 A very good evening aspirants welcome to the hindi news analysis by Shankara's academy for the date 12th april 2021 these are the list of news articles chosen for today's analysis and they have been given along with the page numbers of different editions of hindi newspaper now let us start our analysis with this first article which is an editorial and this editorial is based on data protection see this editorial can be split into two segments first segment is the discussion on the present inadequacies of India's data protection and the second one is the critical analysis of the personal data protection bill of 2019 so let us see these aspects in detail now the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see the pandemic has forced more people to participate in the digital world so people have now taken to digital ways of life to fulfill a variety of needs nowadays from simple activities like grocery shopping to even complex one like healthcare access all of these are done through online modes unfortunately in the same period the number of personal data breaches from major digital service providers have also increased worryingly see here a data breach is an incident where an information is stolen or taken from a system without the knowledge or authorization of the systems owner for example recently there was an alleged data breach at mobi quick and if this data breach incident is true then this could be India's biggest data breach with 9.9 crore users data at risk so with large stakes at hand we need a robust data protection framework to prevent the data breaches and also to protect the user's interests but unfortunately the existing data protection framework in India suffers from many flaws see the present data protection framework is mainly governed by the information technology act of 2000 and this act is the primary law in India that is dealing with cyber crime and electronic commerce and this act falls short of providing effective protection to users and also protection to their personal data for example this act allows entities to override the data protection after taking users consent it also allows processing personal data of the users under broad terms and conditions so these features provided by the act are problematic because many users might not understand the terms and conditions or they might not understand the implications of giving consent in addition to this the act only emphasizes on data security but it does not place enough emphasis on data privacy see data privacy is nothing but the right of a citizen to have control over how their personal information is collected and how that personal information is used so according to the it act the entities which collect users data must employ technical measures to protect the personal data but these entities have weaker obligations to respect users preferences in how the personal data can be processed as a result entities could use the data for purposes other than for those purposes for which the user has given consent along with this the data protection provisions under the it act do not apply to the government agencies this is one of the major drawbacks because this creates a large vacuum for data protection when the governments are collecting and processing large amounts of personal data in today's world and that is why often experts have the opinion that the current data protection in India has become antiquated and they are inadequate in addressing the risks that is emerging from the new developments of the world so all these drawbacks created a need for a more robust data protection framework and this need came to the spotlight in the year 2017 and this was due to the supreme court's landmark judgment in the case law justice case put us for me versus union of India in this case law supreme court established the right to privacy as a fundamental right and in this judgment supreme court also called for a data protection law that can effectively protect users privacy over their personal data so consequently the ministry of electronics and information technology formed a committee of experts under the chairmanship of justice be an Shri Krishna to frame a data protection law now this draft protection law given by the committee got revised and it became the personal data protection bill of 2019 see this bill could play a big role in providing strong protections to users and protection to their personal data because the proposed protections under the bill seeks to be different from the earlier ones in many prominent ways first and the most important one is that the bill seeks to apply the data protection framework to both the government and the private entities across all sectors so this is a major improvement if we compare it with the it act see as we saw earlier the data protection provisions under the it act do not apply to the government agencies so by bringing government agencies under its ambit the personal data protection bill of 2019 tries to create robust data protection framework for all sectors now second important feature of the bill is that it seeks to emphasize not only on the data security but also on data privacy that is the entities which collect users data will have to maintain security safeguards to protect the personal data and they will also have to fulfill a set of data protection obligations and they will have to fulfill transparency and accountability measures that govern how entities can process personal data and this is to uphold the user's privacy and interests thus the data privacy for the first time is emphasized by this bill now the third important feature is that the bill seeks to give users a set of rights over their personal data and it also gives them a means to exercise those rights for instance a user will be able to obtain information about the different kinds of personal data that an entity has about them and how the entity is processing that data now the next prominent feature is that the bill seeks to create an independent and powerful regulator known as the data protection authority now this authority will monitor and regulate data processing activities to ensure their compliance with the framework more importantly this authority will give users a channel to seek grievance addressal because this is important at an instance when the entities do not comply with their obligations under the framework so these are some of the advantages or the pros of this bill but apart from this the bill also suffers from some drawbacks see there are several provisions in the bill that can dilute the effectiveness of data protection for example this bill still allows the central government to exempt any government agency from complying with this bill therefore government agencies will then be able to process personal data without following any safeguard that is provided under the bill and this could create severe privacy risks for the users now this is important in this day and age where a lot of data is collected by the government agencies so by giving exemption to them there will be a severe dilution of the data protection framework and similarly some of the provisions of the bill are also not user friendly for example the bill threatens legal consequences for users who withdraw their consent for a data processing activity now in practice this could discourage users from withdrawing consent for processing activities from which they actually want to opt out and as we saw earlier the bill sets up the data protection authority for regulation but the independence and effectiveness of this authority is not guaranteed by the bill and without any independence or effectiveness such an authority will be a toothless body under the central government and it will affect the robustness of the data protection framework see with many people entering the digital world now the time is ripe for India to have a robust data protection regime and in this regard this personal data protection bill of 2019 is a right step but as we just saw this bill still has few shortcomings so by taking time and by overcoming these shortcomings we can have a comprehensive data protection framework that will help more people to access the digital world more safely and securely so these are some of the points that you can take note from this editorial article now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this picture which is depicting a one-horned rhino chasing visitors at the Pobitora wildlife sanctuary in Assam see we get very rare opportunities to discuss about wildlife sanctuaries and about certain species like rhinos so let us take this opportunity to discuss about these two first let us see about the rhino see there are three species of rhinos in Asia they are the greater one-horned rhino then the Javan rhino and the Sumatran rhinoceros and in this the greater one-horned rhinoceros is the largest it is also called as the Indian rhinoceros this great one-horned rhino is commonly found in Nepal Bhutan Pakistan and in the Assam region of India and note that it is confined to the tall grasslands and the forests in the foothills of Himalayas now let us see about its characteristics these Indian rhinoceros are brownish gray in color and they are hairless and their skin appears to be armor plated and as their name suggests they have a single horn on top of their snout and all that it is also an excellent swimmer now in addition to these it has got excellent senses of hearing and smell but they have relatively poor eyesight and these Indian rhinoceros as we already saw thrive in the grasslands and changes in these habitats is posing an inevitable threat to them the loss in the grassland quality and the changes in the water regimes are the main threat to the habitat of this species and note that Indian rhino was the only large mammal species in Asia that is to be moved from its status of endangered to vulnerable in the year 2008 by the icn red list and currently it stays in the category of vulnerable only additionally it is also protected under the schedule one part one of wildlife protection act and it is also listed in the appendix one of sites now coming to the popetora wildlife sanctuary this wildlife sanctuary is situated in the flood plains of river Brahmaputra it is situated in the marigold district of Assam state see this wildlife sanctuary contains the highest density of rhino in the world because at present the park has got 90 plus rhinos that are surviving merely on a 16 square kilometer area of the park and that is why it is the world's highest density of rhinoceros apart from this it is also the second highest concentration of rhino in Assam the first highest concentration is in the kaze ranga national park of Assam now this sanctuary also has other species such as leopard leopard cat fishing cat jungle cat etc and this area is also identified as an important bird area in the country by the bombay natural history society and so far around 375 species of migratory birds and resident birds have been recorded here now apart from the popetora wildlife sanctuary the kaze ranga national park then manas national park orang national park lakhova reserve forest of Assam all these and the royal chitwan national park in napal they all serve as homes to the indian rhinoceros so the indian and napalese governments have taken major steps towards the conservation of this species so these are some of the points that we should know about this beautiful animal now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about a recent judgment by the calcutta high court regarding the swatantrata sainik samman ujna so what is this scheme it is a pension scheme here swatantrata sainik means freedom fighter and samman here means honor or respect so this is a scheme which honors the freedom fighters see initially a regular scheme for granting pension to the freedom fighters was introduced in the 1972 and this was introduced in order to commemorate the 25th anniversary of our independence and till july of 1980 this freedom fighters pension was admissible only to those freedom fighters who were in need of financial assistance on account of their meager annual gross income so before 1980 based on their annual gross income only pensions were provided to the freedom fighters but since 1980 a liberalized scheme was introduced in the name of swatantrata sainik samman pension scheme that is from 1980 the benefit of the pension scheme has been extended to freedom fighters as a token of samman that is as a token of respect or honor and this is irrespective of their annual gross income and you should note that from the financial year 2017-18 onwards only its nomenclature has been changed to swatantrata sainik samman ujna and this scheme is implemented by the freedom fighters division of ministry of home affairs and it should be noted that all the persons who participated in the freedom movement in some way or the other are not eligible for this scheme that is there are certain categories of beneficiaries under this scheme so now let us see the categories of freedom fighters who are eligible under this scheme and this is subject to furnishing of certain specified evidences now here the first category would be the eligible dependence of martyrs see martyr is a person who died or who was killed in action or who was killed in detention or who was awarded capital punishment due to the participation in the freedom struggle of India next category is imprisonment and out of this category those who have suffered minimum imprisonment of six months on account of their participation in the freedom struggle is eligible under the scheme and this period is only three months in case of women and in case of freedom fighters who belong to schedule cast and schedule tribe communities then we have the internment externment category then we have loss of property category then we have the permanent incapacitation category we have the loss of government job category and we also have a canning flogging or ripping category see in this a person was awarded the punishment of 10 strokes of canning flogging or ripping due to their participation in freedom struggle is also eligible under the scheme so you can go through the other categories so as of 31st march of 2019 over 1.71 lakh freedom fighters and their eligible dependents have been sanctioned pension under the scheme but now the news is regarding one of the clauses under the guidelines of the scheme which is applicable to the eligible dependents of the martyrs see as per clause 5.2.5 of the guidelines of disbursement of central summan pension a widowed daughter or divorced daughter of the eligible freedom fighter is not eligible for the summan pensions and in this regard only now the calcutta high court has ruled that a freedom fighters widowed daughter or divorced daughter is entitled to the freedom fighters pension in the same manner like the unmarried daughter of the deceased freedom fighter because here the unmarried daughter is taken as air and in the similar manner the widowed daughter or divorced daughter is also an heir to the deceased freedom fighter so here the high court also noted that like how the daughter who is not yet has been married comes under the category of unmarried the daughter who is widowed or who is divorced will also be under the purview of unmarried category only and based on this high court has noted that any exclusion of the widowed daughter or divorced daughter from such pension entitlements would be in violation of article 14 of Indian constitution that is it would be violation of right to equality so this is the news today so that means from now on the widowed daughter or the divorced daughter of the eligible freedom fighter will be eligible for the summan pensions so these are some of the points that we should know about this scheme now let's move on to the next discussion this discussion is based on this news article which talks about a new scheme called as the shapahari scheme that aims to revive the exporters confidence in the India's frozen shrimp produce so in this context let us discuss about Indian shrimp production about the scheme and we'll also see about the marine products exports development authority so basically you know that shrimp is a small shellfish that is consumed worldwide and even though prawns and shrimps look identical they are different species now coming to India's shrimp production you should note that it comes under the brackish water aquaculture which is a part of the fisheries and aquaculture sector see in India this sector contributes around one person to India's GDP and it contributes to over five percentage to the agricultural GDP and the brackish water aquaculture under this sector is a vibrant farming sector that is dominated by the shrimp farming I know that frozen shrimp is India's largest exported seafood item and therefore shrimp farming is seen as the economic engine of Indian aquaculture because of its significant contribution to food production its contribution to employment generation and economic benefits and according to a report by the marine products exports development authority that is MPEDA farmed shrimp production has touched 7 lakh tons in there 2019 and out of these production 87 percentage is exported to USA, China, Japan, European Union and Southeast Asia and also as per the statistics in there 2019-20 India exported frozen shrimp worth almost five billion dollars to US and China itself because US and China are the India's biggest buyers when it comes to shrimp exports here you should also note that Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are the major shrimp producing states and around 95 percentage of the cultured shrimp produce is exported from these states only but however in the recent times the export volumes of shrimp were affected by a lot of factors like there was container shortages and also there were food safety concerns as you know in the pandemic seafood consignments were rejected citing food safety concerns so in order to revive this sector and to boost India's frozen shrimp produce the MPEDA has developed a certification scheme called as the Shapa Hari scheme here the word Shapa Hari comes from a Sanskrit word and it means superior quality of fishery products that is suitable for human consumption and this scheme is based on the technical guidelines on aquaculture certification which is issued by the Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations that is FAO now this scheme consists of two components one is to certify hatcheries based on the quality of their seeds this is because certification of hatcheries helps the farmers in identifying good quality seed producers and the next component is to approve the shrimp farms that is those firms that adopt all the required good practice and those firms that successfully clear multiple audits of their operations will be granted a certificate for a period of two years and the entire certification process is said to be done online in order to minimize the human errors and also to ensure higher credibility and transparency now the major benefit of such a certification is that the certified aquaculture products will help exporters to export their consignments under stringent food safety regulations without the fear of getting rejected that is commonly happening in this pandemic so this was about this Shapa Hari scheme now let us see about MPEDA that is the marine products exports development authority it is a statutory body that comes under the ministry of commerce and industry it has been set up under section 4 of MPEDA act of 1972 its primary task is to develop the marine products industry especially exports of the marine products now it has got three trade promotion offices one is situated at delhi and the two others are situated at new york and tokyo because these are the two important markets for Indian seafood i note that this statutory body consists of 30 members including a chairman and they are all appointed by the central government so these are some of the points that you should know about this new scheme of Shapa Hari and also about the MPEDA now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about a survey report that has been released by an organization called as projects today this organization has released its 82nd survey of projects investment in India and this survey throws light on the rebounding Indian economy post the lockdown period so in this context let us discuss about the recovery trend in terms of investment as mentioned in this report we'll also discuss some crucial data that is relevant from examination perspective because we are going to discuss many data and these are important from problems perspective also and also from the mains perspective because you can use these data in your mains answer writing the syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference see this report extensively discusses about the investment growth in the quarters see a quarter is an economic jargon and it denotes one fourth of a financial year and in the Indian economy the financial year starts in April 1st and it ends in March 31st of the next year so we have four quarters where the first quarter would be April to June then the last quarter would be January to March so these surveys or many economic reports do the comparison in growth and they do this either between successive quarters like between quarter three and quarter four or they also compare based on year on year basis that is they will compare quarter four of one year versus the quarter four of the next year and this comparison is a measure of growth of any economic parameter over a period of time so this entire report discusses about the investment trend in India so first let us see why we are interested in this trend and why is it important firstly investments mean happening economy a good economic activity can boost the GDP in the long run that is nothing but it can boost the growth secondly investments also mean asset and business growth so with investments employment opportunities will also grow and thirdly growth in investment indicates the prospects of a v-shaped recovery in the post-covid time period so now let us see the findings of this survey report the report points to an encouraging trend of growing investments it indicated a healthy quarter on quarter growth of 33.4 percentage in fresh investments and this is in the last quarter of the fiscal year 2020 to 21 that is there is about 1 lakh crore of more investments compared to the same period last year now let us see the sector wise breakdown in this among the major sectors except the mining sector all the other sectors recorded healthy growth rates in the quarter four of financial year 21 and there was huge investment in steel and photovoltaic cells especially now this mining sector did not see that much growth and this is attributed to the exhausting investments in the previous quarter that is there were large number of investments in the previous quarter so that did not happen in the quarter four of financial year 21 then coming to the infrastructure sector the investments were largely driven by government both at the central level and at the state level and among the infrastructure itself road infrastructure attracted the highest growth of around 42 percentage and if you look at the state wise breakup of the investment trends you should take note that Odisha has attracted the highest amount of investment and this is followed by Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh so far we have seen about the fresh investments and we have seen a positive trend in the fresh investments this is a good thing because there is mobilization of capital into India but here the devil lies in the detail because with respect to investments that is a concept called as project funnel so what is this concept see the incoming investments are like the top end of the funnel meaning that they are huge but their translation into the assets is narrow like the bottom end of the funnel so this project funnel is a universal phenomenon because the incoming investments does not translate into the expected output and this is due to the fact that output is time consuming that is it will take time to realize into proper output for example if there is investment for making a road infrastructure the investment will be fast but the output will only be attained after the road is made and which is a time consuming concept but in economy the objective is always to keep the output ratio high enough it is because the real progress is when the invested capital is being executed because then only there will be equal output proportionate to the incoming investments so there is always fear that when there are more fresh investments it will not translate into output but this survey has noted a positive trend in this also because according to the survey the project execution ratio has improved to over 37 percentage that means the output has increased to 37 percentage and this is the highest since 2016 but there is one issue also here because along with this the outstanding projects has also increased to six percentage points now in addition to this one more notable finding is that investments is majorly dominated by government investments so they are keeping up with the previous trends and as per this survey the government investments are over 60 percentage so this is about the investment trend now as a conclusion the report also identifies some reasons for this positive trend in investment one reason cited by this report is the post COVID investment centric push by the government and second is the liberal policy stance adopted by the monetary policy committee of RBI regarding the report because this has stimulated capital mobilization that is in simple terms RBI has kept the interest rates low and this has led to lower lending rates and this in turn has made capital available for the investors in the form of credit so they are able to invest more and as a crucial point this report also notes about reimposing of lockdown it says that there is risk of reimposing a lockdown in response to the second wave because it will be a potential threat to the positive trend which is present in the investment so these are some of the points that has been noted by this survey report now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about two birds that were spotted in the Manakudi reserve so in this discussion we'll see about these two birds and also about the Manakudi reserve briefly see this Manakudi reserve is a estuarine landscape which is situated in the Kanyakummi district of Tamil Nadu it lies in the confluence of two wetlands they are the Suchindram Kulam wetlands and the Therur Kulam wetlands now this area was declared as a bird conservation reserve in the year 2012 and then in 2015 Manakudi along with Suchindram and Therur areas were declared as conservation reserves now as you can see here its geographical location is in the southernmost tip of our continental landmass so this makes it a fertile ground for migratory birds like the red shank and the viscord turn which are discussed in today's news article and this reserve is also important because it forms a part of the central Asian flyway see the roots that is followed by migratory birds on their journeys between their breeding places and wintering places are known as flyways and one among them that crosses Asia is the central Asian flyway now apart from this this reserve is also known for its annual flamingo festival and flamingo is also a migratory bird so now let us discuss about the viscord turn which is one of the birds say it is a small marsh turn and it has a slightly forked tail like this and this viscord turn prefers shallow terrestrial freshwater wetlands freshwater swarms brackish and saltline lakes floodwaters sewage forms irrigated croplands and large dams now these viscord turns eat mainly small fish amphibians crustaceans insects and their larvae now in this map we have given you the range of the bird now here the purple markings show the range of the bird i note that they are migratory nature and they migrate from north to south to escape the winters now about its conservation status know that in the iocene red list it is listed as least concerned only due to the minimal threats it faces now next bird is the red shank or the common red shank this is again a migratory bird from central Asia Scandinavia and United Kingdom they migrate southward to escape the harsh winters in October now as its name suggests red shanks most distinctive feature are their bright orange legs they also have a medium length bill with an orange base i know that their iocene status is also least threatened so this was a brief discussion about the manakuri reserve and about the two migratory birds now let's move on to the next discussion our next discussion is based on this news article which mentions that the artisans of the naikpo tribal community are planning to use technology to upgrade their skills now this upgradeation will help them to produce wooden miniature masks on a large scale and this will also help them to tap a wider market for their tribal handicrafts globally so in this context let us see about naikpo tribal community see they are an adivasi tribal community that had migrated from the telangana region to andhra pradesh two to three generations ago and they are now living in the areas lying on the banks of river godavari now the artisans of naikpo community are famous they're famous for their centuries old craft traditions of paintings and they are also famous for their hand carved wooden masks which are replicas of various tribal deities and the mythological characters of pandavas from bahabharata now the community people also wear these wooden masks during special occasions and local festivals now from exam perspective know that they do not belong to the particularly vulnerable tribal groups that is pvtg see pvtgs are more vulnerable among the tribal groups now due to this factor more developed and assertive tribal groups take a major chunk of the tribal development funds because of which pvtgs need more funds that is directed for their development and in this regard the debar commission of 1961 gave the primitive tribal groups as a separate category and these primitive tribal groups are those who are less developed among the tribal groups now in this context the government of india initiated to identify the most vulnerable tribal groups as a separate category called as primitive tribal groups and then in the year 2006 the government of india renamed the primitive tribal groups to pvtgs that is particularly vulnerable tribal groups and so far 75 pvtgs have been identified in the country now they are identified based on certain criterias and these criteria are pre-agricultural level of technology low level of literacy economic backwardness are declining as stagnant population now based on these criterias a tribal group is given the status of particularly vulnerable tribal groups so that is all about this discussion now let's move to the next one our next discussion is based on this image which shows the restoration work that is going on in the shangamabham beach in tirvanandapuram of kerala now the beach road was completely damaged in sea erosion so in this context let us discuss about sea erosion which is an important geomorphic process we will also see how the coastal landforms are formed the syllabus relevant for this discussion is given here for your reference now let us first start with the basics as you know the lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as lithospheric plates now these plates move around very slowly and this happens due to the movement of molten magma which is inside the earth now this molten magma inside the earth moves in a circular manner which causes the plates to move now the movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth now the earth movements are divided on the basis of the forces which cause them so the forces which act in the interior of the earth are called as endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of the earth are called as exogenic forces as you can see here endogenic forces include earthquake volcanoes landslides etc it also includes building mountains then exogenic forces include erosional and depositional activities that are caused by river winds sea waves glaciers etc so now these endogenic and exogenic forces are causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and they are bringing changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth now these phenomenon are known as geomorphic processes so from this depiction you can understand that endogenic forces sometimes produce sudden movements and at the other times they produce slow movements also now we all know that our landscape is being continuously worn away by two processes these are weathering and erosion weathering is the breaking up of the rocks on the earth surface and erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water wind and ice now when the erosion happens in the landscape eroded materials are formed and these eroded materials are carried away or they are transported by water wind etc and they are eventually deposited now this process of erosion and deposition creates different land forms on the surface of the earth so in this regard let us discuss the role of or the work of sea waves and currents see just now we saw that erosion and deposition of the sea waves gives rise to the coastal land forms and how this happens sea waves continuously strike at the rocks so cracks develop on these rocks now over time these cracks become larger and wider and because of this hollow like caves are formed on the rocks these are called as sea caves so these sea caves are the cavities in the rocks now as these cavities become bigger and bigger only the roof of the cave remains so they form the sea arches now after this further the erosion breaks the roof and only walls are left now these wall like features are what are called as stags as you can see in this picture now apart from this this deep rocky coast that is rising almost vertically above the sea water is called as a sea cliff so because of all these continuous striking of waves and currents and the resulting deposits the sea waves deposit these sediments along the shores and this deposition along the shores is waters turned into a beach in the long run i know that some of the changes along the coasts take place very fast at one place there can be erosion in one season and deposition in the another and most of the changes along the coasts are accomplished by waves only so when waves break the water is thrown with great force onto the shore and simultaneously there is a great churning of sediments on the sea bottom now this constant impact of breaking waves drastically affects the coasts but note that the changes made by these normal breaking waves is far less than what is caused by strong waves and tsunamis because they can cause far reaching changes in a short period of time now other than the action of waves the coastal landforms also depends on the configuration of land and sea flow they also depend whether the coast is advancing seaward or whether the coast is retreating landward that means when the coast is advancing seaward it means the coast is emerging and when it is retreating landward it will be called as submerging now here you should note that there are two types of coasts which are considered to explain the concept of evolution of coastal landforms assuming that sea level is constant and these two types are high rocky coasts or submerged coasts and then the low smooth and gently sloping sedimentary coasts for emerged coasts now along the high rocky coasts the rivers appear to have been drowned with highly irregular coastline and the hillsides drop off sharply into the water now in such cases shores do not show any depositional landforms initially and erosion features only dominate and along these high rocky coasts the waves break with significant force against the land shaping the hillsides into a cliff as you can see in this picture so with the constant pounding by waves the cliffs recede leaving a wave cut platform in front of the sea cliff so the waves gradually minimize the irregularities along the shore now the materials which fell or which have been removed from the sea cliff they gradually break into smaller fragments now they will get deposited in the offshore now after a considerable period of cliff development and along with the addition of some more material a wave built terrace would develop in front of the wave cut terrace so that means erosion along the coast provides a good supply of material for building of these terraces or platforms and it will be available to long shore currents and waves to deposit them as beaches along the shores and they are also deposited as bars in the near shore zone here bars are nothing but the submerged features and when bars show up above water they are called as barrier bars you would have heard about barrier bars now when they are arranged to the headland of a bay they are called as spit that is the barrier bars now in these barrier bars and the spit they form at the mouth of a bay and they block the mouth of the bay this is where a lagoon forms as you can see here this sand spit has blocked the bay now this lagoon would gradually get filled up by the sediments from the land and this will turn into a coastal plain now let us discuss about the case along the low sedimentary coasts so far we saw about the hierarchy coasts see along the low sedimentary coasts the rivers appear to extend their length by building coastal plains and deltas now the coastline appears smooth with occasional incursions of water in the form of lagoons and tidal creeks here the land slopes gently into the water and in this case marshes and swarms may exist in large numbers along the coasts and here depositional features dominate so in the wave breaks over a gently sloping sedimentary coasts the bottom sediments get churned and they move readily and thereby they build the bars barrier bars spits and lagoons and as we just saw lagoons would eventually turn into a swamp which would subsequently turn into a coastal plain now the maintenance of these depositional features depends upon the steady supply of the materials these are the materials that has been got due to erosion apart from these features storms and tsunami waves cause drastic changes irrespective of the supply of the sediments and even the large rivers which bring lots of sediments build deltas along low sedimentary coasts so this is how the coastal landforms are formed now let us understand about the coastal land laws see coastal land laws includes beach erosion and losses of wetlands around interior bays and estuaries see the primary causes of coastal land laws includes both natural processes and human activities as you can see here and the most important causes of coastal land laws are erosion inadequate sediment supply to beaches and wetlands and then coastal submergence or even relative rise in sea level so in this discussion we have seen about how the coastal landforms are formed what is the role of currents and waves and we have also seen about how erosion plays a role in all these then we finally saw about the coastal land laws now let's move on to the next discussion now we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session now this first question is about the greater one-horned rhinoceros first statement is the highest density of rhino in the world and the second highest concentration of rhino in Assam is harbored at the kazi ranga wildlife sanctuary now this statement is incorrect because it is the popetora wildlife sanctuary which has got the highest density of rhino in the world and the second highest concentration of rhino in Assam kazi ranga national park has the highest concentration of rhino not the second highest So this statement is incorrect. Now the second statement is it is naturally found in India only. Now this statement is also incorrect because we saw that it is commonly found in Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and then it is found in the Assam region of India. And here the question asks for the incorrect statements. So the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2. Now this next question is based on Swatantrita Sainik Samman Yushna. First statement is it is a pension scheme for freedom fighters implemented by the Ministry of Defence. Now this statement is incorrect because even though it is a pension scheme, it is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs, not the Ministry of Defence. Now the second statement is all the persons who participated in the freedom movement in some way or the other are eligible for Swatantrita Sainik Samman Yushna. Now this statement is also incorrect because the persons who participated in freedom movement in some way or the other are not eligible. All of them are not eligible for this scheme. Only some categories of freedom fighters are eligible, which we saw during discussion and this is also subjected to furnishing of certain specified evidences by such freedom fighters. So this statement is also incorrect and here the question asks for the correct statements and both the statements are incorrect. So the correct answer is option D neither 1 nor 2. Now this next question is with reference to Manakudi Bird Reserve. First statement is it is located in Kerala. Now this statement is incorrect, we saw that it is located in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. Now the second statement is the reserve is frequented by migratory birds. This statement is correct because we saw that this bird reserve is a part of Central Asian flyway, which means that migratory birds pass through them and here the question asks for the correct statements. So the correct answer is option B 2 only. Now this next question is about particularly vulnerable tribal groups and this question appeared in prelims 2019. First statement is PVDGs reside in 18 states and one unit territory. This statement is correct. This is an additional data regarding PVDGs. Now the second statement is a stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVDG status. This statement is correct, we saw this during the discussion. Other than this there are also three criteria which is pre-agricultural level of technology, low level of literacy, economic backwardness. Now the third statement is there are 95 PVDGs officially notified in the country so far. Now this statement is incorrect because there are only 75 PVDGs. Now if you know third statement is incorrect you can easily arrive at the correct answer which is options C 1 2 and 4 that means 4th statement is correct. Irrular and Kondaredi tribes are included in the list of PVDGs. Yes they are included. Now next question is about Shabahari scheme. Question asks, this scheme recently seen in news is related to which of the following. Aquaculture, income tax returns, environmental clearance, digital infrastructure. Now the correct answer is option A aquaculture. Now let us take two main questions. Now this question is based on geomorphology and this is a question on data security and this question appeared in mains 2018. You can write the answers for these questions and post it in the comment section. With this we have come to the end of today's Hindi news analysis. If you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation.