 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar A.S. Academy for the date 17th of January 2020. Today we shall be seeing some important news articles on brew refugees then on National Investigation Agency, then an editorial on mob lynching and such other news articles which are displayed here along with the page numbers of Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi, Trivandrum and Hyderabad editions. The handwritten notes in PDF format and the timestamping of all the news articles taken up for today's analysis is available in the description section and also in the comment section for the benefit of the smartphone news. Let us now start our analysis. This news article is about a quadripartite pact which was signed between the Government of India and the State Governments of Tripura, Mizoram and the Brew Riyang representatives. This pact was signed with an intention to end the 23-year-old Brew Riyang refugee crisis. So under this new pact, thousands of brew refugees will be settled in Tripura. So in the context of this news article, let us see in brief about the brew refugees and how they got displaced to Tripura from Mizoram and the efforts of the central government to rehabilitate the displaced tribes. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. First, let us see in brief about these brew tribes. They are also called as Riyang tribes. They are one of the schedule tribes in the state of Tripura. Their traditional name is Brew. So they are interchangeably called as Brew tribes or Riyang tribes. And if you see, they are the second largest tribe in the state of Tripura and they are also listed as a particularly vulnerable tribal group in the state of Tripura. They are spelled as R-I-A-N-G Riyang in this PBTG list which is given by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Government of India. These brew refugees who are now in Tripura were earlier living in the state of Mizoram and also in the Chittagong Hill Tracks in the country of Bangladesh. Now how these tribes got displaced? See in the year 1997, when these tribes were living in the state of Mizoram, the Brew National Union which represented these brew tribes passed a resolution. In the resolution, it demanded an autonomous district council under the sixth schedule of the Constitution of India in the western areas of Mizoram. But if you see in this western area of the Mizoram state, the brew tribes were present in sizable numbers but the Mizos formed the majority. So the demand by the brew tribes for an autonomous district council was opposed by the Mizoram Government and also by the Young Mizos Association. So this created a communal tension between the Mizo and Brew communities. As a result of the communal tensions around 5,000 families which comprised around 30,000 Riyan Tribals fled from the state of Mizoram to the neighboring state of Tripura in 1997 and the displaced tribals were housed in temporary camps at Kanshanpur which is located in North Tripura and they were living in tents all these years in subhuman conditions. Nothing much happened for the next 10 to 15 years. Then if you see since 2010, the Government of India has been making sustained efforts to permanently rehabilitate these brew refugees but no solution could be reached all these years. Meanwhile, the Union Government was assisting the two state governments, the state governments of Tripura and Mizoram, for taking care of the refugees. Till 2014, around 1,600 brew young families returned to Mizoram in different batches and if you see on 3rd July 2018 an agreement was signed between the Union Government, the two state governments and representatives of the brew refugees to repatriate the brew tribes back to Mizoram. So as a part of this agreement around 328 families which comprised around 1,369 tribals returned to Mizoram and also the aid that was given to these refugee families was increased substantially as a part of this agreement. But still a large number of brew tribes are still in Tripura and they did not wish to go back to Mizoram because they worried about their security if they again went back to Mizoram. So there was a sustained demand of most of the brew families that they may be allowed to settle down in Tripura itself. So in the previous year that is in 2019, again fresh negotiations started for the permanent settlement of brew refugees in Tripura itself and for this purpose a new quadripartite pact was signed yesterday. Here quadripartite pact means a pact or an agreement signed between four parties, quad means four. So the four parties are the Union Government, the two state governments Tripura, Mizoram and the representatives from brew tribes. Now under this agreement the following arrangements are made. One is that this pact facilitates the permanent settlement of around 34,000 brew refugees in Tripura itself. Next the central government will give aid to the state governments to help with the rehabilitation of brew refugees and also for the overall development of these brew refugees. Next under this agreement it has been agreed that the brew tribals would now be included in Tripura's order list and they would also get all the rights that a normal resident of the state would get. Then the brew tribals would also now be able to enjoy the benefits of the social welfare schemes of the central government as well as the state government. And under this pact it has also been agreed that the brew tribals will get a plot of land in Tripura along with a fixed deposit of rupees 4 lakh for two years. So this quadripartite pact seeks to put an end to the 23-year-old brew or ryang refugee crisis and this agreement has been welcomed by the Mizoram brew displaced peoples forum. But if you see the indigenous non-tribal communities who live in Tripura are not happy with this agreement. They have organized protests blaming the brew tribes that they are responsible in many ways for damaging the ethnic solidarity of tribals and non-tribals at Kanshanpur in Tripura. So this is all about the discussion of this news article. In this news article we have seen in brief about the brew tribes also called as ryang tribes then about how they got displaced from Mizoram to Tripura and the quadripartite pact that has been discussed in this news article. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This news article is about the national investigation agency taking over the case of Jamun Kashmir police officer who was arrested with the militants recently. So in the context of this news article let us discuss about this national investigation agency and its functions. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. We know that over the past several years India has been a victim of large-scale terrorism which has been sponsored from across the borders and there have been innumerable incidents of terrorist attacks not only in the militancy and in the insurgency affected areas but also in the areas affected by left-wing extremism and in the form of terrorist attacks, bomb blast etc in various parts of India including the major cities and the hinterlands. Now if you see all these incidents they have some complex interstate and international linkages and there are also possible connections with other activities like smuggling of arms and drugs then pushing in and circulation of fake Indian currency then infiltration from across the borders etc. So keeping all these in view it was felt that there was a need for setting up an agency at the central level for investigation of offenses related to terrorism and certain other acts which has national level implications. If you see several experts and committees including the administrative reforms commission came up with many recommendations for establishing such a central agency. So as a result in the year 2008 the national investigation agency act was passed and national investigation agency was formed as a statutory body. Now let us see the silent features of this national investigation agency act of 2008. See this act extends to the entire India and it also applies to citizens of India who are outside India then it applies to persons who are in the service of the government wherever they may be and it also applies to persons on ships and aircrafts which are registered in India and wherever they are across the world. Now if you see this national investigation agency can investigate and prosecute for offenses under the acts which are specified in the schedule of this national investigation agency act of 2008 there are around some seven acts mentioned here and also the national investigation agency can investigate and prosecute for offenses under the Indian penal code under the sections that are mentioned here. So all these offenses are called as the scheduled offenses since they are mentioned in the schedule under this act. Now let us see the objectives of national investigation agency. This national investigation agency aims to set the standards of excellence in counter-terrorism and other national security related investigations at the national level by developing into a highly trained and a partnership oriented workforce. Next if you see this national investigation agency aims at creating deterrence that is to discourage the activities of the existing and the potential terrorist groups or individuals. Then if you see this national investigation agency will contain all the information related to terrorism so it will act as a storehouse of all terrorist related information. Here you need to note that the superintendents of this national investigation agency is vested in the central government. So a director general will be appointed on the behalf of the central government he will take care of the administration of this national investigation agency. So he has powers equivalent to a director general of police of the police force in any state government. So know that this director general will be appointed by the central government. Next let us see on what grounds will the national investigation agency investigate a particular case. First if a state government feels that there is a reasonable ground that a scheduled offense under this NA act has been committed then it can request the central government to take over the investigation of such a case and if the central government feels the same then it will direct the national investigation agency to investigate that particular case. Next if you see the central government also has the authority to issue directions to the national investigation agency to take over the investigation of a case Suomoto that is by itself. So during such investigation the state government shall extend all the assistance and cooperation to the national investigation agency for the investigation of the scheduled offenses. So both these are the grounds for the national investigation agency to investigate on the cases. Next if you see under section 11 of this national investigation agency act the central government is authorized to constitute special courts for trial of the scheduled offenses. The central government has the authority to decide on the jurisdiction of the special court and the center's decision is final. The special court shall be presided over by a judge to be appointed by the central government on the recommendation of the chief justice of the high court. Next if you see there is section 22 of this act which authorizes the state governments to constitute special courts for trial of the schedule offenses. So both central government and the state government can constitute special courts for trial of the schedule offenses. Here you need to note that an appeal on any judgment, sentence or order of a special court shall be made at the high court and every such appeal shall be heard by a bench which consists of two judges in the high court and that particular appeal case has to be disposed of within a period of three months from the date of admission of the appeal. So this is regarding the appeal on any judgment order or sentence of the special court and about the special court. So these are some of the important functions of the national investigation agency. Now if you see in the year 2019 an amendment was made to the 2008 national investigation agency act. Now this amendment act aims at enhancing the jurisdiction of the national investigation agency. Now as per this amendment the national investigation agency will investigate the schedule offenses which are committed outside India that targets Indians as well as the Indian assets abroad. So this amendment will enable the national investigation agency to additionally investigate offenses related to human trafficking, then counterfeit currency, then manufacture or sale of prohibited arms, then cyber terrorism and the offenses under the Explosive Substances Act of 1908. So this is about the recent amendment made to this national investigation agency act. Now with this let us discuss the news article. We know that recently a Jamun Kashmir police officer named Devinder Singh was arrested with two wanted Isbul Mujahidin militants. According to the news article the union home ministry has given the go ahead to the national investigation agency to take over this case. So this is all about this news article with the help of this news article. Today we saw about national investigation agency and its functions in detail. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This editorial is about mob lynching. It speaks about the increasing incidence of mob lynching in India and then it also speaks about the Supreme Court's guidelines for central and state governments in order to frame laws to deal with the crime of mob lynching. So in this context the author has quoted certain provisions of certain state governments which have passed bill on mob lynching and then the author suggests the central government that it should replicate some of the provisions from these bills which have been passed by certain state government when framing a central law for mob lynching. So in this context we will be discussing what is meant by mob lynching, then the Supreme Court's view on mob lynching and guidelines and then we will see about the bills which have been passed by the state governments which are mentioned in this editorial and finally the author's suggestions. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this editorial is given here for your reference. First let us know what is meant by mob lynching. See mob lynching can be defined as an extrajudicial killing of a person by a mob that is by a group of people. Why it is called extrajudicial because it does not involve any fair trial. Just by taking emotions into their hands a particular group of people will get instigated and they might kill a person and if you see this trend of mob lynching as increased over the past few years and because of this there is an increased sense of insecurity among the marginalized communities based on caste lines and religious lines and if you see even at the central level there is no directive to curb the challenges caused due to mob lynching. So now the governments and the society must come up with new ways to combat such hate crimes. Hate crimes are nothing but the crimes that are carried out because of prejudice or hate towards a person or a group on the basis of their religion, race, caste etc. For example in the name of cow protection there is prevention of sale of beef or transport of cattle in certain pockets of country and sometimes you can see news related to mob lynching in the name of cow protection. So the mob takes the process of enforcing law into their own hands without any legal authority and they lead to extrajudicial killings. In the year 2018 the Supreme Court described lynching as a horrendous act of mobocracy meaning horrific acts by the masses that is by the people without any legal authority. So the supreme court requested the central government and the state governments to frame laws to criminalize mob lynching so that it will instill a sense of fear among those people who involve in mob lynching and if you see the supreme court also laid down certain guidelines to be incorporated in these laws like fast-track trials then adequate compensation to victims then disciplinary action against lax law enforcers that is against those law enforcers who do not enforce the law properly. Next if you see the author of this bill as quoted builds on mob lynching passed by certain state governments as examples. He has mentioned that so far three states have given legislative backing to the guidelines issued by the supreme court which we saw now. Manipur was the first state to come up with a bill followed by the states of Rajasthan and West Bengal. First let us see the bill which has been passed by the Manipur government. See the Manipur government initially promulgated an ordinance in November 2018 and few days later the state legislature of Manipur passed the Manipur protection from mob violence act. Now before seeing this act also note that one of the suggestions given by the supreme court is to create a nodal officer to control such crimes of mob lynching in every state and also to come up with special courts and enhanced punishments. So the supreme court guidelines is a basis for the bills that have been introduced by these three states. Now let us see the Manipur bill. This bill empowers the state government to impose a collective fine on the inhabitants of an area if the government is satisfied that they are involved in lynching or a connected offense. So imposing collective fine is one feature of this bill. The next feature is that there would be nodal officers in each district to control such mob lynching crimes. Then next feature is that police officers who fail to prevent the lynching are liable to be imprisoned for 1 to 3 years with a fine limit of 50,000. Now their numbers are not important but know that there are penal actions against those police officers who fail to prevent the lynching. Then if you see this bill which has been passed by Manipur has also specified that there is no concurrence of state government that is required in order to prosecute the police officers for dereliction of duty. That is if they do not perform the duty as tasked upon them. So for such prosecution the concurrence of the state government is not required. Then if you see this bill also provides for adequate monetary compensation to the victims or to their immediate kins and there is also provision on this bill to protect the victims of mob violence and witnesses. Also the state government may initiate schemes for rehabilitation and setting up relief camps wherever a community is displaced because of mob violence. So these are some of the important provisions in this bill that has been passed by the Manipur state. Next if you see a similar such bill was passed by Rajasthan which is called the Rajasthan protection from lynching bill 2019. In this editorial the author mentions that after the year 2014 86 percentage of the total cases of mob lynching in India were reported from the state of Rajasthan. So in order to curb such incidents the state government of Rajasthan passed the Rajasthan protection from lynching bill 2019 but if you see this bill implemented only few guidelines which were issued by the Supreme Court and this bill did not contain any provisions for penal action to be initiated against police officers who may be accused of dereliction of duty whereas if you remember the Manipur bill had a penal provision. Next if you see the author has mentioned the bill which has been passed by the state government of West Bengal which is the West Bengal prevention of lynching bill 2019. Here the state government has come up with a most stringent law against mob lynching. For example there is a punishment for lynching the punishment is death penalty or life imprisonment and a fine of up to five lakhs but this bill is still under the process of becoming an act. So we can see that bills have been passed by certain state governments to act upon mob lynching. Now in the final part of the editorial the author has given some suggestions to the central government for framing a stringent law against mob lynching by replicating certain stringent provisions from the state bills that we have discussed so far. Here the author has touched upon four important points. One is to incorporate a provision in the to be introduced bill for penal action against doctors especially against those doctors who derelict the duty like when they delay in attending the victims of mob violence or when the doctors who submit false reports without proper medical examination of the victims. The author suggests that such doctors must get punished under the law that is to be introduced by the central government. Next the author has discussed about imposing collective fines on the villages where the lynching has taken place. He tells that under the compensation scheme for victims the amount that has to be paid to the victims family should be recovered from those perpetrators of the crime that is those who have done the crime or collective fines should be imposed in the villages where the mob lynching has taken place. So this is one suggestion given by the author. Next if you see the author has suggested that the center could even provide for punitive actions against the political leaders who are found guilty of inciting the mob to involve in mob lynching. So punitive actions against political leaders is the next suggestion. Next if you see the author has also suggested for punitive actions against police officers who are accused of dereliction of duty. He tells that similar to the Manipur bill a provision can be included in the bill that is to be introduced by the central government in the parliament. So these are some of the important suggestions that have been given by the author to the central government in order to have a stringent approach against mob lynching. The author concludes this editorial by saying that until a zero tolerance attitude is adopted the mob lynching will continue to show a rising trend even in the future. This is all about the analysis of this editorial. In this editorial we have discussed about what is meant by mob lynching then we saw the supreme court's view on mob lynching and the guidelines issued by the supreme court then we saw about the bills that have been introduced by three state governments Manipur, Rajasthan and West Bengal to act against mob lynching and finally we saw the author's suggestions to the central government on what the central government could learn from the bills that have been passed by the state government when it is about to introduce a bill on preventing mob lynching. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This news article is about Shanghai Cooperation Organization or in short HCO. The syllabus that is relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. First let us see about Shanghai Cooperation Organization from prelims point of view. See this Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an intergovernmental multilateral platform. When we tell multilateral platform it means a platform where there are three or more countries which participate or we can tell three or more governments participate. Hence this is called as an intergovernmental multilateral platform. The formation of SCO was declared on 15th June 2001 in Shanghai which is located in China. Hence the name Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Initially this SCO was called as Shanghai Five and this Shanghai Five was established in the year 1996 and when this was formed it had only five members as the name indicates. The five members are the countries of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Turchkistan. So the main purpose of establishing Shanghai Five was to deal with the boundary issues between China, Russia and the newly independent five states of the Central Asian region. But if you see only three countries participated which are Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turchkistan. Later in the year 2001 this Shanghai Five included Uzbekistan. So that was the time when this Shanghai Cooperation Organization was formed. Currently if you see the Shanghai Cooperation Organization consists of eight full members. Now as you can see in this map the countries which are the full-time members of Shanghai Cooperation Organization are India, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, Russia, Turchkistan and Uzbekistan. Then this Shanghai Cooperation Organization also has four observer states which are the countries of Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia. Also SEO has seven countries as dialogue partners. They are the countries of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cambodia, Nepal, Turkey and Sri Lanka. Note that among the five republics of Central Asia only Turkmenistan has not joined the organization as a member country. So remember this and know that India and Pakistan became members of Shanghai Cooperation Organization on 9th of June 2017 with the support of all the member states of Shanghai Cooperation Organization. So India and Pakistan together became a member of SEO in 2017. Next let us see the SEO Charter in Brief. See this Charter came into effect in the year 2003. This document discusses about the aims, and certain terms and conditions for the functioning of the organization. Now this SEO Charter aims for strengthening the mutual trust and neighborliness among the member states. Then it also aims to promote the cooperation in areas of politics, trade, energy, transport, tourism, economy, education, research and technology, culture and environmental protection. Then this Charter also calls for making joint efforts in order to maintain an inch of peace, security and stability in the region and moving towards the establishment of a democratic, fair and rational new international political and economic order. Next know that the Heads of State Council is the SEO's highest decision making body. This Heads of State Council meets annually that is once in a year and it takes decisions and it adopts guidelines on all important matters of the SEO. There are two permanent bodies in this Shanghai Cooperation Organization. One is the SEO Secretariat and the next is the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, in short RATS. Know that the Secretariat of SEO is located at Beijing which is the capital of China and SEO RATS is based in Tashkent which is the capital of Uzbekistan. So SEO RATS is a permanent body of SEO. This SEO RATS intends to facilitate the coordination and interaction between the competent authorities of the member states of SEO to fight against terrorism, extremism and separatism. So we can tell that SEO is also working on security related issues. The main function of this SEO RATS is Coordination and Information Sharing and since India has become a full-time member in this SEO, India has been consistently participating in all the activities of SEO RATS. This is all about Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the SEO RATS that you need to know from Prelims Point of View. Now let us discuss this news article. This news article tells that India will invite the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the Shanghai Council Meet that is for the Heads of Government Council Meeting of this Shanghai Cooperation Organization. It is nothing but the Heads of State Council which we discussed just now. We saw that Heads of State Council is the highest decision making body. So the official from the Ministry of External Affairs has said that India will definitely invite all the eight members of this Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the four observer states and other international dialogue partners to attend this annual Heads of State Council Meeting. If you see last year this annual Heads of State Council Meeting was held at Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan and this year this meeting will be held in India. This news is important because the Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr Imran Khan has never visited India since he has assumed office in 2018. This is an evolving news article we need to wait and watch the developments. So from this news article try to know about Shanghai Cooperation Organization from Prelims Point of View. You can make use of the picture that is given in this news article to know about the members, the observer states and the dialogue partners. Then it has also mentioned about the permanent bodies of this Shanghai Cooperation Organization which we saw. Now have a look at the practice question. Let us move on to the next news article. This news article is about the direction given by the National Commission for Minorities to the Kerala Police. It is about filing a detailed report regarding the allegations of a program which is called as Lao Jihad where there are reports that young Christian men and women are targeted and they are converted to Islam and then they have left Kerala to join the Islamic State in Afghanistan and Syria. So the National Commission for Minorities has expressed its concerns that at least 21 persons among those people who are suspected to have left Kerala have been converted to Islam from Christianity under this Lao Jihad. Now just know in one or two lines about this news article what you need to know is about the National Commission for Minorities from exam point of view. We have discussed in detail about this National Commission for Minorities in our 25th November 2019 analysis. We request the viewers to have a look at the video to know in detail about the National Commission for Minorities. Where we have discussed about the notified minorities in India, then about the composition of the commission, its term of office, then about the functions of the commission and the important constitutional provisions which discuss indirectly about minorities. Here one point that you need to know is that the constitution of India does not define the word minority anywhere in the Indian constitution. It only refers to minorities and it speaks of those minorities based on religion or language and it speaks about the rights of such minorities in detail. So try to remember that minorities has not been defined in the Indian constitution. Now try to remember this fact because in 2019 a similar such question was asked wherein a statement was given that the word office of profit is clearly defined in the Indian constitution that particular statement was wrong. So try to remember such unique facts. Now let us move on to the practice questions discussion session. Look at this question, consider the following pairs, tribes and the states have been given. You need to choose the correct pairs. Look at the first pair Riyang tribes Tripura. This pair is correct. In fact if you see all the tribes which are given here are those tribes which come under the particularly vulnerable tribal group as classified by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. So Riyang is a PVTG tribe in the state of Tripura. So the first pair is correct. Now look at the second pair Jaravas Mizoram. This pair is wrong because Jaravas are a PVTG tribe in Andaman and Nicobar islands. The other PVTG tribes who live in Andaman and Nicobar islands are great Andamanis, Onjas, Sentinelis and Shampans. So the second pair goes wrong. Now look at the third pair Irular Puducheri. Now we need to know that only the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar islands have tribes which come under this particularly vulnerable tribal group. No other union territory has tribals under this PVTG group. So the third pair goes wrong. Irular tribes are listed as PVTG in Tamil Nadu. The other PVTG tribes in Tamil Nadu are Katunaikan, Kota, Kurumbas, Panyan and Thoda. If you remember in 2019 prelims exam there was a question on particularly vulnerable tribal group in which there was a statement Irulars and Kondaredi are particularly vulnerable tribal groups. So the third pair goes wrong. Now you need to choose the correct pairs. The correct answer here is option A1 only. Now look at this next question which is on National Investigation Agency. Two statements have been given and you need to choose the correct statements. Look at the first statement. It tells that National Investigation Agency is an executive body formed under the Ministry of Home Affairs with an objective to lead counter-terrorism and other national security related investigations. This statement is wrong because the National Investigation Agency is a statutory body. When we say statutory body, it has been formed as per a statute or a law. In this case it is the National Investigation Agency Act of 2008 and this agency comes under the Ministry of Home Affairs. So it is a statutory body not an executive body. So the first statement goes wrong. Now if you look at the second part of this first statement which speaks about the objective to lead counter-terrorism and other national security related investigations this part is correct. Look at the second statement. It tells that the superintendents of the agency vests in the central government. This statement is correct. As per Section 4 of this National Investigation Agency Act of 2008, the superintendents of this National Investigation Agency vests in the central government. So the second statement is correct. Now we need to choose the correct statements. The correct answer here is option B2 only since the first statement is wrong. Now look at the next question which is about the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, in short RATS. The question is this RATS is a permanent body of which of the following grouping? Here the correct answer is option B, Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Shanghai Cooperation Organization has two permanent bodies. One is the SEO secretariat which is based in Beijing and the next one is the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure, RATS which is based in Tashkent. The director of this SEO RATS is appointed by the council of heads of state for a term of three years and know that India is a member of SEO since 2017. So the correct answer to this question is option B, Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Now look at this main question. The question is Supreme Court described lynching as a horrendous act of mobocracy. The Supreme Court has laid down guidelines for prevention of mob violence and lynching against any cast or community in this regard. What are the initiatives taken based on these guidelines at the level of center and the states? Discuss with examples. So here the actual question is what are the initiatives taken based on the Supreme Court guidelines regarding mob lynching at the level of center and at the level of states? You need to discuss with certain examples. Since this is a Tenma question focus on some of the initiatives taken by different state governments like Manipur, Rajasthan, West Bengal which we discussed during our analysis and also about the initiative taken at the center level. As of now there is no law which has been enacted by the parliament. You can mention that. Now don't focus much on the Supreme Court guidelines but focus on the initiatives taken at the center level and at the state level. Please post your answers in the comments section and we shall review your answers and give suitable suggestions and feedback within the next seven to ten working days. With this we come to the end of the analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and also the practice questions discussion session. If you like the video press the like button comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for latest videos and updates. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.