 Good afternoon. Thank you very much for the invitation. I'm very glad to be here. I work essentially right on the other side of the channel in North Western France and specifically in Brittany. So it's a great pleasure for me to be here and exchange with my English class because I'm very interested in what happened here in your country. So I'm very glad and I hope it will be an occasion for future collaboration together. However, I don't really know what to present today because since 2013, I'm now in charge of excavation of a rock shelter, so it's not really on the topic, and I'm also in charge of a research program about rock shelters. Actually, we are in an opposite research clinic at the moment in Brittany because since the beginning of prehistoric research, we focused on openers sites and it's given a lot of openers sites. And now we are realizing that even if we don't have limestone context with big caves and large shelters like you have, we do have also small rock shelters which were occupied during prehistory. There are just small spaces on the boulder and these kinds of things. And so we are now focusing on this side in order to complete a picture of Palo Alto. So I think about it and I decided to present a site I excavated almost 10 years ago now and to see what these openers sites can bring as information for the very end of the late national in the Western Europe. So this site is named La Fosse. I won't trust it in French but it's not really used for a site. And it's an important site because it changes your mind about the technology. It brings us very important information about the technology of the last Palo Alto communities but it also contributed to our understanding of the Palo Alto economic system of these last Palo Alto communities. So the site is located in Miami which is a region between the Paris Basin and Brittany. And more specifically the site is located in a big Harubio plain in the largest meander of the river. And it was discovered by an avocational archaeologist between the river and the large quarry. And so we only excavated 120 meters square which is pretty small but the site is pretty big. But probably destroyed or at least recovered by the quarry. The quarry is right here. Everything here is a big quarry and the site is here. But the surveying we did and the testing we did at this period show that the site was much larger with an extension probably of three hectares with only GS1 of all the same transition materials. So we don't have bones in Brittany as the soil is too acidic. So we only work on lipix and the technological studio of the Leicester-Gesson waste and 40,000 alpha-pipes and so on show us very good similarities with the GS1 of the same transition sites. And that's a very interesting period as you probably know because there is a major change in lipid technology with the return of normalized bread production after a long period of progressive simplification of lipid technology during the phytonasaur or azalea for me it's kind of the same. After the end of the magnolium. And these big changes, this return of the blade production comes with several phenomenon like the return of two blades as a main objective of production contrary to the gazillion where blades for the projected points are the main objective of production. A more selective raw material use, a great diversification of predicted points and a very important normalization of tools. So we are right here at the very end of the GS1 and probably more at the beginning of the pre-boreal but we have this plateau which is complicated. So finding site for this period is not a scoop at all. End of the late-lash outside are very common in Northern France and here in England. This side are very particular in general with low proportion of retouch tubes, large concentrations of debitage waste, not really clear growing structure and this side are cold in Northern France but it wasn't and here long blade assemblages. In both case the main characteristic of this production is supposed to be the length of the blade as we saw yesterday. With this side we are trying to show you that the situation is going to be less clear if we try to think about a wider area and this length of the blade may not be even important. Hopefully you get what I say of my English tattoo. So for me with this research in Northern France, length is important but it's more an optional character and an optional character directly linked with the geological context linked with raw material availability. These blades are regular, they are normalized, they are straight in profile and my research also suggests this blade to be very flat in section. That means very large and thin with acute cutting edges and I think that the most important characteristic of this production is acute cutting edges. So this was initially recognized at La Force and in other sites in Northern France and we are now able to recognize this kind of pattern in South-West France with Michael Lee, and recently he was also recognized in a third place in Northern France after the revocation of the collection of this region by Michael Lee. I think this characteristic is pretty characteristic of this industry where a large area probably from Spain to northern Germany at least where you can find this particular flatness and straightness of the blade and so I'm thinking about a large technical place regrouping several traditions like the late Flavorian or the Aetian Red Volga or whatever and I think long blades sites or bellwesend sites I mean my definition of long blade and bellwesend sites are only functional frascais of these various traditions inside this large technical place. So the production of these flat blades implies a risky reference because if you want flat and straight blades you need to have surfaces with low lateral and longitudinal convexities that means very risky you can have a lot of accidents so all the production is oriented toward the attention of these blades and so they use soft stone armor, the progression of the production is very special the blades are only used to reinitiate the reduction and they use two opposite platforms with various rhythms. The importance of flat blades is also suggested as a user analysis of this material the entire assemblage was studied by a user analyst, Jeremy Jacquet and he showed that the blades were intensely used unretouched all these flat blades with acute cutting edges were used unretouched and it's a large part of the toolkit and retouched tools like scrapers or bearings were regularly recycling blades initially used unretouched so blades were firstly used unretouched and sometimes after recycled to scrapers and bearings so this strategy but also the maintenance strategy we identified in the site suggests a constant desire to take advantage of the acute cutting edges of the blade all this technology and user study go to the same way to see that the flat blades are very important objective of production all these groups so with these blades are also some blade nets blade nets which were used to produce projective points at that point they are mainly straight back points so-called long-sharp points very typical of the late-laborian tradition but we also have strapless blade by truncature is that one of the best results of that post because we found I think it's 50 strapless blade by truncature we knew that this kind of projective were present in late-laborian sites but for a long time people considered them to be intrusive from mesolithic or neolithic components with these very well-dressed sites with only one layer we are now sure that this projective point is typical of the late-laborian tradition and it is actually the first evidence of transverse overhead for pressure so with these typical late-laborian elements we also found several small penumpilative points and oblique truncated points at that post and these elements are very similar to the one known in the APRF project so it is very interesting to find on this site typical late-laborian influences but also in the arrethmonchance influences I will come back on this later but it's a very interesting point so the site is well preserved because of this context in the bottom of the lever with a floating seal in fine aluminum so we were able to recognize several drainage structures looking at the distribution of the elements and the identification of the clear wall effects we were able to identify at least two 5m large circular structures centered around the earth and we also were able to identify cleaning activities in these structures with a reject of the larger elements especially quartz on the wall of the structure I can talk hours about the site and with the distribution of each kind of tool but you can see very interesting patterns in the management of the artifacts inside the structures so these evidences as all the data from the technological study and useware study allowed to investigate on the status of the site the high density of artifacts, the large extension of the site the emphasis on the tool duration and the cleaning activities suggest a long occupation span of this site then the identification of diversified lip mapping skills also suggest diversified social group composition of those and finally the important lately production activities activities related to hunting, skin crafting and also crafting activities suggest very various type of activities on the site so we have a site with a long occupation span, diversified group and large spectrum of activities so we think it's a residential site when we look at raw material provisioning strategies we think that various type of raw material were introduced to the site as cores, shape cores, blanks or blanks and we are in Brittany, that means very far away from any flint outcrop as the closest point is probably 50 km away and so all these materials are coming from long distance sometimes more than 300 km and more interestingly I think from every direction from the north, from the south, from the east but also from the west, it's not on the map that we have some flints coming from this area very few that we have so I think that's very interesting because this result the fact that the site was occupied by a diversified group involved in various activities but also the fact that we have evidence of various traditions from the north and from the south is for me an evidence that although to propose the idea of a large aggregation site for this period, the very end of the upper valley so it's only a hypothesis, I mean I'm very, I don't really like to give this type of hypothesis but also that we have go to this way so that's a hypothesis but it fits pretty well with the Palaeoconautic model suggested by my research in western France but also by my colleagues in northern France and there is a basin of a big change in Palaeoconautic strategies after the I don't remember that, I mean after the Azzillian during this GS1 analysis and transition where we think to have an increase a great increase in task-oriented sites the best example of this task-oriented site are probably what we called the Bay-Wazen site what you call probably the long-legged assemblages that mean sites with only west-east of the detached penetration, no real great structure very few tools, only bruce-blades, you know something very special and so these sites were generally interpreted as a big workshop but the great improvement of the generalization of extensive user study sometimes the extensive study of the entire assemblages allowed to get a better picture of this small task-oriented site because we saw that even if we don't have a lot of pre-touch tools in these assemblages a lot of the blades are re-touch blades were used as tools a high proportion so there is no tools, but there is a lot of tools real tools we also realized that even if blades were exported from this site to other sites some other blades were imported to this site from the site so there is circulation of blades from one site to the other not only producer, but also resider of blades so these new elements change our picture change our view or understanding of the resin site and now we are used to consider them as skill sites used for primal treatment of the game and where people take advantage of the presence of good raw material to produce new knives for the next hunt so of course they produce a lot of known blades to make knives but it was probably in association with something else and probably to butcher it if this model is correct there is no reason for a lack of peruasian known blade site in other regions southern England and northern France if this model is correct we should find this type of site where we have good raw material and that's not totally the case for the moment anyway we found this site a few years ago in center west France where we had very rare with touch tools a lot of quests of digital of digital high proportion of core and all these cores are discards very early in the regression sequence probably because people produce large and known blades and they discard it so just wanted large blades to make knives so in this brand new steel in cores, studio steel in cores the site is a surface site so we have to be very careful with this data but maybe we have very south of the normal region maybe we have a site which could be instead of statues a peruasian or long blade site so the primary economic model we published a few years ago with my friend Jamie Jacqui tried to to sum up all this data and I'm too late to describe it in detail but this model is solely based on opener sites and I think it is a BS we need also to look at rock shutter I mean there is no rock shutter or opener site we need to combine our vision of type of sites and when you look in south-western France especially the site that is created by my friend Mathieu Ramele you see that the data we have in the rock shutters they didn't change our model we have residential site rock shutter and also task oriented site in rock shutters so the studio platforms breaks several important results some of them are directly linked with the fact it is an opener site because the good conservation the special organization for example using data about the site statues and start building a new public economic model for the last community opener sites clearly offer site with a potential high archeological resolution so in my opinion that's what's opener site I'm trusting anyway it is very important also in Paris to develop research on rock shutters even if they generally offer less good spatial resolution because they were frequently reoccupied on pre-stories they generally offer useful complex geography but beyond that they also represent the easiest way to study small sites and small sites are very important in my opinion to understand hunter-gatherers economical system because there exists whatever the mobility system is logistical, residential everything in between the problem with small sites is they have very low archeological resolution it's very hard to find them in syria and archeology or in survey so rock shutters are a good way to investigate the small sites because they are very easy to spot in the landscape so I'm in charge now of a research program called tech shutters with Pedro Marchand and the site we discovered in the framework of this program we excavated a few of them early azillian and mesolithic and all the sites we excavated in this context are always very task oriented sites like butchery site, hunting camp it's always very very task oriented so it's very important to focus also on this site to know these small sites which are complementary with this large opener site with a very high resolution so that would be my conclusion thank you very much