 I'd like to give a link for introducing me, and I'm here to talk about the Nobel Prize in Physics for this year. So, Nobel Prize of this year has helped us in understanding the fundamental questions about our universe. Topics, like how did our universe take it? How did it has evolved? And what's our place in the cosmos? Topics, like these, were explored by these in this year's Nobel Awards, and James Lippon got half of the Nobel Prize for his political discovery in the Feast of Cosmology, and the other half of the awards were shared by Michelle Mayor and T. G. O. Cullums for discovering an exoplanet orbiting around some type of a star. And before we are touching their work, I'd like to talk briefly about our cosmos, what we know about it, and just to present a current picture for the universe. So, if you look, this is a picture of our cosmos taking from Hubble Space Telescope. And here you see very different beautiful objects, like galaxies and some of the stars. And if you go back about 100 years ago, then astronomers like Edmund Hubble used their telescope to observe these kind of objects. And what he noticed that these objects, particularly galaxies, were moving away from us. The universe was expanding, it was growing. What we see as our universe today is not the same as yesterday, and it will not seem tomorrow. And since these objects were moving away from us, so if you go past in time, it means that these objects were together, and they were much denser and closer to each other. And this led us to the formulation of the baking of our universe, which is the Big Bang. So, initially, the universe was hard and dense condition, and as the time passed away, the universe started expanding, and it got pulled out, and different types of objects like galaxies and stars came into existence. So, if you want to summarize about the Big Bang and about the evolution, we can do this in a picture like this. So, here, the very beginning of the universe was a hard and dense phase of the universe, and this we call this as Big Bang. And then, after this moment, the universe's very phase of the universe took place for a year of 14 billion years of history. And then, at this time, the gravity rolled into place, and different particles started combining, and different kind of objects like galaxies came into existence. So, it started out from the Big Bang, it was a cosmological history, and from the expansion of the universe, different types of objects came into our existence. And then finally, in the present, we have our own. So, James, we will help us in understanding the evolution of our universe, and then finally, Mr. Mayo and Pichu Pellos help us in exploring how unique is our place in the cosmos. So, let's see how James Pichu Pellos has helped us in understanding the big bang and the evolution of our universe. So, let's begin from the very beginning. So, the Big Bang was hard and dense, the reason of the initial phase of our universe tried to imagine that, here in this picture, the different red and yellow circles are the teeny-tiny particles, the very smallest particle, and the white color you see here is the light particles, the light which we see here, assuming that these are the light particles, and it was very hard and dense condition. It was so hard and dense that the light particles couldn't escape. But as the time passed today, these tiny particles started combining with each other, and they formed fundamental particles, they formed the fundamental elements, and at this moment, the universe was a bit cooler, and it was a little cancer, such that the light particles could escape from the universe. And this was the first moment, or the first glow of the initial phase of our universe. This is the Big Bang, and we call this, in simple terms, we call this the first light. But in scientific terms, we can recall this as cosmic microwave back-up radiation. And here you see our group picture, which is explaining to you how the first light originated from the Big Bang, and here the integral picture with the previous and glow-stallar is the real scientific picture of the first light of the universe. And Jane Friedman, in 1965, she made an important political contribution in understanding the origin of the first light of the universe. And this light was quite trans-detected by Pansias and Wilson in 1965, and actually it wanted to change people for understanding what they're detecting. And we got the Nobel Prize in 1970 for this discovery. So it was the first time that Jane Friedman missed his Nobel Prize. But, and since we have detected the first light from the Big Bang, to give an important support that something like Big Bang has happened in the past, later, in 1966, Jane Friedman used again the idea of first light to calculate how much matter, or how much matter should, how much mass should form through the Big Bang, like the formation of fundamental elements, like hydrogen or helium. And what she calculated in 1966 matches exactly with our current observations. So this was a kind of summarizing the story of the beginning of our universe. But what about our present? Like, what about our present time? We see different kind of objects. And for this, a very simple motion for you all, and I hope that you will answer this, does our night sky look like this? Simple yes or no motion? Yeah, I guess most of people agonize in the globe and not yes, because if you go outside, even at this time, you can see some stars. And on the light, you can see many stars. And if you use them in school, then you see, you can exchange. So how these type of objects have a big interest in it? So Jane Friedman, he again came into the game, and he had us that how these objects have a big interest in it. So he said that first light, which is the first glow of the universe, like how the first light is spreading in the universe, how it has spread in the universe, it should not be very smooth, because as the time passed away, if there is little difference in how the first light has spread in the universe, each little difference can grow into further objects, because of the gravitation, if there is a little difference in each object can grow together, because of the presence of gravity, and we see different kind of objects like the Alexine from other stars, and further, these clumping of matter of little particles also led to the formation of our own planet Earth and some of the objects we see nearby us. He made this calculation, he did this in 1998, and later in 1992, this little difference in the first light was detected by sunlight and Josh at school and Josh's mentor on the Nobel Prize in 2006 for this discovery. So this was the second time when James was going to miss his Nobel Prize. So it's kind of unfortunate that a theoretical physicist is missing Nobel Prize again and again. But this year, finally, he got a Nobel Prize for explaining us the beginning of our universe and about our evolution. So the type of space of matter which formed galaxies or the stars, which we see here or does, also formed planet or our own whole planet and objects which we see nearby, like sun or moon and other objects. So this part, like how unique is our other, was explored by Michel Mayer and did your collaboration. So here you see a picture of our solar system. This is really fancy notion that all of us, you know, in our solar, in this universe, are being the only one which are still engaging in the universe. So now we know that since we see different type of stars, there are billions of stars. So we have to detect whether there are other planets involving other stars. And this we call as exoplanet. There is a planet without any other star except also the system we call this as an exoplanet. So it's really hard to detect an exoplanet because this presence of the sun, because the star oversize the presence of a planet. So imagine, like just see here, it's a picture of our sun. And here, if you notice carefully in the center, you can see a black dot. And this is a picture of Mercury as seen from our eye. So if the star is very far away from us and it's really bright, then it's really hard to detect a presence of a planet because it's just over-signed by the light of the star. So how are we going to detect a planet? And here, I'm just showing you a little technique how we can detect presence of a planet on a star. So try to imagine that we have a star somewhere in the universe as our own sun. It's somewhere in the universe. And if there's a planet around it, of course it's not going to be visible because it's getting over-signed by the light of the star. But if there's a planet around it, by chance, then we see that the presence of the planet as it is revolving around it, it affects the motion of the star because the gravity plays a role and it starts also kind of making motion. And here, we see the light coming from the star and it's changing. We have the basic, simple effect. If an object is moving away from us or it's coming near to us, we see that the light from it's getting changed. When an object is moving away from us, then we see that the red light is coming to us. And when an object is moving near to us, we see that the blue light is coming to us. And this, in scientific terms, we call this a donor effect. And this also happens even when the other is from a system that if there's a planet around it, then the presence of the planet and the star it causes the star to make motion and when the star moves away from us, we see that the red light is coming to us and when it moves near to us, we see that the blue light is coming to us. And this kind of change in the light of a star signifies that there might be presence of a planet around it. And this was invented used by Michel Bayer and his own colleagues. And they used this AP in 1995 and they detected the first exoplanet in our universe and it was a whole different planet. And this was like they detected this planet around a sun type of star and with a sun type of star I mean a star similar to our sun which has the same physical properties and the same temperature. And this opened like they were people who have also discovered planet but they were not confident and I should add two words here like these people. They were real people who were confident and very sure about their history and they were so confident and they told us and they have discovered a planet. And even before then there was a few people who found that they might have detected a planet but they were not sure about their discovery. So having such a confidence they made sure that they have detected a planet and this opened a new vibrant field in astronomy and physics and till now we have detected 4,000 picture planets in our universe and they are still yet to explode and recently with our scientific and technological advancement now even we can study the atmosphere of exoplanets and recently people have detected water in the atmosphere of an exoplanet so beginning from the starting phase of our universe we are at the level where we can detect water in the atmosphere of exoplanets but there are still some fundamental questions to explore but no one knows what happened before the big planet. Although we have detected 4,000 exoplanets and even at this time we can detect water on the other planets but are there half of it somewhere else? So these are fundamental questions and I really motivate people that try to think from the common point of view that what we can think because Einstein said that imagination is more important than knowledge. So try to imagine what could happen before these phase or is there life somewhere like this. So finally I might present a message for you to take home that it started out that even the phase of the universe was really hot and dense and this we call as a big planet and the first glow or the first light which we have from the big planet this we call in the scientific term as cosmic light and this has helped us in understanding how different types of objects like galaxies or stars came into existence and then finally the last message that we are not unique in our solar system that are one of the facts of planets existing in our universe more than 4,000 and we are going even further to discover more. Thank you. So we have some problems in the microphone so we are going to go for a while with the plastic fish out. So someone has a question? Here? Thanks very much. Any question? How can you distinguish the first light from so much light around us? So see on screen how would you distinguish the first light from this piece kind of light so very simply if I am moving towards you you know my speed. If someone from very bad like in very simple terms if I am coming to you you know my speed like how fast I am coming but if there is someone very far imagine the other part of Germany then life takes time how fast it is coming so the first light has already launched its energy and now it comes into the very low energy energy regime and if there is a sun it has higher energy parameters so this light will distribute with the energy source. And then I am hoping like an average I guess it is 30 years to win another prize something like that but regarding like the guys who found actually discovered the exoplanet why did it take so long? I mean like it was clear but after 30 years at least I don't know actually they discovered the presence of light but why did it take so long? So he asked me why did I want to detect an exoplanet so was this the question? so imagine here is a star and I am a planet and if I am going on it then the effect I produce on this star is like 0.5 meter per second yes you should ask this you should ask this I don't know how to answer this but they are you could cast them as the father of exoplanet thing and this led to revolution and I guess even change people did this in 1965 whatever he did and he is getting after like 60 years yes we can discuss this out thank you very much for the lecture thank you you said that the 4,000 more than 4,000 planets are just kind of and what is the percentage as to how many stars we have looked at that we found 4,000 is it safe to say that most of the universe has planets around us there is possibility that there can be planets around other stars it's up to our technological advancement and we can detect them all and these number of planets are mostly coming from the satellites so if we have a more technological upliftment we can detect more planets yes we have so he asked me whether we have seen some stars without planets so there are cases where we don't see any planets we have time for last question here in the middle and the full now so we mentioned that the universe has a singularity and that life as a house is the big bang shouldn't that first light be expanding as the edge of the universe of course it isn't expanding but maybe we can read that life is the fastest thing in the universe so if we are still observing the smaller edge of the universe does that mean the universe is expanding faster than light so Steve asked me whether the universe is expanding faster than the speed of light so I mean that in the expansion there is acceleration but it's a number expanding with the speed of light I think it goes to very theoretical part of physics you are welcome to discuss it after we answer the talk it's a very good question before concluding thank you all for the attention and for your life thanks my colleague for helping me and me in that for the support thanks for preparing me for having time