunctive present, Posso, Posso, Posso, Posamos, etc., Subjunctive imperfect, Podessi, Podessish, Podessi, etc., Subjunctive future, Poder, Poderish, etc., The imperative of this verb is wanting, Pour, to put, to place. This word and its compounds have the peculiar infinitive ending O-R. It is, however, only a modification of its ancient form, Puerh. Indicative present, Ponyu, Poynch, Poyn, Pomush, Pondish, Poyn, Indicative preterite, Puish, Puzeste, Poish, Puzemos, Puzestes, Puzero, Indicative future, Porei, Porax, Pora, Poremos, Porais, Porão, Indicative imperfect, Punha, Punhas, Punha, Punhamos, Punheish, Punho, Indicative conditional, Poria, Porias, Poria, Poríamos, etc., Indicative pluperfect, Puzera, Puzeras, etc., Subjunctive present, Ponha, Ponhas, Ponhamos, etc., Subjunctive imperfect, Puzesse, Puzesses, Puzésimos, etc., Subjunctive future, Puzer, Puzeres, Puzermos, etc., Present partiple, Pondu, Past partiple, Posto. Similarly are conjugated the compounds, Antepor, Opor, Compor, Contrapor, Dispor, Impor, etc. Prazer, to please, impersonal, Indicative present, Praish, Indicative preterite, Provi, Indicative pluperfect, Provera, Subjunctive imperfect, Provesse, Subjunctive future, Provera, Queria, to wish, Indicative present, Quero, Queres, Quer, Queremos, etc., Indicative preterite, Quis, Quiseste, Quis, Quisemos, etc., Indicative pluperfect, Quisera, Quiseras, Quiséramos, etc., Subjunctive present, Queira, Queiras, Queiramos, etc., Subjunctive imperfect, Quisesse, Quisesses, Quisésimos, etc., Subjunctive future, Quisér, Quiseres, Quiséramos, etc. This verb has no imperative form and the subjunctive is used in its stead. Requeria, to request, Indicative present, Requeiro, Requerish, Requer, Requeremos, etc., Subjunctive present, Requeiras, etc., Imperative, Requere, Requereí, Saber, to know, Indicative present, Sei, Sabish, Sabi, Sabemos, etc., Indicative preterite, Solbi, Solbeste, Solbi, Solbemos, etc., Subjunctive present, Saiba, Saibash, Saibamos, Saibahish, etc., Subjunctive imperfect, Solbeste, Solbesses, Solbésimos, etc., Subjunctive future, Sober, Soberish, etc., Sir, to be, See page 79, Thir, to have, See page 79, The following compounds of Thir are similarly conjugated, abster, ater, conter, deter, entreter, manter, obter, reter, and suster, trazer, to bring, Indicative present, trago, trazis, trais, trazemos, etc., Indicative preterite, trouxe, trouxeste, trouxemos, etc., Indicative pluprfect, trouxera, trouxeras, trouxéramos, etc., Indicative future, trari, traras, trara, etc., Indicative conditional, traria, trarias, trariamos, etc., Subjunctive present, traga, tragas, tragamos, tragais, etc., Subjunctive imperfect, trouxesse, trouxesses, trouxéssemos, etc., Subjunctive future, trouxer, trouxeres, etc., valer, to be worth, Indicative present, valho, valish, vali, valemos, etc., Subjunctive present, valha, valhamos, valhais, etc., Ver, to see, from Latin, we deire, Indicative present, vejo, veish, ve, vemos, veges, veem, Indicative preterite, vi, visti, viu, vimos, vistis, víram, Indicative pluprfect, víra, víras, víramos, víreis, etc., Subjunctive present, veja, vejas, vejamos, vejais, etc., Subjunctive imperfect, visi, visis, visemus, etc., Subjunctive future, vír, víris, víramos, etc., Past particle, vistu. Similarly conjugated are the compounds antever, entrever, prever, and rever. 113rd conjugation, despedir, espedir, sipedir, below, frigir, to fry. Indicative present, frijo, freges, frege, frigimos, frigis, fregem, past particle, frigido, and frito, ir, to go. Footnote, this is really a defective verb made up of parts of three different verbs. Ir, irmos, irges, etc., from the Latin, ire, vo, veish, vão, etc., from the Latin, wadere, fui, fossi, fo, etc., from fui of the verb, ser. Indicative present, vo, veish, vai, vamos, or imos, ides, vão. Indicative preterate, fui, fossi, foi, fomos, fossis, foram. Indicative future, irei, irás, irá, ireamos, ireis, irão. Indicative imperfect, ia, ias, íamos, ias, io. Indicative conditional iria irias iria iriamush etc. Indicative pluperfect fora foras fora foramush etc. Subjunctive present va vash va vamush vades vam subjunctive imperfect foce foce focimush etc. subjunctive future for for etc. Imperative present vai idi present participle indu past participle medir to measure Indicative present mersu medish medi medimush medding subjunctive present messa messas messa messamos messamos etc. ouvir to hear Indicative present ousu ouvish ouvi ouvimush ouvish ouvi subjunctive present ousa ousas ousamos ousais ousam pedir to ask Indicative present pesso medish pedi pedimush etc. subjunctive present pessa pessas pessa pessamos pessais pessam the compounds despedir and impedir are conjugated in the same way remir to redeem Indicative present hejimu hejimish hejimi hejimush hejimi hejimi hejimi subjunctive present hejima hejimush hejimi hejimush hejima hejimamos etc. rir to laugh Indicative present riyu hish rihimush hijish riyin subjunctive present riyas riya riyamos riais riam vir to come Indicative present venho ven sh ven vimos vindish ven vim vieste veio viemos viestes vieron Indicative imperfect vinha vinhas vinhamos vinhais etc. Indicative pluperfect viera vieras vieramos vierais etc. subjunctive present venha venhas venhamos etc. subjunctive imperfect vieses vieses vieses vieses viesemush etc. subjunctive future vier vieras vieramos etc. past particle vindu in the same way are conjugated the compounds advir avirse contravir convir desavir intervir sobrevir variable particles of regular verbs 114 many verbs that are otherwise regular have two forms of the past particle these particles are not always interchangeable however as will be seen from the following examples naquele tempo já meu irmão era morto at that time my brother was already dead naquele tempo já meu irmão tinha morrido at that time my brother had already died muitos povos eram sujeitos a roma many people were subject to rome roma tinha sujeitado muitos povos MainIE ele tem gasto pago It should be observed that one form is regular, and the other irregular, or rather, contracted. 115 List verbs having two forms of the past participle. In this list, A indicates that the preceding form is used in the active voice, P that it is used in the passive, A and P that it is used in both voices. First conjugation, ACCEITAR to accept, ACCEITADO, A P, ACCEITO, ACENTAR to sit, ACCEITADO, A P, ACCEITI, P, DISPERSAR to disperse, DISPERSADO, A P, DISPERSO, P, ENTREGAR to deliver, ENTREGADO, A P, ENTREGUE, ENCHUGAR to dry, ENCHUGADO, A P, ENCHUTO, P, ESPRESSAR to express, ESPRESSADO, A P, ESPRESSO, ESPULSAR to expel, ESPULSADO, A, ESPULSO to satiate, FARTADO, A, FARTO, FINDAR to finish, FINDADO, A P, FINDO, GANHAR to gain, GANHADO, A P, GANHO, A P, GASTAR to spend, GASTADO, A, GASTO, A P, IZENTAR to exempt, IZENTADO, IZENTO, JUNTAR to collect, JUNTADO, A P, JUNTO, A P, LIMPAR to clean, LIMPADO, A, LIMPO, A P, MATAR to kill, MATADO, A, MORTO, A, OCCULTAR to hide, OCCULTADO, A P, OCCULTO, P, PAGAR to pay, PAGADO, EI, PAGO, A P, SALVAR to save, SALVADO, A P, SALVO, A P, SALTAR to lose, SALTADO, A, SALTO, SUJETAR to subject, SUJETADO, A P, SUJETO, P, 116, second conjugation, ASCENDER to set fire, ASCENDIDO, A P, ACCESO, P, ELEGER to elect, ELEGIDO, EI, ELEITO, A P, ENVOLVER to involve, ENVOLVIDO, A P, ENVOLTO, A P, PREnder to take, PREENDIDO, EI, PREZO, P, SUSPENDER to suspend, SUSPENDIDO, EI, P, SUSPENSO, P, 117, third conjugation, ABRIR to open, ABRIDO, EI, ABERDO, EI, P, ERIGIR to erect, ERIGIDO, EI, P, ERETO, ESTINGIR to extinguish, ESTINGIDO, EI, P, ESTINTO, P, FRIGIR to fry, FRIGIDO, EI, FRITO, EI, P, IMPREMIR to print, IMPREMIDO, EI, P, IMPREMIDO, IMPRESO, IMPREMIDO, IMPREMIDO, IMPREME, to an ex, an exado, ignorar, to ignore, ignorado, ignoto, manifestar, manifesto, sepultar, to bury, sepultado, sepulto, suspeitar, to suspect, suspeitado, suspeito, absorver, to absolve, absolvido, absolto, absorver, to absorb, absorbido, absorbo, extender, to extend, extender, extensor, torcer, to twist, torcido, torto, contrair, to contract, contraído, contrato, extrair, to extract, extraido, extrato, oprimir, to oppress, oprimido, opresso, reprimir, to repress, reprimido, represso, submergir, to submerge, submergido, submerso. Advir, colorir, descomedir-se, emolir, empedernir, extorquir, falir, florir, rengir, retorquir. These verbs are used only in the forms in which the eye of the infinitive occurs. Precavir, to prevent, fremir, to roar, and soer, to be accustomed, are only used in the forms in which the roots precav, frem, and so are followed by s or i, precavish, precavia, the subjects of verbs, 120. In the main, verbs agree with their subjects in number and person as they do in English, but such a general rule is not always applicable in Portuguese. The following rules cover the most important cases in which there is a departure from English usage. A. In case of compound subjects, the verb may be plural as in English, as, o sol e a lua são brilhantes, but in certain cases, it is singular as follows. B. It is singular when a gradation is emphasized. C. It is singular when an enumeration ends with tudo, nada, nenhum, ninguém, or cada um. O ouro, os diamantes e asperolas, tudo é terra e da terra. D. It is singular when the compound subject follows the verb. In case of proper names, it is considered better for the verb to be plural. Infinitives and phrases take the verb in the singular. F. In case of contrasts, the verb is plural. The following have the verb either singular or plural indifferently. Um e outro, nenhum nem outro, mais de um. Um e outro quer morrer, outro fugiram. In certain idiomatic expressions, singular subjects appear to have plural verbs. 1. Nois é que somos patriotas. In this sentence, nois é que may, however, be regarded as an adverbial expression. Some grammarians regard as analytically equivalent to que nois somos patriotas é fato. 2. Tudo são trevas. O mundo são homens. Similarly, a first person may be used with the verb of the third person. J. When one subject is in the first person and another is of the second or third, the verb is first person plural. J. When one subject is in the second person and another is in the third, the verb is second person plural. You and Carlos are good. 121. Impersonal verbs. Footnote. These verbs are sometimes called unipersonal in Portuguese, for their forms are not always confined to the third person. For example, A ver, ser and fazer and others have all the persons. Impersonal verbs are used only in the third person. The English impersonal it is not separately expressed in this impersonal use. Examples. Há homens sábios. There are wise men. Houve festas. There were feasts, festivities. Faes calor. It is warm. Faes uma semana hoje. It is a week today. É fácil. It is easy. É justo. It is just. É bem que. It is well that. É preciso. It is necessary. São duas horas. It is two o'clock. Dizem. They say other forms especially characteristic of the Portuguese but used in various tenses or acontece. It happens. It pleases me. Basta. It is enough. Carese. It is necessary. There is need that. Chega. That will do. Convém. It is well. It suits. Cumpre. It is necessary. Cumpre de zelo. It must be sad. Custa. It costs. Custa dormir. It is hard to sleep. Dar-se to happen. Deu-se esse fato. This is what happened. É. Era. Foi. Etc. From ser. It is, was, etc. Faes. Fazia. Faes. From fazer. It is, was, etc. Fica. It remains, rests, is, etc. As fica combinado. It is agreed. Havia. Ove. From haver. There is. There are. There was. There has been. Importa. It matters. Parece. It seems. Praes-me. It pleases me. I am pleased. Urge. It is urgent. Hesta. It remains. A. There are also the usual forms expressing operations of nature, such as chauvi. It rains. B. The impersonal verbs are often used in the passive voice, as ali se vive sem desejo. There one lives without desire. Diz-se que. It is said that precisa-se de um criado. A servant is wanted. A hundred twenty-two. Prepositions required by verbs. Some verbs are followed by certain prepositions, such as a, até, com, de, em, por, sobre, in their various forms. Some of these usages correspond to the English, but most of them do not. Only a few of the cases where the usage differs from English are given here. A. A. Two of. Is used after. Perguntar. Proibir. And perdoar. Perguntou ao médico. He asked the physician. Proibiu ao moço. He forbade the youth. Eu perdoa quantos me fizeram mal. I forgive all those who have ill-used me. A. Is used with the infinitive when it is the object of a verb, as explained at paragraph 123D. B. The use of a after querer determines the meaning of the verb. Querer a alguma pessoa is to esteam or love someone, while querer alguma coisa is to desire something. C. A até. To at. Is used after chegar and ir. Fui até a cidade. I went as far as the city. D. Com. With. Is used after estar. To be. Ter. To have. And casar. To marry. Estou com fome. I am hungry. Estou com frio. I am cold. Fui ter com ele. I went to have an interview with him. Casou com a filha de te. He married the daughter of tea. E. G. Of. Is used after aproveitar-se to improve the opportunity. Cesar. To seize. Depender. To depend. Deixar. To leave. Gostar. To like. Morrer. To die. Precisar. To need. And after certain reflexive forms such as lembrar-se. To remember. Esquecer-se. To forget. And verbs implying motion from. Examples. Gosto de café. I like coffee. Morre de fome e de frio. He is dying of hunger and cold. Deixar-se. Neiras. Stop your folly. Lembrou-se da ocasi-on. He remembered the occasion. For. G. Before an infinitive objective. C. paragraph 123 F. F. Classic writers use G. With several other verbs such as. Desta água não beberi. I shall not drink of this water. De este pão não comeri. I shall not eat of this bread. De. Em. In. Is used after estar. O dono está em casa. Is the proprietor at home. H. Para. For. To. It is used after certain verbs implying motion towards. Ir. Partir. Vir. Buscar. Olhar. And deitar. Vou para casa. I am going home. He has gone to Lisbon. Olhe para cá. Look this way. A janela deita para o rio. The window opens toward the river. I. Note. On the other hand several verbs which in English are followed by prepositions to not require prepositions in Portuguese. Such are. Agradecer. To thank for. Agradeço o presente. I thank you for the present. Almoçar. To breakfast on. Almoço o peixe. He breakfasted on fish. Calçar. To put on the feet. Calcei chenelas. I put on slippers. Sear. To sub on. Seu chá. He subbed on tea. Falar. To speak of. Falou política. He talked about politics. Subir. To climb up. Subiu a serra. He climbed up the mountain. Vestir. To put on. Vestir o paleto. I put on the coat. Objects of verbs. 123. The objects of verbs differ in the following respects from usages in English. A. When the direct object of a verb is a person or living being, that name is preceded by the preposition A. 2. Especially when it is necessary to distinguish the object from the subject. Amar a Deus. To love God. A pompeu venceu césar. Cesar overcame pompeu. Elis subjugou a Uchigri. He overcame the tiger. But when the object is an animal other than a man, the A. 2 may be omitted as subjugou Uchigri. B. When the direct object precedes the verb or when ambiguity is possible, the preposition A. 2 precedes the object. Venceu dia a noite. Or a noite venceu dia. Day overcomes night. C. When the direct object is one of the pronouns. Min. Ti. Si. Eli. Aish. Nuis. Vuis. Elis. U. And Uish. They are preceded by the preposition A. Eli ascoleu a min. Inão a ti. Di. When the direct object is an infinitive, the following verbs take the preposition A. Aprender. Começar. Ensinar. Principiar. Example. Ensinou a falar. I. These verbs, when followed by the infinitive denoting the beginning of action, require a. Começar. Deitar. Entrar. Meter. Desatar. Botar. Começou a escrever. He began to write. Deitaram a fugir. They began to flee. F. When the direct object of a verb is an infinitive, certain of these verbs, when signifying the beginning, continuation, or cessation of action, take G before that infinitive. These verbs are acabar, arrancar, cessar, começar, continuar, deixar, tomar, travar. Example. Acabou de escrever. He has done writing. Comecei G, or a, almoçar. I began to breakfast. Special uses of verbs. 124. A. To express existence in its various phases, besides estar and ser, many verbs are used. Some of these are here illustrated. Acho me doente. Literally, I find myself eu. Sinto-me enverecido. Literally, I feel myself grown old. Viu-se empobrecido. Literally, he saw himself impoverished. Anda alegre. Literally, he goes joyous. That is, he's happy. B. Certain verbs are combined to express movement and perception. Ou vi cantar. I heard him sing. Vi sair. I saw him go out. Mandei fazer. I ordered made. Fiz consertar. I had it mended. C. When a participle is used as an adjective, it is often followed by di. Cercada e ornada de flores. Surrounded and decorated with flowers. This is especially true of the verbs acompanhar, seguir, preceder, cercar, forrar, cobrir, pintar, fazer, vestir. Some grammarians explain the use of di in these instances as part of elliptical phrases. Periphrastic verb phrases. 125. The Portuguese has periphrastic active and passive verb phrases formed by the aid of auxiliaries. C. Auxiliaries paragraph 109. A. Periphrastic active phrases are made by placing the required forms of ter to have before the perfect participle masculine singular of the main verb. Tenho escrito a carta. I have written the letter. Tenho escrito. I have written. Tenho escrito. Thou hast written. Tenho escrito. He, she, has written. Temos escrito. We have written. B. Periphrastic passive phrases are formed by the use of ser or estar to be and the participle of the main verb which must agree with the subject. Tenho sido transportado. I have been carried. José foi morto. José was killed. Maria estava molhada pela chuva. Maria was wet by the rain. C. The active voice is often used where the passive would be used in English. Mandou preparar o jantar. He ordered dinner to be prepared. Mandei trazer um livro. I ordered a book to be brought. É de supor. É de ver. É de crer. Are all translatable only in passive forms. D. Progressive phrases are formed by the use of estar to be, ficar to remain, ir to go, and some others with the present participle of the main verb. Estou falando. I am speaking. Fica sabendo que. Know that. Reflexive verbs. 126. The reflexive verbs are conjugated by connecting the reflexive pronouns. Mi, ti, si, nuix, and vuix with the verb. Não me meto nisto. I do not meddle in this affair. Vá se deitar. Go lie down. Vá se embora. Go away. A certain force and grace are sometimes imparted by the use of reflexive forms even when the verb is intransitive. Ela morre de tristeza. She is dying of grief. Is grammatically correct. But ela se morre de tristeza. It's a more expressive way to say the same thing, owing to the attention called to the subject by the use of C. B. Certain verbs are much used in the reflexive sense. Queixar-se. To complain and arrepender-se. To repent are used only in the reflexive forms. Despedir-se. To take leave and calar-se. To hush are used in both the active and reflexive forms, but the active forms have different meanings. C. Neuter or impersonal reflexives with mi, si, etc. are much used. D. The reflexive verbs do not take as objects the pronouns u, a, u, sh, ash. Imperative and subjunctive. 127. Colloquially, the imperative is not so much used as the subjunctive, which is used in its place. Thus, fali, subjunctive present, con ela, would be used in place of fala, imperative, con ela, speak to her. The letter is regarded as less polite, possibly because fala has tu understood as its subject, while fali has for its subject o senhor, você, etc. For the same reason, tenha paciência, subjunctive, have patience, is used in place of tem paciência, imperative, footnote. One often hears tenha a paciência, which is correct when the sentence has a complement, as tenha paciência de ler esta carta, and the footnote. It is especially to be noted that when there is a negative, the subjunctive should be used instead of the imperative. Não deva. You ought not, not, não deve. Não me fali. Subjunctive. Don't talk to me. Not, não me fala. Imperative. B. One of the most common errors in Portuguese is the use of the present indicative in place of imperative or subjunctive. The following are examples. Traiz-me um copo d'água. Should be. Trazi-me. Or, traga-me. Um copo d'água. Fetch me a glass of water. Diz a seu pai que. Should be. Diz-e a teu pai. Or, diga a seu pai que. Tell your father that. Traduí-se esta carta. Should be. Traduí-se esta carta. Translate this letter. The subjunctive and the indicative. 128. In certain dependent sentences, the subjunctive or the indicative is used according to circumstances. When the fact is doubtful, the subjunctive is used, otherwise the indicative. É incerto que venha. It is uncertain about his coming. É certo que vem. It is certain that he's coming. Não conheço o pintor que faça este quadro. I know no painter who could make this picture. Não conheço o pintor que fez este quadro. Means, I do not know the painter who made this picture. 129. When the adverb, talvez, perhaps, precedes a verb, it should be subjunctive. When it follows the verb, it should be indicative. Talvez seja isso exato. Or, isso é talvez exato. Perhaps this or it is so. 130. Certain idiomatic expressions use the subjunctive with the indefinite and relative pronouns, as explained a paragraph 102. 131. Similarly, the subjunctive is used with como. Seja como for. Be that as it may. 132. The subjunctive is sometimes used in the sense of a conjunction. Estão ao alcance de todos os que as buscam. Seja como estudo. Seja como curiosidade. Irculando. They are within the reach of all who seek them, whether for study or as a mere matter of curiosity. Personal infinitive. 133. The personal infinitive is an inflected form of the infinitive. It is found in the oldest Portuguese writings, and it is likewise different in use from anything in any other language. Footnote. Bento José de Oliveira in his Nova Gramática Portuguesa, vigésima sexta edição página 46, says that the personal infinitive should be regarded as an arerist form of the subjunctive. And the footnote. Its use is best explained by examples. Impersonal. Comprei este livro para estudar. I bought this book for me to study. Personal. Comprei este livro para estudar des. I bought this book for you to study. O nosso mestre está contente por sabermos a lição. Our teacher is pleased because we know the lesson. Ficou surpreendido de não estarem os soldados devidamente em ordem. He was surprised that the soldiers were not duly in order. É preciso comprarmos. It is necessary to buy. That we buy.