 I will introduce Dr. Marisa Escobar, our next presenter. She is affiliated with, also with SEI's US Center. I really can't do two things at once. That's why I won't try. And also earned a PhD in hydrology at Cal Davis. Her work focuses on the linkages between physical and socio-ecological processes and systems. And with a geographic focus thus far on Latin America and California, and in these venues she's done a lot of work on the energy food, water, nexus and the role of hydropower in sustainable development. Dr. Escobar's presentation today is titled Scenario-Based Approach to Define E-Flows, Environmental Flows Under Hydropower Development in Alto Magdalena, Colombia. So Dr. Escobar, please. Thank you and first thanks everybody for being here and to the organizers of this session. It's very important for us to share what we do and to have an opportunity to hear input from other partners on this. I changed a little bit the title to be more catchy and to learn to communicate better what we do. Finding the flow, examining hydropower development in Colombia and this is work that we are doing with Jack Siever, which is the weed developer. He's located in Boston. David Perky and we are working in collaboration with the Nature Conservancy, the global group that does a lot of conservation efforts. We are working with the Colombia team, Héctor Angarita and Juliana Delgado and this is work that's being funded by USAID Colombia and this is just a portion of a larger project that we have with them in Colombia. And I'm sorry this is in Spanish but I think you get the idea. It's a stream flow in the y-axis, time on the x-axis and you see the flow, how it fluctuates throughout the year and the idea of this image is to show how the species have adapted throughout their evolution to these flows and their life stages are also adapted to those flows. For example, fish in low flows do their spawning processes and so on and so forth. So once there's some alteration of the flow, of course these species and ecosystems don't have the capacity to adapt to that so it's very hard for them to keep going with these conditions. This is the red, hydrograph is with hydropower after a dam has been put in place. So if flows is really water that needs to be delivered to meet these environmental requirements and it needs to consider the different flow components, the magnitude, the duration of those flows, the timing when those flows happen, the rate of change and the frequency in which they happen and put in better words a famous Californian fish biology says, hydrographs show the pulse of the river to which species have evolved over millennia. So the problem is how do we start defining these flows? IHAs is one way in which we can do that. IHAs mean indices of hydrologic alteration which are statistics about 60, 70 different statistics that characterize the complexity of those flows and they can help characterize hydrographs and they have been mostly promoted by TNC, the Nature Conservancy in a software package and the IHAs help identify flow components that have been altered with these type of alterations like hydro power dams. What is not really being addressed with IHAs is the contextualized problem within the context of the watershed and what we bring with our project is try to address some of the context through the use of WEAP and applying these in this upper Magdalena basin and put it by another famous Californian scientist. Maybe we can not really have the river as it was because of all the other uses, but at least we may be able to have a scale down version sort of like a mini me, he calls it. So WEAP really puts it all together and many of you know WEAP. And this is the interface and I'm trying to represent here all that context that's really not taken into account but these other methodologies that address e-flows. So, sorry. So we have the hydro power, here is one of the dams that is in the place where we have our case study. We have households and probably some of these words resonate a lot with some of you because some of us, some of you work more on energy, some of you work more on households, some on agriculture. And downstream the last thought is what do we do in terms of environmental flows and many times that's not being considered. And of course all the governance aspects, these are some partners that we are working with trying to identify how do we relate to each other and to the problem of water and how to interconnect. So basically the governance aspects of it and this is when I think most of our months governance. And as other famous California has said, WEAP has changed my life and that's David Perkey. And certainly he's very passionate about WEAP but I think not so extreme for the 13,000 users of WEAP but I'm sure this tool has been very useful to integrate all of these components. This is a case study in the Upper Magdalena Basin. This is Colombia in the upper left and the main basin where most of the population is located is called the Magdalena. And the case study is located in the lower part where I put the red circle and that's where most of the hydropower development is being pushed because there's a lot of water, there are big slopes, so great opportunity for energy development. Of course, this case study shows the contradictions of the nexus, this larger basin versus water scale analysis, the national energy planning versus the local water planning, the hydropower versus fish, the energy versus water in general. And that's what some of our researchers in SEI are also trying to address how to link and how to understand these contradictions using our tools, WEAP and LEAP. So in reality, what we are doing going back to the EFLOs is trying to do software marriage, trying to integrate WEAP. This is the case study already into WEAP and the big blue thing there is the dam. And of course, that is what has been altering the flows downstream. And Jack Siever has been working a lot on these trying to integrate the statistics into WEAP. And of course, as he's always done, he's very focused on the user of the tool to make it as clear as possible and as transparent as possible, integrating a lot of complexity, making it in a simpler way. And this is one of the results we have. And just, there's a lot going on here. It's just to give you a flavor of the type of results that we are getting from these type of analysis. Red means that the low values of a flow component has been, the frequency of those low values has been reduced. The green means the middle range of the flows, the frequency has changed. And yellow means that the high values of that flow component has been increased, the frequency. So just focusing on the first of the indicators that shows the magnitude of the January flows, you can see how here, very simply and very graphically, we can see the decrease in the frequency of the low and middle range and the increase of the higher range. So basically, we're putting more water in the river than it was before. So that's probably, of course, affecting the fish or the ecosystem in general downstream. And I just want to leave a few talking points. The use of WEAP and IHA integration for your flow assessments. We need to keep understanding better how to do this integration. We are trying to connect the dots. Urban agriculture has repowered environmental flows. This is improving governance in Colombia and we hope that it can happen elsewhere. And I'm just going to leave two questions that I hope we can talk about later in these two days. What to do with the broken or the contradictions in the nexus and what else could this analysis be appropriate?