 Hello, welcome. Welcome to all my students. I'm Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor in Department of Education, and this is my email ID. RashmiSing23.lucknow at the rate gmail.com, okay? So, the topic of our discussion is Programmed Instruction. The target audience is Students of Education Discipline of UG&PG students, and the learning outcome is students will be able to define Programmed Instruction after this, and students will be able to list out the principles of Programmed Instruction as well. What is Programmed Instruction? If we go about its history, then first ideas on Instruction Automation can be tracked to even earlier years. But the first notable steps in Programmed Instruction were taken by Sidney L. Pressie in the 1920s, and it has been further developed by Burrah Skinner, whom we popularly known as B.F. Skinner in the mid-1950s. So, what Programmed Instruction is? Programmed Instruction is a method of presenting new subject matter to students through a graded sequence of control steps. This is important, graded sequence, and the steps are controlled with corresponding activities. What the corresponding activities are? This method consists of a network of tests and statements which direct the student accordingly depending on their pattern of errors. This means the pattern of errors of students has been decided, has decided the path of the students' learning. And the last but not the least, Principles of Programmed Instruction. What are the principles of Programmed Instruction? Or we can say, Programmed Instruction has been based upon objective specification, small step size, over-responding, success or minimal error, immediate feedback, logical graded progress, and self-pacing. Means, objective specification means, we have to set our objectives before we're going to start, before we're going to teach, before we plan what about we have to teach. First of all, we have to set objectives for this. Then, small step size means, we have to break down our topic into small steps, small topics, and then we have to go to teach. Then, over-responding. Responding is very important. Each student has to respond on each step. Then, success or minimal error. Programmed Instruction has been based upon the formula of success. Or it should avoid error at any cost, because it has taken as obstacle in the path of learning. Hence, it has been based on success and avoid errors. Then, immediate feedback means, if student has provided right answers, teacher or the machine or our software has immediately provided feedback to the students. Then, it is logical, we have to proceed in a sequence, graded programs. Means, A, B after A and C after B. And self-pacing means, it is based upon the principle of individual difference that each child has proceed in accordance to his or her pace. So, after this, we have to know, we have to come to know about the program instruction. What program instruction is, from where it has been started and what are the principles of program instruction on which it has been based. Done.