 We shall today discuss about photography and the ethics involved. As you know, photographs are an integral part of a newspaper. It is said that a photograph speaks a thousand words. In today's newspaper, with the development of television, where the visual media brings in photographs of different day-to-day incidents, newspapers also are getting ready to face the challenge posed by the visual media. In any big or medium-sized newspapers today, you will find teams of highly professional photographers running to cover the events and incidents taking place every day. Apart from the staff reporters reporting photographers who cover the day-to-day incidents, staff photographers are also used for photographs used by the newspaper in their magazine section or supplements. That is, suppose they plan a story for a supplement, the staff photographers are asked to take the relevant photographs needed for that article or feature. Apart from the staff photographers, newspapers also subscribe to some private parties for photographs that are needed by the newspaper for events like say national events or international events. Now, staff photographers generally are locally based, so you cannot expect them to get photographs taking place, say in Delhi or in some foreign country. For that, we subscribe to some private photographic services. Like today we have the United News of India or Press Trust of India PTI which supplies the photographs to us from foreign locations and all that. And this is today done through the satellite connections. Earlier, say in 10 to 15 years back, we used to get photographs from Delhi or Bombay after 2-3 days. But today we don't have to wait for that long. Due to the developed technology in communication, we can get the photographs through satellite connections in our newspapers immediately. So, that is why the newspapers are today able to keep pace with the visual media in the field of photography. Now, when we use a photograph, you must be very careful that the photograph that is used reflects the context in which it is used. We don't use a photograph just for the fun of it. There must be a message, there must be some sense, new sense involved. Sometimes you see we use the photograph to supplement the news. If there is a big event taking place, whether it is a big natural disaster or a big event, then we give a accompanying photograph to support the news. So, it must be used with a certain context. Similarly, it must be remembered when we are getting photographs, where the number of photographs will come on the satellite system on our computers. And while selecting the photograph, we must see the judge, that is the angles and the composition of the photographs. Because some photographs might not be that good, say in the matter of composition or the angles and all that. So, a good editor or a news editor will apply his mind to select the best picture in terms of composition, in terms of angles, in terms of expressions and feelings that is reflected in the photograph. So, that is very important in selecting the photograph. Because sometimes it happens that we don't use even the photograph given by our own staff photographer. Because his photograph might not be of that standard, which the photograph coming from an outside source might be better. And we always go for a better photograph. So, sometimes we don't even compromise on quality. The staff photographer's photograph might not be used just because he is a staff photographer. Because quality at the end of the day counts. Now, similarly, sometimes when you use a file photograph, suppose there is an incident or a report and we want to use a photograph. Suppose some person has been a big leader or a celebrity has been involved in a scam or some scandal. Now, you would like to give a photograph, say a file photograph of that personality, which depicts a sad look or a look that reflects his agony and all that. We won't give him smiling and all that as if he is enjoying himself. So, the photograph must reflect the mood of the story. So, this is very important and it is very important when we are using a file photograph to reflect the mood of the report. Now, you say with the advancement of technology and computers and other developments, you see now many unscrupulous photographers and all that might resort to say making or no, try to morph the photograph to superimpose. Now, that is very, will be very illegal and unethical and a true professional will never do that. Because if he is caught, that will be the end of his professional career. Because you see journalism as such depends on good faith. We use a photograph or we use a news item that is sent by a news agency or a photographic agency on good faith. So, if there is any illegality in such transactions, then immediately the trust will be lost and in the process that person will lose his job or that contract might be terminated. So, ethics is very important. You cannot just as we cannot temper with the news. Similarly, we cannot temper with the photograph. Of course, we can do a reducing the photograph or no enlarging it. Those type of technicalities are all right, but you cannot temper with the subject. You cannot change the face or put someone in someone's place and all that. So, tempering with the photograph, which is highly unethical, will not be tolerated and not accepted. So, this must be kept in mind. Now, even you see when we are, say, how do we present the photograph in a say newspaper and all. So, that will depend on like the space that we get in the newspaper. So, because you see sometimes there might be a lot of news vying for attention, important news which we need to publish on that day itself. Then there might be another problem that the advertisement content might be high and there is less space for say publication of even the news. Then in certain cases like that, now if there is a necessity of publishing a photograph, we might take it in a small format if we really need to give the photograph. Because whatever it is at the end of a photograph of a standard size only, I mean, it's attractive to the reader. Sometimes when you give it in a very reduced form, it will lose its appeal. So, this is very important like and that will depend on the circumstances in which the editor finds himself. Because he has to meet the demands of advertisements on one side, the demands of space. Then also the pressure of the news that has to go on that particular day. So, that is decided by the editor considering all these factors. In case of photograph, you see it is their job is more pressing than that of even a reporter. Even if he is late, he can get the news from some other source. But it is not the case in case of a photographer. He must be present at the right time and at the right place. If he is not present there, he will lose that moment. That moment will be gone forever and you will not be able to get his photograph. So, a photographer must be very punctual and very professional in his activities. He must be always present at the place at the right time and must take the shot at the right time. So, this is very important and in this we have to say the photographer must be a very true professional. Thank you.