 When I used to teach medical students at Tufts, I gave a lecture about this amazing new therapeutic called Ilocorp B. I talked about all the new signs, all the things they could do, excellent safety profile, and just as they were all scrambling to buy stock in the company and prescribe it to all their patients, I did the big reveal, apologizing for my dyslexia. I had gotten it backwards all this time. I had been talking about broccoli. Sulforaphane is thought to be the active ingredient in broccoli, which may protect our brain, protect our eyesight, protect our free radicals, induce our toxification enzymes, help prevent cancer as well as help treat it. For example, I have talked about how sulforaphane can target breast cancer stem cells. But then I talked about how the formation of this compound is like a chemical flare reaction requiring the mixing of a precursor compound with an enzyme in broccoli, which is destroyed by cooking. This may explain why we get dramatic suppression of cancer cell growth from raw broccoli, cauliflower, or Brussels sprouts, but hardly anything from boiled microwave or steamed, except for microwave broccoli that actually retains some cancer-fighting abilities. But who wants to eat raw Brussels sprouts? I shared a strategy, though, for how to get the benefits of raw in cooked form. In raw broccoli, when the sulforaphane precursor, called glucoraphanin, mixes with the enzyme, called myrosinase, because you chopped or chewed it, given enough time, sitting in your upper stomach, for example, waiting to get digested, sulforaphane is born. Now, the precursor is resistant to heat, and so is the final product. But the enzyme is destroyed, and with no enzyme, there is no sulforaphane production. That's why I describe the hack-and-hold technique. If you chop the broccoli, Brussels sprouts, or kale, collards, cauliflower first, and then wait 40 minutes, then you can cook them all you want. The sulforaphane is already made. The enzyme has already done its job, so you don't need it anymore. When most people make broccoli soup, for example, they're doing it wrong. Most people cook the broccoli first, then blend it. But now we know what should be done the exact opposite way. Blend it first, wait, then cook it. What if we're using frozen broccoli, though? Here's the amount of sulforaphane found in someone's body after the broccoli soup made from fresh broccoli. It's their bloodstream within minutes. Here's after frozen. Commercially produced, frozen broccoli lacks the ability to form sulforaphane because vegetables are blanched, flash-cooked, before they're frozen for the very purpose of deactivating enzymes. This prolongs shelf life in the frozen food section, but the enzyme is dead by the time you take it out of your freezer, so it doesn't matter how much you chop it or how long you wait, no sulforaphane has got to be made. This may be why fresh kale suppresses cancer cell growth up to 10 times more than frozen. The frozen is still packed with the precursor. Remember, that's heat-resistant, and they can make lots of sulforaphane out of frozen broccoli by adding some exogenous enzyme, but where are you going to get some myrosinase enzyme from? Now, they bought theirs at a chemical company, but we can just walk into any grocery store. This is another cruciferous vegetable, mustard greens. All cruciferous vegetables have this enzyme. Mustard greens grow out of little mustard seeds, which you can buy ground up in the spice aisle as mustard powder. So, if you sprinkled some mustard powder on your cooked frozen broccoli, would it start churning out sulforaphane? We didn't know until now. Boiling broccoli prevents the formation of any significant levels of sulforaphane due to the inactivation of the enzyme. However, addition of powdered mustard seeds to the heat-processed broccoli significantly increased the formation of sulforaphane. Here's the amount of sulforaphane in boiled broccoli. This is how much you get if you add a teaspoon of mustard powder. That's a lot, though. How about just a half teaspoon? Worked about just as well, suggesting maybe we could use even less. Domestic cooking leads to enzyme inactivation of myrosinase, and hence stops sulforaphane formation. But addition of powdered mustard seeds to cooked cabbage family vegetables provides a natural source of the enzyme, and then it's like you're practically just eating it raw. So, if you forget to chop your greens of the morning for the day, or are using frozen, just sprinkle some mustard powder out on the top at the dinner table and you're all set. Or some daikon radish, or horseradish, or wasabi, all cruciferous vegetables packed with the enzyme. Here they just used like a quarter teaspoon for seven cups of broccoli, so just a tiny pinch can do it. Or you can add a small amount of fresh greens to your cooked greens, right, because the fresh greens have that enzyme that can go to work on the precursor in the cooked greens. One of the first things I used to do in the morning was chop my greens for the day, and so when lunch and supper rolls around, they're good to go, as per the hack-and-hold strategy. But now with the mustard powder plan, I don't have to pre-chop.