 Dear students, in the last class, we have seen crop weather interaction for sunflower and mustard. In this class, we will like to see genesis of weather forecast in India and abroad. Historically, the science meteorology in India was written in several ancient texts, namely Ubaneshad which was written around 3000 BC which provides the information such as formation of a cloud, rain as well as the seasonal changes as caused by the movement of earth around the sun. Second one is the Bravasamgita written around 500 AD by Varagamigarh that provides the knowledge on the atmospheric process. And the third one is the Kaudilya's Arthasastra that contains the records of scientific measurement of a rainfall which can be used for the country revenue as well as relief operation. And the fourth one is the Kaldidasa who has written the Magadod which contains the information related to prediction of onset of monsoon in central India and also it predicts the traces the path of the monsoon clouds. Let you go to the scientific meteorology development. The scientific meteorology began in Europe between 15th and 16th century with the invention of a barometer, hygrometer, thermometer as well as the wind measuring instruments. Similarly, in India the meteorological observatory was established by the British East India Company in Kolkata during 1785 and in Madras now it is called Chennai during 1796 to study the weather and climate which is one of the oldest observatory in the world. Followed by the also established the Asiatic Society of Bengal was initially founded at Kolkata in the year 1784 by Sir John Williams and also the another places the Asiatic Society was also established at Bombay in the year 1804 to promote the scientific studies related to meteorology. Let you see the establishment of the Indian meteorological department, a severe cyclone stuck Kolkata in the year 1864 and this was followed by the failure of monsoon rains in the year 1866 and 1871. In the year 1875 the Indian meteorological department was established to bring all the meteorological work in the country under a central authority. After the establishment Mr. H. F. Blanford was appointed as a meteorological reporter to the government of India followed by Sir John Iliad was also appointed as a barator general of the observatories in May 1889 at Kolkata health quarters. Later this equator was shifted to Singla then to Pune, now it is called Pune and finally placed at New Delhi. Let us see the improvement in the weather forecasting system, Mr. H. F. Blanford who initiated the system called long range forecasting to predict the monsoon seasonal rainfall. After the long range forecasting system was continuously improved by the eminent scientists called Sir John Iliad as well as Sir Gilbert Walker, both of them are the barator general of the observatories. Sir Gilbert Walker an eminent mathematician who appointed as a barator general of the IMD, he identified the phenomena of linking monsoon with world global meteorological situations and discovered the phenomenon of a southern oscillation which was later called as the L. Nino. Let we see the development of the weather services, the first weather service namely farmers weather bulletin was issued by the India Meteorological Department in association with All India Radio on daily basis and broadcasted in 26 regional languages. The main limitation of the forecast issued for a large scale and does not meet the requirement of crop cultural operations at a local level. There was no advisory also given to the crop planning as well as the agricultural operations. To overcome this problem IMD has introduced agricultural meteorological advisory service to prepare a special weather charts on weekly and monthly and seasonal basis. Likewise they developed a bulletin called agro-meteorological advisory bulletin was issued for a week or twice a week. That is another bulletin is called tentative crop outlook which provides the information such as what is the crop stage in the country that will be issued to the crop planners or agriculture planners as well as for the policy planners to know the status of the agriculture situation in India. Likewise the crop yield forecast was also issued by the drought research unit of IMD based on the statistical empirical formulae for rice and wheat growing area. Let us see the current activity of IMD related to our subject. First one is the National Centre for Medium Range of Forecasting was established by the India Meteorological Department at New Delhi to provide the medium range weather forecast for 5 days period. Initially it was developed with agro-climatic zone resolution level later it was forecasted to district resolution level on 5 days basis. The second one is the numerical weather prediction is being used to generate the medium range weather forecast using a global forecast system at 35 kilometer resolution level. The third one is the now costing is being used by the IMD to provide the very short duration forecasting within a period of 6 hours using a doubler weather radar observations. It is first time it is implemented in New Delhi during common wealth games in the year 2010. The fourth one is the radar meteorology which also used the same doubler weather radar to provide the weather forecasting system for a meteorological, hydrological as well as the aviation. It is useful for the forecasters to locate the storm center and predicting its future path. The fifth one is the monsoon monitoring and forecasting issued by the IMD to provide the forecasting information on the onset of monsoon in pre and early monsoon periods. This is about the genesis of weather forecast in India and abroad. In the next class we will see the types of weather forecast information. Thank you.