 I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. In the course so far we have been studying the features of the meta language of Panini and we noted that there are three important features which differentiate the meta language of Panini from the object language Samskrit and these three differences are the meaning of a word, the meaning of the cases and the technique of Pratyahar. Before this we have also seen with examples how object language and meta language are different in case of some grammars and how they are same in case of some other grammars. We noted that in case of Paninian grammar the object language is Samskrit and the meta language is also Samskrit and these are the differences between those two. It must be clarified here that these differences are some additional differences. What I mean is that there are some features of the object language that are also used in the meta language but these are the additional features and we shall explain this little later. Right now we have already seen the first difference. We have already explained it with some examples and we are studying currently the second difference namely the meaning of the cases. In this so far we have also seen the meanings of the cases in the object language. We also saw what do we mean by a case. We took concrete examples to illustrate this fact wherein we studied the independent word forms in the cases and we also looked at the sentence examples in which these forms are used. Now in today's lecture we shall be focused on the meaning of the cases in the meta language of Paninian grammar. So how they are different? To take a recap the basic principle is the first difference between the object language and the meta language and this difference is very fundamental. This principle says that a word stands for its own form and this own form is the head. It also conveys the meaning meaning and this meaning meaning is subordinate and the own form of the word is the head. The only exception is in case of the technical grammatical terms. In accordance with this principle now the meaning of the cases should be understood in the meta language of Paninian grammar. To highlight this particular aspect let us take a relook at the diagrammatic explanation of this basic principle. Here in the meta language a word Shabda let us say Agni when uttered conveys this meaning. So we say that the word Agni denotes this meaning. This meaning consists of what is popularly known as meaning which is shown here. And this meaning consists of two aspects. One is a universal property and the other one is an individual. Agnithva is that property and Agni is that individual. These are the meaning meanings and this meaning also includes the word form Agni. This sequence and in the meta language it is this aspect which is part of the meaning which is predominant which is head and it is this aspect of meaning meaning which acts as subordinate or qualifier or modifier. This very basic fact also helps us grasp the difference in the meanings of the cases used in the meta language. We already saw that there are three cases which need to be studied closely from this point of view. And the first amongst them is the fifth case and the rest are the sixth and the seventh. So now we shall study the meaning of these three cases the fifth, the sixth and the seventh, Panjami, Shasti and Vibhakti and their meanings in the meta language. Let us take the first amongst these three which is the fifth case. The meaning of the fifth case in the meta language of Panini is immediately after. Of course, immediately after a word form of this is explained by the which is a meta rule. So, there are three words in this Sutra, Tasmaad, Iti and Uttarasya and Tasmaad, Iti represent something. What does it represent? Tasmaad is the fifth case of the pronoun Taddu. So, Tasmaad stands for as a representative the fifth case. Therefore, this Iti which is a quotitive marker this brings out the meaning that we specified just now. So, Tasmaad Iti refers to the mention of the fifth case Panjami. And then what it stands for is Uttar that is after and this after according to the tradition is not just anything after but it is immediately after. So, what this Sutra in a nutshell stands for is whenever is mentioned using the fifth case in the meta language it means immediately after that word, immediately after that word. Let us then look at the meaning of the sixth case and we are going to take examples to illustrate all these points little later in this lecture. Let us first of all look at the meaning of the sixth case now in the meta language of Panjami. The meaning of the sixth case in the meta language of Panjami is in place of, in place of or instead of and the word used for this is sthane. This is also used in the text of Ashtadhyayi sthane and what is sthane? Sthane is the locative place of sthane. What is sthane? Sthane is translated as prasang and occasion for a meaning to be thought out for an expression. Okay, that is what is sthane and this will become clear when we study the process of speech production according to Panjami grammar. Now this particular sthane which is a meaning an occasion for a meaning to be thought out for an expression gets later on converted into directly audible speech and we shall study this later on when we study the process of speech production as described in the Panjami grammar. The meta rule which describes this particular feature, this particular meaning is this sthane yoga, ashtadhyayi 1.1.49. Shasti here stands for the sixth case. Sthane means in place and yoga referred to the meaning associated. So what this sutra means is that the sixth case is associated with in place. What is what it stands for or means is that a word mentioned using the sixth case means in place of that word and I repeat a word mentioned using sixth case attached to it means in place of that word. Similarly, let us look at the meaning of the seventh case in the meta language of Panini. The seventh case in the meta language of Panini means immediately before avyavahita purva, immediately before a word and the sutra, the meta rule which prescribes this is ashtadhyayi 1.166. Tasminniti nirdhiste purvasya. Once again, tasminniti refers to the seventh case in the same fashion as tasmaditi. nirdhiste means when mentioned. Purvasya means of before. Now the tradition explains that this of before is not just anything of before but it is immediately before. So what this sutra literally means is when a word is mentioned using the seventh case in the meta language it means immediately before that word. This occurrence means immediately before that word. Tasminniti nirdhiste purvasya. Now let us look at the examples. Before proceeding to study the examples which explain the meanings of that these three cases it is important also to remember this difference. In the object language the fifth case is translated using the word from. Now in the meta language the fifth case is translated as immediately after. In the object language the sixth case is translated using the word of. In the meta language the sixth case is translated as in place of or instead of. In the object language the seventh case is translated with the help of the word in or on and in the meta language it is translated as immediately before. This is the difference. Now let us look at the examples which illustrate these meanings of these cases in the meta language. First let us take the examples of the fifth case in the meta language and this is the first example and we have already seen this when we explain the first difference between the object language and the meta language. Here is a sutra agnir dhak ashtadhyay 4.2.33 word agnir is the fifth case of the word agni. It is 5 slash 1 of agni therefore it means immediately after the word agni. So agnir stands for immediately after the word form agni. So what this sutra in all stands for is that add suffix dhak immediately after the word form agni in the sense that is the dt in the sense of that is the dt add the suffix dhak to the word form agni. So agnir is the derived form over here. Agnir is something which is offered to dt agni something that is offered to agni as a dt is called agnir and here is the derivation process. We have seen this before agni is the word to which is added the suffix dhak in accordance with 4.2.33 then this dhak gets substituted by air by 7.1.2 then this agni becomes agni by 7.2.1.1.8 and then this agni becomes agn by 6.4.1.48 and finally you get the form agnir. Now here the fifth case stands for immediately after a word word form this is an explanation a grammatical operation is stated with reference to an element already stated or already known and this element will appear on the left hand side as is the case here agni is the element with which this derivation starts. So this becomes the left hand side environment. The newly stated element will appear on the right hand side and dhak is newly stated it was absent here now it is stated this is stated on the right hand side. So eventually what it means is that the word mentioned using the fifth case works as a left hand side environment or the condition for the rule to apply. So 4.2.33 takes agni as the left hand side element and adds the suffix dhak to the word form agni and therefore immediately after explains this better that is the meaning of the fifth case in the meta language. Let us take the second example of the fifth case and its meaning here is a sutra another sutra atta iya atta iya the word atta stands in the fifth case 5 slash 1 and there is one more word which is continued from the previous sutra pratipadikat that is also 5 slash 1 and both these words in the fifth case they mean something same they refer to something same. So now the 5 slash 1 which is the 5 slash 1 of atta meaning short a and pratipadikat is the 5 slash 1 of pratipadika now both of them put together will give us the meaning a nominal root ending in short a this is also brought about by another meta rule which we will study later. All this put together now the meaning of this sutra is that immediately after a pratipadika which ends in short a add iya in the sense of its descendant we shall study closely how to make the meaning of a sutra using various devices words continued from the previous sutras etc that we shall do later on. Right now let us focus on the meaning of the fifth case in the sutras and in this particular sutra attaha which is in 5 one pratipadikat which is also in 5 one they give us this meaning immediately after a pratipadika which ends in short a add iya and here is an example. So the meaning available to us is dasarathasya apatiam this is an input apatya means a descendant so the descendant of dasaratha this is the meaning that we want to convey and now we have the pratipadika dasaratha which ends in short a and in the sense of apatya or its descendant the rule 4195 gets applied and we will add the suffix iya to the pratipadika which ends in short a namely dasaratha so we have dasaratha plus iya after which 133 and 138 get applied and so we get dasaratha plus i then we get dasaratha plus i by 72115 then we get dasaratha plus i by 64148 and so we get the form dasaratha the explanation of this is the following a grammatical operation is stated with reference to an element which is already known or stated in this case it is the word dasaratha which is already known or stated which will stand to explain and express this particular meaning now this element dasaratha will appear on the left hand side and the newly stated element which is iya that will appear on the right hand side now the word mentioned using the fifth case in this case it is atah and pratipadika in this case dasaratha so this will work as the left hand side element or environment for the rule 4195 to apply and we will get the final resultant form dasaratha the descendant of dasaratha let us take the third example which explains the meaning of the fifth case in the meta language of panini and the meaning of the fifth case is immediately after here is another example the sutra is achoyat acho is 5 1 of ach a vowel yat is also there and we also have dhatoho continuing from the previous sutra dhatoho is also in 5 1 it is the 5 1 of dhatu now the sutra achoyat which is 3 197 means immediately after a verbal root so immediately after a verbal root which ends in a vowel ending in a vowel acho dhatoho immediately after a verbal root ending in a vowel add suffix yat in the sense of bhava and karma so here is the verbal root chi meaning to collect this ends in a vowel e so immediately after this dhato which ends in a vowel chi we add the suffix yat then by applying 1 3 3 and 8 we get chi plus here as the next stage in the derivation then we get chi becomes che and plus here as the next step of derivation when we apply 7 3 84 so we get the form che meaning something to be collected the exploration of this is as follows a grammatical operation is stated with reference to an element already stated so the adding the suffix yat is the grammatical operation over here in the earlier case adding the suffix here was the grammatical operation so this operation of adding the suffix yat is stated with reference to an element which is already known or stated in this case it is the verbal root chi meaning to collect this element will appear on the left hand side as is shown now the newly stated element which is yat which will appear on the right hand side as you see here so in a nutshell the word mentioned using fifth case works as a left hand side environment or condition for the rule to apply which is quite visible over here so the word that appears in in the fifth case appears as the left hand side environment for the element to be added that is yat over here and this goes undergoes the further processing and we get the output namely chi here something to be collected these are the examples in which the fifth case is used in the metal language of panini to mean immediately after and this is how the sutras meanings are made now let us go and study the meaning of the sixth case with the help of the examples and here is the first example astair guhu this is 2452 in which a stehe appears in 61 of asti asti refers to a verbal root asa to mean asa means to exist now what a stehe stands for is in place of asa the root asa so what the sutra means here is that place guh in place of asa substitute guh in place of asa that is the meaning of the sutra in a particular environment called ar dhadhatuka so here is the example asa and then we add the suffix t which is an ar dhadhatuka by 32102 over here and then we replace this asa by bhu we substitute bhu in place of asa in the environment of t which is an ar dhadhatuka and we shall see what is an ar dhadhatuka when we study the technical terms in the asadhyayi so bhu substitute asa and so we get the final result and form bhu t one which existed that is the meaning one which existed the explanation is as follows so bhu who is one slash one in the combination with six slash one as stated before this one slash one denotes a substitute and asa is the substitute and t is the environment in the environment of t asa is substituted by bhu in other words bhu replaces asa as shown earlier now let us look at the second example in which the meaning of the sixth case is explained further the example is ikoyanachi 6177 in this sutra ikaha is in sixth case six slash one what it means is in place of ik acchi is in the seventh case seven slash one of acch acch means a vowel and how acch means a vowel we are going to study this in a while so now what acchi means is immediately before a vowel and what ikaha means is in place of ik so what this sutra means is immediately before a vowel and ik is substituted by a yen that means if you have a condition a situation where ik plus acch occurs then the output of this by applying 6177 would be yen plus acch yen substituted substitutes ik yen replaces ik in the environment of acch the explanation of the first case in combination with the sixth case over here is the following yen is one slash one in combination with six slash one as stated before it denotes a substitute ik is the substituent acch is the environment so in the environment of acch ik is substituted by yen in other words yen replaces ik this is how in place of is the meaning of sixth case in this sutra ikoyanachi let us look at one more example of the sixth case and its meaning as in place of the example is jhalam jash jhashi jhalam jash jhashi where jhalam appears in sixth case sixth slash three jash appears in first case one slash one jhashi appears in seventh case seven slash one this is eight four fifty three jhalam is the sixth case of jhal jhashi is the seventh case of jhash and what these two terms mean we will be studying in a while but let us concentrate on the meanings of the cases suppose some meaning of jhal is known to us even if we do not know the meaning of jhal with the help of the meaning of the cases we can still make the general meaning of the sutra available to us what that general meaning of the sutra would be is this immediately before jash substitute jhal by jash to put it in the form of an equation we can say that when jhal plus jhash this situation arises in this situation the output after having applied eight four fifty three would be jhash plus jhash here jhash is replacing jhal the explanation is this jhash appears in one slash one in combination with six slash one as stated before it denotes a substitute jhal is that substitute you end so jhash is the environment and in the environment of jhash jhal is substituted by jhash in other words jhash replaces jhal this is the explanation of the first case and its meaning in combination with the sixth case so these are the examples which show the use of the sixth case in the metal language and its meaning namely in place of we can explain this further by saying that the methodology used in paninian grammar is that of substitution what it means is given a meaning condition and additional verbal conditions x verbal element is substituted by y verbal element x acts as the substituent and y is the substitute in all these cases sixth case may also mean instead of when we refer to the internal processing of all these elements when we say internal what we mean is at the intellectual level this we shall discuss ahead when we study the process of speech production so what we say is that in the environment of tar instead of us who is placed in the environment of ach in case of ikoyanachi ik is substituted in place of yan that means instead of ik yan is placed and in the case of the third example jalaam jhashi we can say that in the environment of jhash jhal is substituted meaning thereby that in the environment of jhash instead of jhal jhash is placed so this is the explanation of the use of the sixth case and its meaning in the metal language of panini now we shall study the meaning of the seventh case in the metal language of panini in the next lecture to summarize what we have said so far we stated the meanings of fifth case and the sixth case in the object language previously and in this lecture we studied the meanings of these two cases in the metal language the meaning of the fifth case in the metal language is immediately after and the meaning of the sixth case in the metal language is in place of or instead of and we studied this with the help of three examples each now we shall study the meaning of the seventh case in the next lecture and continue the topic further and also the third difference in the object language and the metal language namely the technique of pratyahar so now before we end this lecture let us look at the mangala charana as is our practice and also the five sutras this mangala charana is taken from the text called padamajari a commentary on the nyasa as well as the kashika vritti mentioned earlier i'll read the mangala charana i'll repeat and the next five sutras these are from second chapter first pad and the first five sutras they are as follows samarthak padavidhi subhamantrite parangavatsvare prakkadarath samasah i'll repeat samarthak padavidhi subhamantrite parangavatsvare prakkadarath samasah sahasupa and avyayibhavaha thank you