 In this topic, we shall discuss the spatial learning and cognitive maps used by animals. Spatial learning is the capacity to establish a memory that reflects environment's spatial structure. This is a learning in which an animal remembers the dimensions and positions of its environment. The spatial learning enhances an organism's fitness and survival in the environment. Every natural environment of the animal has some spatial variation. For example, the available locations of nest sites, various types of environmental hazards which an animal can face, available foods dispersion and prospective mares presence. These are various factors which an animal keeps in mind which are distributed in space, in an animal's environment. Let us take an example of spatial learning. The behavior of female digger wasp explains the spatial learning behavior in an excellent way. This wasp nests in small burrows which are dug into sand mounds. This wasp lives in sand and makes small burrows in sand mounds. When it comes out of its own burrows, it puts sand on its opening or surah and closes it. When it comes back, there are many other holes or burrows in that area. But despite this, it directly goes to its own nest that was actually hidden. It means that this wasp memorized the location of its nest and in this memorization it actually had learned about the position of various types of landmarks which acted as position indicator to find its own nest. The evidence of this is that it had made cognitive maps and the location of landmarks was hidden. The evidence of this is that if we experimentally change the position of these landmarks, that when the wasp leaves its nest and changes the location of its nest, then it is confused. It cannot find its nest. Dear students, the cognitive maps are a representation in the nervous system of the animal about the spatial relationships between objects which are present in animals' surrounding. These are the maps in which the animal relates its position with the landmarks and also relates the position of different landmarks. These cognitive maps are based on abstract geometrical rules. The geometrical rule followed is to identify the half ways between landmarks. This pattern reduces the amount of detail required to remember an object's position or location. Cognitive maps are actually an advancement over relying solely on landmarks' positions. They make navigation more flexible and efficient. These students, cognitive maps give us an example of Clark's nutcracker birds. These birds store 5 seeds in the fall season at thousands of locations which are distributed especially in an area of about 35 km2. In such a large area, thousands of places make hiding places which are known as kashes. These birds also remember these kashes after making their own kashes. They relocate their kashes very perfectly because they have cognitive maps.