 The way Opa is structured is Hierotically We get the hierarchy of objectives from metaphysics to Pistomology to ethics Politics and of course aesthetics and within each one of those branches The presentation is Hierotical It's a logic to it for example in epistemology we start with the senses the validity of the senses The theory of concept formation the concept of objectivity and of course leading up to reason If we look at the ethics we start with the nature of man and then we go to the good virtue and the payoff The moral purpose of life happiness So the book is structured Based on the hierarchy But at no point are any of these concepts kind of floating abstractions. I've seen I've seen Objectivists, maybe it's been a long time since I've seen one of these present these try to do these graphs and charts and and arrows and all these concepts as And they're completely floating not attached to anything, but at every point in the book Dr.. Pika brings in relevant facts The concreets to prove and to validate the particular point We'll always have a reference to reality. We're never left with an abstraction or tied to everything else and Of course, we know that to validate we must reduce the reality Leonard Ironman teaches us that and introduction to objective systemology and Leonard Reinforces that in opa. We need to reduce to reality, but then we need to integrate with the rest of our knowledge and opa The ideas are constantly being integrated Every new point is integrated with all the previous points So for example, take the chapter in capitalism towards the end of Opal I Mean capitalism obvious sometimes often is presented as a standalone kind of unit, you know, we talk about the Politics economics and kind of standalone, but not an opa it rests completely on a theory of government on a mall on a morality of egoism on an objective epistemology and In a primacy of existence Indeed capitalism is a system of a privacy of existence and privacy of existence Leads inevitably to capitalism and that's what Leonard shows us in Opal if you think about the subtitles under capitalism Capitalism is the only moral social system Capitalism is a system of objectivity a position to capitalism as dependent on what would you say? altruism bad economics, but you know Canes What is it in opa as a bad epistemology a position to capitalism as dependent on a bad epistemology? Now it's enough to read those subtitles of the chapter in capitalism to know that we are not libertarians They wouldn't even understand What we're talking about and The chapter on moral social system Leonard not only shows the dependence of the ideas of capitalism of freedom on a particular view of morality But then he shows our capitalism the system of freedom reinforces All those more value more values and virtues then indeed to practice the virtues fully one must be free More must live under capitalism and he goes through every single one of the virtues and shows what it means To be independent under freedom Versus to struggle to be independent when force is exerted upon you by the mixed economy or the statists And he does this for every single one of the virtues Capitalism is a system of objectivity covers the objectivity of values and why Capitalism is consistent with Rand's theory of concept formation Well, it's consistent with the idea of objectivity indeed everything in opa is Integrated around the core of iron rands philosophy, which is her epistemology everything is there to show how a theory of concepts gives rise to this entire philosophy and Leonard has a whole chapter on on objectivity After all, this is the philosophy of objectivism and Yet, Rand didn't write much about objectivity. There's not much in the corpus on objectivity So a lot of the material in this chapter is new It's what Leonard got from iron rand directly and think about the subheading I mean, I love this subheading. It's probably my favorite in the entire book In the in the chapter on objectivity This is the objectivity. What is objectivity, right? objectivity as volitional adherence to reality by the method of logic Objectivity as volitional adherence to reality by the method of logic Think about how much is compressed into that sentence We've got volition Free will is essential to objectivity and therefore essential to everything about our philosophy Volition is at the core of the heart of everything that nothing is meaningful without it But it's not any anything. It's all whim in a sense. It's volition as adherence to reality You've got what what axiom you've got the primacy of existence Reality is what we must adhere to and by what method well by the method of reason by the method of logic The unique Cognitive tool that human beings have So in one sentence and not even a sentence a Subheading he conveys so much and so much integration so much of the of the heart of the philosophy the metaphysics and epistemology on which everything else is built is conveyed Just then of course, then there's a whole chapter That articulates the case that explains it that concretizes it that integrates it So this new understanding of object objectivity, which is new to iron man It's presented to us in opa. I think really for the first time as a whole as a unit Something I think we can all start to understand. She shows that this new Concept informs her entire philosophy And if you look at the sub chapters that come afterwards if you look at how he ties This back so he I'm just gonna read you some of the sub chapters from later chapters Notice the reference to epistemology and metaphysics, right? Values as objective Independence as a primary orientation to reality Honesty is the rejection of unreality Primacy of existence sex is metaphysical Statism is the politics of Unreason Capitalism is a system of objectivity Opposition to capitalism. It's dependent bad epistemology. We've covered these art as the concretization of metaphysics and aesthetics aesthetic value as objective Thank you for listening or watching the Iran book show if you'd like to support the show We make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. 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