 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor of the Department of Education at Siskandar Girls Study College, University of Allahabad and today we are going to discuss a new theory or under behaviorism that is Hull's theory of learning. We have already discussed Thondai's theory of learning, Pavlov's theory of learning and Skinner's theory of learning and today it is the turn of Clark Hull's theory of learning which is also called as drive reduction theory or drive reduction theory of motivation as well and the lecture will be in bilingual mode as always and must useful for various teaching examinations as various questions have been asked from learning and learning theories and do subscribe my channel if you like the content and tap to the bell notification also. So let's start. First of all, Clark Hull. We are going to study this theory. Hull's theory of learning is known as drive reduction theory of learning. It is also known as drive reduction theory of motivation. So many names are known, you should know all the names as well. And we are studying this in the same program, Behaviorist Learning Theories. One of them is Thondai's theory and then we studied Pavlov's classical conditioning theory and then we studied Skinner's operand conditioning theory which I have discussed with you three times to explain Skinner. Once it is solely BF Skinner and then its concept which is reinforcement and punishment which has positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment. Then it is operand conditioning and today it is the turn of Hull's theory. Okay, so Hull's theory is also called as deductive behaviorism. Now we will go ahead. Okay. And let's know how did you tell your theory? What did you tell? How did you learn? And since he is also a behaviorist, how do you see this learning? So Hull was one of the first theorists to attempt to create a grand theory designed to explain all behavior. That means to explain all types of behavior, to explain their behavior, he made a very dangerous theory which is known as Hull's theory of learning. He started developing his theory from a number of other thinkers including Charles Darwin, Ivan Pavlov, Watson and Thorndyke. That means why did he get attracted to psychology? When he read many books about Charles Darwin, Pavlov's classical conditioning, he read Watson's theory which is also known as behaviorism. And when he learned about Thorndyke's connectionism, he made his theory. Hull based his theory on the concept of homeostasis. Now what is the concept of homeostasis? The concept of homeostasis is in science where the organism's tendency is to stay in the state of homeostasis. That means it stays in the state of Santullan. As soon as something or the other destroys the Santullan, then in what direction does Jeev work? He works in the direction of taking care of the Santullan. So this is the homeostasis. The idea that the body actively works to maintain a certain state of balance or equilibrium. That means the body stays in the direction of taking care of the Santullan. In his theory, Hull used the term drive to refer to the states of tension or arousal caused by physiological or biological needs of drive that creates an unpleasant state. A tension that needs to be reduced. That means everyone's theory has its own key word. For example, Skinner's reinforcement, whose positive reinforcement, Poonar Balan, is his drive. Who is saying this drive? The drive is a sign that some tension has been created, some things have aroused or arised, which is related to physiological or biological needs. So what will happen when tension will arise? The human, Jeev or organism wants to stay in the homeostasis, they want to stay in the balance, then they will work in that direction, that the need will be over, that the site will disappear, that unpleasant state will be removed. This is the drive that motivates the organism to learn. In order to reduce this state of tension, the tension that has arised, what will happen to reduce it? Humans and animals seek out ways to fulfill these biological needs. Humans are behaviourists in this lane, they have kept animals and humans at the same level of learning. Humans and animals seek out ways to fulfill these biological needs. Humans and Jeev also seek out a way through which they can fulfill that biological need, which has brought tension. Okay, and this is the name of the drive. So what is the theory of learning? Clarke Hull proposed a new way of understanding behaviour. And his theory is known as deductive behaviourism. As I told you, his theory is also known as deductive behaviourism. For Hull, the strength of habit was the most basic concept. For him, the most basic concept is the drive, and what is the strength of habit? The habit and its power, how powerful is that connection. He believed that practice reinforced habits, that practice reinforced habits, which are also different from thondis, and thondis have talked about law of use and disuse. So he also said that practice reinforces the habit. Hull described habits as stimulus response connections based on rewards. And Hull described habits as stimulus response connections, as well as SR connections, and based on which reward? That is, he is also talking about reinforcement. More or less, it is the same. A little more. They have made the theory more typical and complex. Since they are behaviourists, they are talking about reinforcement, practice, and SR connections. Then, what is Clarke Hull proposing? We need to know this. Clarke Hull proposed a new way of understanding behaviourism that stemmed from the logical positivism that prevailed in his time. We need to pay attention to this. Whenever an educated psychologist has brought a theory, then what was the current trend? So that theory is always influenced by that. When he gave his theory, then it was about logical positivism. Logical positivism means that everything should be empirically verified, listen to logical analysis. It was a very experimental method. His theory of deductive behaviourism proposes habit as a central concept. The theory of deductive behaviourism looks at habit as a central concept. Hull presented his learning theory for the first time in Mathematical deductive theory of Roat Learning. In 1940, when he was publishing and presenting his theory for the first time, what was the name of his theory? Mathematical deductive theory of Roat Learning. Why? Because it was a time of logical positivism and it influenced his theory. Hull developed these ideas in Principles of Behavior. In his own chart, he is presenting his ideas. Behavior is learn and condition if and only if a person satisfies a primary drive. He is saying that behaviour can be learned or it can be conditioned when a person satisfies his primary drive. Why? Because what is the difference between drive and tension? What is the work of the organism? To reduce tension. Why? What is the basic tendency of the organism? Now let's talk about Conditioning and Reinforcement. How is Hull telling conditioning and reinforcement? Hull is considered a new behaviourist thinker. He came later and said he is not a behaviourist. He must have said something but like the other major behaviourists he believed that human behaviour could be explained by conditioning and reinforcement. And the reduction of the drive acts is a reinforcement for that behaviour. And when the drive is lacking when the tension comes out when the organism tries to reduce it. So that is his behaviour. Then what is he saying? Hull's learning theory focuses mainly on the principle of reinforcement. So he got it because he will work on the principle of reinforcement. But what is he saying? When an SR relationship is followed by a reduction of the need the probability increases and in future similar situations same stimulus will create the same prior response. There is nothing new here. When reinforcement is obtained and reward is obtained then the stimulus, the response is strengthened and there is nothing new. Hull introduced the concept of intervening variables. Before that no one talked about intervening variables in behaviourism. The concept is that there can be an intervening variable between S and R. It is not a simple connection between S and R. What is this? The link between S and R relationships could be anything. It could be an organism response which influences how an organism will respond. Like what could be an intervening variable? It could be learning. It could be fatigue, disease, injury, motivation, etc. If you are in a state of fatigue and you are not in another state sometimes you are ill, sometimes you are not. Sometimes you are pregnant, sometimes you are not. Sometimes you have already learned or have not. In all these cases he labeled this relationship as E a reaction potential and he named it as E. Because it was influenced by logical positivism, he derived a mathematical formula. How many types of variables did he tell? Only intervening. Independent, dependent, intervening. Why? Because he is trying to tell the science of psychology and scientific science. These three types of variables are independent variables which are stimuli systematically manipulated by the experimenter. Those variables and the stimulus can be manipulated and independent intervening is thought to be taking place within the organism but directly observable. Intervening is within the organism but directly observable. But you can observe it whether it is irritated or tired or if it is a disease. Then what are dependent variables which are some aspect of behavior that is measured by the experimenter in order to determine whether the independent variable had any effect. Let's see the effect of the independent variable. What was the independent variable which is independent and on which the experimenter is manipulating. If the experimenter has any effect then its effect is seen on the dependent variable. You can listen to this experimenter and you will understand what it is. This is the mathematical formula which he derived. I mean, even in psychology he has applied mathematics and said that this formula has learning. Hull's goal was to develop a theory of learning that could be expressed mathematically by how much learning and behavior can be explained and understood. In its simplest form, Hull's series states that behavior is a function of drive multiplied by habit. This formula is very clever but if you want to understand in one line then you can say that the function of drive and habit means if we multiply the drive by habit this is very clever if you can remember S e r is equal to S h r into d into k into v minus s i r plus i r plus minus s o r So you have to remember what is e r? The probability and speed with which a behavior occurs to a given stimuli which is called reaction potential What is h r? What is drive? What is k? What is v? Stimulus dynamism What is i r? Inhibitory strength s i r Inhibitory strength i r number of trainings or reactive inhibition and o r random error means we will do plus minus random error later. So a mathematical formula of this method how much effort how much experimental how much trial and error this formula will be the other thing is that this formula is not to be considered but in psychology it has a very important point. In a simplistic term the behavior is the function of drive and habit. If you want to know in a complex form then this is the formula if you can remember it all its terminologies are well and good. What are the principles? Drive is essential in order for responses to occur. The most important thing is drive. That is why drive reduction theory is here that why learning is happening to reduce the drive. What is the most important thing to learn or for response? Then stimuli and responses must be detected by the organism in order for conditioning to occur. Drive is important. Stimuli and responses must be detected by the organism i.e. what are the connections where conditioning is to occur. Then the response must be made in order for conditioning to occur. Conditioning only occurs if the reinforcement satisfies the need. i.e. the response has to be given then the conditioning will occur then the bond will be strengthened and if reinforcement will occur then it will be strengthened. The drive reduction here is a reinforcer. Is there a drive reduction in the area of the reinforcer? Drive reduction. If there is a need or tension then the organism worked in the direction of removing the need then what is this reinforcement? Strengthening the connection between the drive and behavior. The need and behavior between the drive becomes strengthened if we get a reinforcer. Because of his beliefs that a living organism would repeat behavior that would reduce a drive hysteria which was also called a drive reduction theory of motivation. I told you that drive reduction theory is also known as a drive reduction theory of motivation. That is why we often study the theory of motivation as well as the theory of Hull. Like other behaviorists, Hull was only interested in overt behavior yet he did not deny the existence of cognitive factors like ideas, prior knowledge, intelligence, insight and values. He is saying that since he was a behaviorist then he was also interested in overt behavior. Which is visible from the outside, which is observable. But you can understand that he is a neo-behaviorist. So he is slowly taking steps to increase the cognitiveism of psychology. That is why he did not deny the idea, prior knowledge, intelligence, insight and values. But why did he put it in his theory because he is saying that we cannot derive it mathematically. But somewhere his role is not because he is a neo-behaviorist. And that is why he is a deductive behaviorist. But since he is following many principles as it is behaviorism, that is why his behaviorism is his category. Okay, then educational implications. If we take the theory of Hull as an example, Hull emphasizes the importance of need-need learning process. That is, it should be necessary. You can say that he is establishing this with readiness. When he is ready, when he feels need, he will study. And accordingly, the needs of all categories of children should be incorporated into the curriculum. So what is the educational implication of this? That all the diverse students we have if we give everyone's needs in the curriculum, then everyone's needs will be fulfilled and they will be motivated to study. Learning becomes meaningful when it satisfies the needs of all the students. Emphasized and anxiety is drive in human learning. That is, it is important to have a little bit of anxiety. If it is not that much, then you will not be motivated at all and you will study. Hull system of learning advocated the following chain sequence for improved results in the teaching learning process. They are saying that the students who are studying this in the teaching learning process are saying that what chain, drive, Q, response and reward they are saying that if we follow this chain, then the student can learn well. What is the chain? First of all, this is something that is needed by the learner in order to behave and respond. First of all, it is necessary to drive. Then what is necessary? Why? Means they get a sign. There must be something to which the learner must respond. Give it a stimulus, respond. The learner must be made to respond in order to learn something. If we are giving it a stimulus, despite that if the student is not responding, then learning will not be necessary. Then what is necessary for that response? Give it a reward. Give it a reinforcement. The learner's response must be reinforced or rewarded, thus enabling them to learn what he wants to learn. So what he has done response, if we want to teach him, we need to reinforce him positively. So if we go to this sequence that first the driver is not there, then give it a stimulus, then respond and then give it a reward, then learning will be done in accordance to all. But there is also criticism like other theories. What is it? Because of his emphasis on quantifying his variables in such a narrowly defined way, his theory lacks generalizability. Since he gave the variables in such a quantified manner, he made them so thin that the balance of the values ends. However, his emphasis on rigorous experimental techniques and scientific methods did have an important influence on the field of psychology. But somewhere he proved that psychology is like pure science. You can use it as an experimental method. It is the best method. Then one of the biggest problems with Hull's drive reduction theory is that it does not account for how secondary reinforcers reduce drives. The primary drive reduction theory of learning is that it does not explain why people engage in behaviors that do not reduce drives. But it is said that driving, tension will be there in the direction of working and learning. But many times without driving, there is no tension. It is not necessary that there will be tension, there will be drive, we will learn to reduce it. So it is said that there is no way of learning to reduce it. It is said that there is no way of learning to reduce it in the direction of learning. In this, it is said that if there is something, why would people see activities that do nothing to fulfill biological needs and that actually plays them in considerable danger. Like skydiving or bungee jumping or something like that. They need to fulfill biological needs and create more tension. So why does this learning take place and such a connection, why does it happen? For this reason, Hull did not give any explanation. He only said that drive is must for learning. He did not say that it can be learnt without driving. So, drive reduction theory cannot account for such behavior. For this kind of behavior, Hull did not give any explanation. How to conclude? Hull's system of learning is acclaimed and remembered for putting forward a most systematic, scientific and mathematical theory of learning. There is no doubt that he has given us a lesson in a very scientific and scientific way. In addition, Hull was able to popularize a very innovative and objective behavioristic approach to learning, which was more effective in comparison to the approach of his predecessor. The behaviorist who was before him, he lost more innovative and objective ways. Then, the greatest contribution of Hull's theory lies in its emphasis on linking learning to the needs of the children. He was the one who told us that, according to Avishakta, education will be better. This is the greatest contribution in the field of education. And he says that it is the need to drive or drive stimuli that another is an individual to act or learn or behave. He said that need is necessary, drive is necessary, drive stimuli is necessary so that the person can learn. Therefore, he advocated the need-based goals of education. We can say that Avishakta, Aadharit, who made the purpose of education, he made it. Including need-based curricula, methods of teaching. Whereas, need starts the process of learning. And therefore, in any education process, we must involve sufficient possibilities of proper motivation and reinforcement incentives. Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel Explore Education. Today, I have completed a very important theory of Clark's Hull's theory of learning.