 Hello my dear friends and viewers, God bless you and you are welcome on the live play platform of Target with Aluk. I, Yashin Viswa, English faculty of Target with Aluk, you are well aware my dear friends that the institute is going to launch a fresh batch along with practice session of 2010. 500 questions and 100% much more likely that the question related to English in the upcoming examinations will be asked from that notes and the question series that you will get. So with these words and with a lot of blessing, with a prayer to Almighty, now we will discuss about the history of Sunnet. You know my dear friends that like every literature, English is no exception as far as forms of literature is concerned. If we talk about the type of literature, then in the world, the way the type of literature is different, English is no exception, it is no exception. So if we talk about forms of literature, then all the types of literature, whether it is personal poetry, impersonal poetry, drama history, its type, novel history or all these types, so if we talk about all these types of literature, then you get 20 questions directly from forms of literature. And in a very entertaining way, it can be read in a very interesting way. I am confident and hopeful that if you hear this lecture very attentively, I am confident that you will learn by listening to the lecture that you are going to hear. Ok my dear friends, if we talk about literature, if we see these two Latin words, one is dear lit and the other is rechura. First of all, if we talk about literature, then literature, the word in English is derived from two Latin words lit and rechura. Lit is written and rechura is composition. So whatever written composition that is literature, this is the literal meaning of literature. Literature is written composition, lit and rechura. If we talk about its forms, then the forms of literature are different types of forms. If we talk about the forms of literature, then if we talk about forms, then poetry is poetry. If we talk about poetry, then you might be wondering where the drama went or where the fiction went. So I would like to say that drama can be merged into poetry because it is audio-visual poetry. Drama also means that which can be visualized as well as which can be seen, which can be heard, in which there is audibility and visuality. We call this type of poetry as drama. So the definition of drama is audio-visual poetry. If we talk about fiction, then fiction can be merged into prose. In which fiction can be merged into prose? In prose, there is essay as well as travelogue as well as novels. We will discuss in elaborate form later on. So first of all, today we will talk about poetry. What is poetry? How many types of poetry do we talk about? Firstly, it can be personal and secondly, what is personal? Secondly, it is impersonal. So that is the form of poem which relates to personal life of a poet. When it is related to a poet's personal life, if it is related to a poet's personal life, then we call it personal. It can also be termed as subjective poetry. You can also call it subjective. And if you want to say it in Hindi, then atma gat which is related to yourself, when a artist makes personal life of a person through poetry, then we call it personal poetry. And impersonal which is not related to any particular person or which contains a universal appeal, which contains a universal appeal, which does not relate to any particular individual, rather the contents matter of the poem relates to all and sundry. When there is universality in poetry, that form of poetry is known as impersonal. Which we can also call it objective or if we call it in Hindi, then we can also call it samastha gat, which does not relate to any particular person, which is not related to any particular person, we call it impersonal poetry. And if we talk about the form of personal poetry, then the form of personal poetry can be four. There are two types of poetry, one is sanat, the other is od, third is elegy and lyric. So these genre of poetry are termed as personal poetry. In such a poem, whether it is the person who is content in his life, or the events related to his life, then today we will discuss the history of sanat. So history of sanat, history of sanat, let's make a brief survey about the history of sanat. So my dear friends, sanat is Sicilian dialect. Sanat is a Sicilian dialect. In fact, in sanat, it is called Sicilian dialect. And the dialect of the word is the dialect of which there is no written history, of which there is no particular script, of which there is no specific grammar. In such a way, we call it dialect. So 3 BC. In the birth of Jesus Christ, or 3 BC. Giu Comu, Giu Comu dal lent, pay attention to it. There is a small dialect in the south of Italy, Sicily. And the language spoken in Sicily, which is spoken by ordinary people, in that, what was called sanat, what was called sanato? Sicilian dialect sanato. And the meaning of sanato is little sound. Dear little sound. First of all, Giu Comu sang sanato. There is a small place in Sicily, Lentini. That means you. So the origin of Lentini, Giu Comu sang sanato first of all. It was a dialectical song. What can you say? It was a dialectical, dialectical song. In this case, there was a song in the national language. In the language of Gavain village, in the village of Dehatom, in the village of Grameen, in which the song is sung. In this speech, the song is sung. It is called dialectical. But after his death, after Giu Comu's death, after Giu Comu's death, no poet ever composed, no poet ever composed, after Giu Comu's death, for about 1300 years, no poet ever composed a song or a song of Grameen. No one ever composed a song. But in 14th century, in 14th century, in the 9th century, Petrarch gave, in fact, it is said that Petrarch revived, revived Soneto. Soneto means what did he do to Sonet? Petrarch not only revived, but also gave, but also gave literary status, but also gave literary status to Sonet. Sonet did the right thing to produce. This is the reason that Petrarch is called the father of Sonet. Petrarch is known as father of Sonet. So Petrarch is known as father of, Petrarch is known as father of Sonet. Father of Sonet. Petrarch was called father of Sonet because he not only revived Soneto, but also gave literary status to Sonet. So Petrarch is called father of Sonet. What happened? He composed 314 sonets. This is his authentication that Petrarch composed 314 sonets. 52 songs. How many songs? Bhavan Geet also composed Got them published Got them published in a book. His title was Kanjounie. The title was Kanjounie. It is also called Kanjounie but do we pronounce it? Kanjounie. And Kanjounie means Sanga of Love. Sanga of Love. The meeting of love songs. Kanjounie in which Petrarch composed 314 sonets and Bhavan Geet was published 364 songs and sonets. His title was Kanjounie. C-O-N-J-O-N-I-E-R-E Kanjounie and which is called Kanjounie means offering of love song. Sorry. Offering of love song the meeting of love songs. And this Kanjounie the book Petrarch Dedicated Kanjounie is also asked in the question hire. Petrarch Dedicated Dedicated Kanjounie which was Petrarch's love. Laura dedicated the book called Kanjounie in which it was written and along with it Bhavan Geet too dedicated it. After that Petrarch gave a specific structure to a specific structure to sonet. Petrarch gave a specific structure to sonet. He composed his sonet in lines and divided them into two steps. He broke it in two parts one in the octave and the other in the sixth state. As for octave that is eight lines he broke it in eight and his sixth state that is six lines. Petrarch divided sonet in 14 lines and he broke it in eight. This information in octave is raised. This is recognized by Petrarch and my dear friends that in octave the sonet here raises a problem and in sixth state solution of the problem raised in octave his solution is presented. In sixth state the problem raised in octave is answered. Keep in mind that sonet has no title Sonet has no title because sonet is one type of song because it is written in love so it is called love song and there is no title of songs so sonet does not have title its very first line becomes the title of sonet Sonet's first line is the title. Let's move on then his contemporary his contemporary Dante By the way the name of Dante is Durant Algheri Delgi Dante but there is no need to simply this much is surface that he is known as Dante composed 37 or 41 sonets. Now here this is a matter of conjecture and also controversy some scholars say that Dante composed 37 and some say that he composed 41. Some scholars say that he composed 37 sonets and some believe that he composed 41 sonets but this is not our main point whatever sonet did he composed this is not an important matter the only thing which is important that he dedicated them he dedicated them to his beloved should remember this name because many times asked about Beatrice who was Beatrice and how did Dante immortalized her who is Beatrice this is his beloved Dante his beloved who is called Beatrice Pottineri in simple he is also called Baish his name is Baish his name is Beatrice Pottineri he composed 31 sonets or 41 37 or 41 he dedicated all his sonets like how Petrarch dedicated his sonets and sonets to his beloved well while following him Dante dedicated his sonets to his beloved Beatrice Pottineri he immortalized her he immortalized her by projecting by projecting the heroine of by projecting the pina comedia pina comedia which we call divine comedia he immortalized Beatrice or Baish divine comedia by projecting heroine by projecting whole divine comedia first canto first canto's name is our inferno inferno is called the first canto of the divine comedia which you can call the first canto in that he travels the heaven with Beatrice Dante did not know that his beloved Baish was immortalized by Beatrice and until the divine comedia till that time people will remember Beatrice now we had made a brief survey about the history origin of sonet sonet's origin and about Italian sonet we did a little survey now the question does arise by whom and in which century sonet reached into English literature which sonet was introduced by whom and in which century sonet in English literature sonet in English literature sonet in English literature when Sonet reached into English literature was introduced was introduced by By Thomas Beart it was introduced by Thamas Vyat. Thamas Vyat was the director of Henry Yatth. He was also a diplomat. So, Thamas Vyat went on a diplomatic mission in Italy. There he came across with the composition of Tvar Kein Dante. This was a specific genre of poetry. He had a new style of poetry. And remember Sange and Sannet. At that time, no one had written anything in English. So, who introduced him in English? Thamas Vyat. Right? Thamas Vyat not only introduced Sannet, but he also introduced Otawa Raima. He also introduced Otawa Raima. Otawa Raima. Dear, this is a strange form. And the first time Dante used it in his Divine Committee. So, in English, there are two contributions of Thamas Vyat. First, he is known as the Introducer of Sannet into English Literature. As well as, he also introduced Otawa Raima in English Literature. And also remember that Thamas Vyat followed that structure which was introduced by Petrarch and Dante. So, the form of Sannet was introduced by Petrarch in Italian. Vyat also followed the same pattern, same structure. Meaning, his Sannet was also of 14 lines, but it was divided in octave and sextet. Now, a little bit from here, His Contemporary, His Contemporary, Arlap Sare, which is also known as Henry Howard. Dear, what is this? Henry, who is this Sannet? So, Arlap Sare followed the Petrarchan pattern. Along with this, he also introduced a new structure to Sannet through Sare. Which is also known as English Sannet or Shakespearean Sannet. A new structure to Sannet. He introduced a new structure to the Sannet. What will happen? If we talk about Italian Sannet, then in octave, the Raima Scheme A, B, B, A, A, B, B, A, and the sextet is C, D, E or C, D, E. Sare did not do that. He introduced 14 lines in his Sannet. But, he broke it in four steps. First quatern, second quatern and then the third quatern. And then, what he did was that rhymed couplet. There is a speciality about it. As far as all these things are concerned, people know about it. But in the end couplet, it makes a conclusion. The way in Italian Sannet, there is a problem in the octave. When it is answered in the sextet, Arlap Sare finished this thing. He made three quatern, four lines. But the 12 lines that were missing are in the rhymed couplet. There is a conclusion. We can say that the first quatern A, B, A, B, C, D and C, D, A, F, and A, F is the structure of the third quatern, the rhyme scheme. And in the rhymed couplet, which we call G, G, in fact this concluding part of three quatern. The conclusion of the three quatern is presented in the rhymed couplet. Now we have to pay special attention to this. For the first time, song and sonnets were published in 1557 in which we call them total miscellaneous. Total miscellaneous. The publication of the song and sonnet, the title of the total. In the first time, the publication of the song and sonnet was published in 1557. In which the total miscellaneous is called total miscellaneous. In which the total is 271 poems. Note that the first edition contains 271 poems. Two hundred and one quatern were published. And who were they? You should know the special information of this. In that there were 40 poems by Saray, Baisari, which is called Heinry Howard, he contributed 46 poems, 96 poems, 96 by Thomas Wiat. All the exams are being asked in depth. These are very relevant things. Keep them in your mind. The targets are also related. And all the members of this are completely dedicated. For you, for your members, for all the people who are connected to us, they are completely dedicated to us. So now you need to go into depth. And let me also tell you that all the teachers here, they are screened out one. Not that they should be invited to any other area and start teaching them. Not at all. In many steps, in many steps, teachers are screened out. And when the board of selections find them fit, they are assigned to their task. I was saying that in the first edition, which was brought out in 1557, that contained 270 poems, or 71 poems, in which there were so many poems in the first edition. First edition contained 171 poems. Let me also tell you how many of them were written. So there were a lot of poems. Wiat had contributed. 40 poems by Grimald had 40 poems. 55 poems were contributed by unknown poets. And there were also poems by Panchan. These poems contributed to this. One exam was also asked, what was the particular year in which the final edition of Total Smith Lenin was brought out? In which year Total Smith Lenin was brought out? So keep in mind that the final edition of Total Smith Lenin, I am writing TM, Total Smith Lenin was brought out in 1587. This was the last time Total Smith Lenin was published in 1577. Now our question is, how many sunnets were contributed by different poets? If we talk about Sunnets in particular, Sunnets contributed Total Smith Lenin. In Total Smith Lenin, how many sunnets were contributed by different poets? My dear friends, 27 by Wiat. Keep in mind that 37 by Wiat was originally translated by Petrarchan Sunnets. But the original contribution was of 27 sunnets. And 15 sunnets by Sharee. Arlap Sharee gave only 15 sunnets. Nikolas Grimald gave 3 sunnets. 3 by Nikolas Grimald. Nikolas Grimald is the same Grimald. Nikolas Grimald and along with that 9 sunnets were contributed by unknown. This is crucial information about Sun and Sunnets which were published in Total Smith Lenin in 1557. Okay my dear friends, let's go ahead to further step. Let's talk about the future. After this, what happens is that Sunnets were published in a sequence. And the moment the time when it was contributed, when it was published, then every major and minor poets of England started composing sunnets. When the first time a new chapter was published in Total Smith Lenin, then famous poets of China started composing sunnets. Everyone started composing sunnets. And most of all, the following day structure as was given by Arlap Sharee, after this the time comes to write sunnets in a sequence. Any event of love, any love event or anything, the first sunnet in English literature is called the Sunnet Sequence. The first sunnet sequence in English literature is called Astrophel and Estela. This sunnet sequence contained 108 sunnets and it was written by Sydney. As far as the title of this sunnet sequence is concerned, this is based on Greek myth Aster. Aster is the star and Phil is the love. This is a philanthropist. Estela is also the Greek word which means star. The title which is Greek, Estela means star. Legend in Greek myth goes on. A story is told that an astrophel named Naujuvak, who used to fall in love with a girl named Estela, but unfortunately Estela died prematurely at a young age. Astrophel was bereaved on account of the love of Estela. He became so sorrowful that God took pity on him and transformed Estela into a star. After Estela's death in the heart of the astrophel, the gods converted Estela into a star. As long as Astrophel was on the earth, he looked at Estela and said, Hey, Drew consolation? You felt it in your heart? Now, this is a direct allegory of Astrophel and Estela. But the question is, who presented himself as an astrophel? Sydney himself, Sydney projected himself. In what form did he present himself as an astrophel? Who is an astrophel? Sydney himself. And Estela, that is a star, is concerned. This is her star, Penelope Devereaux. Penelope Devereaux. The fact should be borne in mind that Penelope was betrothed to Sydney. Penelope was already engaged to Sydney. But the engagement broke. And then Penelope got married to Lord Rich. And what did she become? Lady Rich. After breaking up the betrothal, Penelope married and became Lady Rich. That was Lady Rich. And in the first scene of the film, after Penelope married, Penelope continued to love Sydney. And in her love for her, she wrote a 100-watt letter and put her title as an astrophel and Estela. Now, that was followed. The Senate sequence, Senate sequence in English literature was composed by Spencer, Edmond Spencer. When he saw that Sydney gave her love for her, he wrote a 100-watt letter. So Spencer also wrote another Senate sequence. The second Senate sequence is made up of Amherst and Amherst is called Love. It means pertaining to love, concerning love, and it is related to love. And in the Amherst Senate sequence, there are 88 Senates. How many? 88 Senates. And Spencer composed them. Edmond Spencer wrote about the incident. When he was in bed, in the Elizabethan period, when he was in bed, he found out that at the age of 1500, he became the secretary of Lord Gregor and went to Ireland. And he was burnt to the core of the Kirchhoff main castle in the Tyronian Rebellion. And there, as the secretary of Lord Gregor, Spencer gave this Kirchhoff main castle as an official residence. And next to the Kirchhoff main castle, there was a girl named Elisabeth Boyle. Elisabeth Boyle. So what is this in the Amherst Senate sequence? Spencer celebrates his love for Elisabeth Boyle. Elisabeth Boyle who was an Irish girl from Ireland. Elisabeth Boyle was married to Spencer in 1580. And after 12 years of courting, finally in 1592, Elisabeth Boyle was married to Spencer. So the second Amherst Senate sequence is called Amroti. Shakespeare's Do you know about Shakespeare? Everybody knows that he composed 154 sonnets. But this is not concluding his statement. Since Shakespeare was very much reckless about sonnets, Sonnets composed a lot of sonnets. And from 1512 to 1599 Shakespeare wrote sonnets. So those sonnets by Shakespeare were collected by Thomas Tharp. Thomas Tharp found 154 sonnets. So this indicates that Shakespeare might have composed much more than 154. More than 154 would have been composed. But how much did Thomas Tharp collect 154? And he published in 1609. Thomas Tharp was a publisher. He collected 154 sonnets and published them in 1609. So how many sonnets did he dedicate to him? This is the matter of the controversial which I will talk about later. While reading Elizabethan period or Shakespeare. After this Elizabethan which if we talk politically then Elizabeth died in 1603 but if we look at the literary then Elizabethan dates back to 1625 because there is no change in history even during James I. So in 1625 Elizabethan dates back to 1625. There were almost 20 sonnets written in this period. Some sonnets, some sonnets were a visionary trend. The sonnets were written so much over Karnalab over physical love that there was a difference. People thought there was a difference. So Diversion was made by Jandon. He wrote some spiritual sonnets in 19. After this during Milton it was Milton Milton showed that sonnets can be composed on various topics not on only Karnalab that only on physical love sonnets cannot be written on different topics on different issues on different topics So Milton composed 19 sonnets and 5 sonnets in Italian. Listen to me once more Milton composed 19 sonnets in English language and 5 sonnets in Italian language. So totally he composed 24 and as for English sonnet he composed 19. So after this keep in mind that there was a difference it was almost dormant and during Romantic era it was Wordsworth who composed 100 and 23 sonnets under various heads under various title River Darden sonnet Ecclesiastical sonnet Political sonnet on different topics Wordsworth composed 523 sonnets and even one sonnet he wrote on love why are thou so sad my dear only one out of 100 and 523 sonnets he composed only one sonnet on the theme of love right and if we talk about world literature in the whole world talk about sonnet composition the living legend of India that is Vikram Seth is also known as the life of India and he put a novel Golden Gate of Vikram Seth and in this he used one gene the one gene sonnet is also known as one gene sonnet or one gene sonnet also he was Alexander Pushkin who was a Russian poet when we talk about any kind of today English poetry we will talk about thank you very much God bless you my dear friends