 Namaste and welcome to the video course on watershed management. I am T. I. L. though a professor in the department of civil engineering, Indian state technology Bombay, Mumbai, India. My area of specialization is water resources and environmental engineering. The scope of the video course on watershed management, the main scope is to discuss various aspects of watersheds and its management. So, in a holistic way. So, in that way this course will be discussed in a fashion which is so called integrated watershed management approach. So, we will be discussing the various aspects or the various resources in a watersheds in a holistic way. So, a watershed is an ideal unit for multidisciplinary planning and management of land water resources. So, that the various management practices ensure continuous benefits in a sustainable way. So, this watershed is a geographical area which we can delineate as per the topography and that is the basis of the various management practices of the water, land and other resources in that area. So, when we talk about watershed management, we will be discussing in the perspective of sustainable management. Sustainable management means all the resources available in the watersheds, we will be managing in a way that it will be useful for the present generation and the future generation. Hence, it is the management of all the resources within the watersheds. So, now coming to the course objectives. The various course objectives are listed here to discuss various aspects of watershed development and management. So, that means the resources within the watersheds, its technological, social, ecological, environmental, sustainable management issues in a holistic way. So, that is the main objective of this course. The main focus will be the various technical aspects of watershed management. The main emphasis will be on the perspectives on land and water management. So, we will be discussing the various complex issues within the watersheds and analyze the issues and we will be discussing the specific knowledge related to various issues of the watershed which we consider and its management in a holistic way. So, this course will be very useful to the undergraduates and postgraduate students who will be taking watershed management as a course and water resource engineers who will be dealing with the watershed and its management. This course will be also useful to various teachers who will be teaching watershed management, water resource engineering, agricultural water management, etc. And also it will be useful for non-government organizations, NGOs, field engineers and practitioners. This course includes 10 modules and about 40 lectures and a number of field problems will be discussed in this course to illustrate the concepts clearly. So, as I mentioned there will be totally 10 modules in this course. The modules are listed here and the course will be having 40 lectures. So, the various modules which will be concentrated in this course include first one the introduction and basic concepts about 3 lectures will be there in this module. Second module on sustainable watershed approach and watershed management practices 4 lectures will be there in this module. Third module will be on integrated watershed management 4 lectures will be there in this module. Fourth module will be on watershed modeling the various aspects of the modeling of watershed related to water, watershed, water, rainfall to runoff and various issues. So, this module will be having about 7 lectures and fifth module will be on social aspects of watershed management which will be having about 3 lectures. And in the sixth module we will be discussing about the use of modern techniques in watershed management. We will be discussing about the remote sensing techniques geography information systems then computer models decision support system etcetera in this module and this module will be having 5 lectures. Seventh module will be on management of water quality and this module will be having 4 lectures. Eighth module will be on storm water and flood management. In most of the watersheds the floods and droughts are major issues. So, the flood management will be discussed in the eighth module and in the ninth module will be discussing about the drought management within a watershed and various issues related to the droughts and its management. And the last module will be discussing about the water conservation and recycling and there will be about 3 lectures in this module. The preparation of this video lecture, a number of reference books, journal papers and various internet resources will be used. Some of the important references are listed here which includes decision support system for Indian watershed management by Alam Gamal Ibrahim, then hydrological modeling of small watershed by American Society of Agriculture Engineers, watershed management by American Society of Civil Engineers, and watershed hydrology by Black Peter, irrigation engineering by A. M. Michael, integrated watershed management by Rajesh Rajyora, then integrated watershed management by Helcote, then watershed management by J. V. S. Murthy, watershed management and sustainable development by Gopal Iyer and Roy, watershed development in India by Puranthare and Jaiswal, watershed management, planning and management by Veer Singh Raj, and watershed processes, assessment and management by Paul A. Dibari. So, these are some of the important references which will be used in the preparation of this lectures and some other references which will be discussed whenever we will be discussing some issues will be mentioned at appropriate places. So, today we will be starting the first module. The module is on introduction and basic concepts. So, in this first module there will be 3 lectures and the contents of this first module will be on the concept of watershed, introduction to watershed management, different stakeholders and their relative importance, watershed management, policies and decision making. So, in this first module we will be having 3 lectures and first lecture we will be discussing today. So, the first lecture is on introduction to watershed management. Today we will be discussing the following topics, the concept of watershed, watershed approach, common watershed problems, introduction to watershed management, watershed management necessity and principles and we will be discussing a case study with respect to their topics which we will be discussing today. Some of the important keywords for today's lecture includes watershed management concepts, characteristics, deterioration, necessity and principles. So, first we will be discussing the concept of watershed. So, watershed as I mentioned is a geographical area which is identified topographically say surrounded by ridges and the water falling on that area will be draining to a single outlet as in a river or a lake. So, when we will discuss the watershed in a holistic way we have to discuss the various issues what is happening with respect to the land, water and various resources within the watershed. So, here this figure shows a watershed. So, this here there is a ridge and this side another ridge and then you can see a river. So, here this is the outlet of the watershed. So, you can see that the precipitation falling on this area will be first over the overlands and then through various streams small small streams it will be joining to a main stream and that we can consider as a single outlet as in a river say for example, this location. So, that is the basic concept of watershed. So, you can see that here in this figure say this is the outlet of a particular watershed there a check dam is put. So, that we can say store sufficient water the water coming from the river. So, that we can use this water for various uses within the watershed. So, this figure shows a delineated watershed. So, here you can see that there will be a major stream and then number of minor streams and different orders of other streams will be there. So, as you can see that in this watershed various land use and land cover pattern are shown with the various colors. So, you can see the land use just like agricultural land use then forest land use then the shrub and various other kinds of land uses are shown in this figure. So, when we discuss the watershed we have to mainly see the various resources like a land, water, mineral and other resources within the watershed. So, water is an important aspect as far as a watershed is concerned. So, we have to discuss the watershed management within the perspective of mainly water. So, we will be discussing about the hydrosphere and hydrological cycle within the perspective of this watershed. So, that gives better concept of the watershed. So, as defined here the hydrosphere in physical geography describes the combined mass of waters found on under and above the surface of the planet. So, the hydrosphere consists waters of land, rivers and other water bodies including the ground water system and also the oceans atmosphere and surrounding the land. So, you can see that when we discuss about the water resources within a watershed we have to see the surface water, ground water and then what is happening to the water resources within the area within the watershed which we consider. So, that way we have to consider the hydrological cycle. So, hydrological cycle means a change in phase of water in the hydrosphere. So, you can see that due to precipitation water is falling on the grounds or the watershed which we consider. So, initially we are having the runoff as overland flow then that will be joined into the stream. So, that we are having the stream flow or river runoff. So, then this water will be finally joined to the ocean. So, as a part of hydrological cycle this water will be evaporated as evaporation or the other forms of changes like transpiration, evaporation and all other forms. So, finally evaporated water will be condensed and finally coming again back to the system say the watershed which we consider as rainfall and it will be repeated as a hydrological cycle. So, when we discuss about the management of the water within a watershed we have to see the various phase changes what is happening within the watershed like a precipitation to runoff then runoff the during that precipitation runoff various processes like interception then evaporation then infiltration finally runoff say from the outlet of the watershed. So, the various issues related to water we will be considering in a holistic way within the watershed. So, coming back to the basic definition of the watershed. So, as I already mentioned watershed is a topographically delineated area that is drained by a stream system. So, you can see that a watershed is typically represented here in this figure. So, this is a ridge and here another ridge and this is a major stream or river. So, whatever the precipitation falling on this watershed area it is transformed into runoff and finally that will be joining coming to the river and that we can consider as the outlet of this watershed. So, this watershed is an area from which runoff resulting from precipitation flows past a single point into a stream as shown in this figure into a stream river lake or it can be to the ocean. So, the water falling on the watershed as precipitation it can be rainfall or it can be snowfall. So, that drains from the surrounding ridges to the common points such as lake stream. So, you can see that when we consider the geographical area of the watershed this area we are delineating as a watershed. So, it is of course bounded by other watershed. So, you can see that this is the watershed which we now consider in this case but surrounding this side another watershed this side another watershed. So, like that the watershed which we consider shares the boundaries with a neighboring watersheds. So, we are separating the watershed as a scientific unit for the various resource management which we consider. So, that is the basic concept of watershed management. So, now before going to further details of the watershed and its management we have to understand what are the basic characteristics of a watershed. Since the watershed management practices depends upon the characteristics. So, we should have fundamental understanding of the characteristics of the watershed. So, some of the important watershed characteristics I have listed here. So, first one is size of the watershed, second one is shape of the watershed. So, size means it can be larger watershed or a smaller watershed depending upon the area which we consider. Shape means generally naturally it will be irregular shape. So, shape can be it can be this a broader shape or a elongated shape or a narrow shape. So, different shapes can be possible. Then third important watershed characteristic is the physiography or the physical geography. So, you can see that say how the land is changing whether it is the watershed considered having the having hills or the plain area or slope area like that. So, the physiography is very important. Then some other important characteristics include climates. So, as I mentioned we will be discussing about the various resources within the watershed. So, one of the important resources is water. So, climate issues like how is the rainfall pattern within the watershed, how is the temperature pattern, temperature changes and say rainfall to runoff how the changes. So, all those issues will be discussing in this climate issues related to the watershed. Then the drainage system. So, as you can see in this figure. So, before the considered watershed the rainfall to runoff process is taking place through first over land and then to the channels. So, the drainage system is a major factor depending upon that the water moves through the watershed which we consider. So, the drainage system the its pattern its characteristics is very important. Then of course, another important issues is the land use. So, how we are using the available land for the various management of the the the resources like the agriculture practices and other uses industrial uses. So, land use is very important. So, how much percentage is forest, how much percentage for agriculture purposes, how much percentage for the industrial purpose. So, like that the land use is a major issue. Then how much is the forest in the watershed. So, vegetation is an important issue in most of the watershed management practices. Then another important watershed characteristic is geology and soils. So, you can see that the various resources management taking place within the watershed which we consider depends upon the soils and then the geological aspects. Then of course, some other important characteristics like the hydrology. So, that is related to the climate issues. So, like how much rainfall is there within the watershed average annual rainfall. So, accordingly we will be going for various management practices. So, hydrology of the watershed is important. Then hydrogeology. So, generally for the available water we have to consider surface water and ground water. So, the ground water depends upon the various hydrogeological characteristics. So, the hydrogeology is an important issue. And then finally, another important issue as far as watershed characteristics is concerned is socio economics. So, for the holistic development of the watershed area which we consider we have to see the socio economics of the people residing within the watershed. So, we have to study in detail how is the socio economics of the watershed area which we consider. So, these are some of the important watershed characteristics which we have to consider before going for any watershed management practices. So, all these various characteristics we will be discussing in detail in various lectures. So, before going to other issues. So, let us initially look into the size of watershed. So, other than other characteristics we will be discussing the other characteristics like shape, physiography and other characteristics we will be discussing in other lectures. So, today let us have a brief discussion on the size of the watershed. So, when we go for watershed management practices the size is important whether it is a very large watershed or a small watershed. So, a watershed size can vary from few square meter to thousands of square kilometer. So, as shown in these slides there can be major watershed of thousands of square kilometer and then depending upon the drainage system the orders of various streams we can further say take consider this main watershed into sub watershed. So, say for example, this is the main watershed then this is a sub watershed. So, the sub watershed considered is a part of this watershed. So, we can start the various management practices by considering as a sub watershed also and then depending upon the area of the watershed we can further classify milli watershed, micro watershed or mini watershed considering the area of a small watershed very small watershed like that for the given major watersheds. So, as I mentioned when we consider the watershed for the consider watershed there will be other watershed will be there as boundaries. So, say for example, if you consider this watershed this is the ridge of this watershed and then this is the major stream and other minor streams of different orders will be joining to the major stream. So, this is the watershed which we consider. So, which is a sub watershed of the main watershed which we consider here. So, now what we have discussed is the concepts of watershed. So, we have seen that we have to consider the important watershed characteristics that is very important before considering any management practices as far as the watershed which we consider. So, now we will discuss about the watershed approach. So, as we have seen this watershed is a scientific area which is delineated based upon the topographical features of the area which we consider. So, the watershed area is very appropriate for various planning, management, implementation and the further sustainable development of the area is concerned. So, watershed approach here the watershed approach is appropriate to solve various resources problem whether the land which we consider the water we consider or various other resources which we consider for planning, implementation and management. So, as we discussed when we consider the watershed. So, on a watershed scale it is much easier to manage the land and water. So, that we can manage a system in a sustainable way in a better environmental way environment friendly way. So, that we can have better management financially as well as socially. So, here when we discuss about the watershed management the environmental issues are very important for the considered area. So, the when we consider the watershed management on an environmental scale the watershed defines by natural hydrology as an ecosystem and whatever the resources within the watershed becomes a focal point in order to understand the factors that contributes to the environmental problem or the ecological problem which we consider for the watershed considered. So, when we consider the watershed management it is the issue of sustainable development and management. So, we have to discuss the various issues like financial issues, social issues so that we have the optimal benefits for the area which we consider. So, the core of watershed approach is better understanding of various factors or various resources within the considered watershed. So, the various when we go for watershed management practices we have to consider various issues. So, we may have to go for modeling of various system within the watershed then monitoring the system when we implement and then reporting under a watershed framework. So, we go in a scientific way as far as the watershed management is concerned. So, that we can save time and we can utilize the available resources or available money in a better way. So, that optimal management is achieved. So, when we will discuss about the watershed management one of the important issue is of course the people participations. So, the people residing in that watershed is very important we have to consider their various issues which are facing for the considered watershed. So, people participation is the pillar of watershed approach. So, that the various management practices which we consider for the watershed that is for the people and for the holistic development of the area. So, when we consider the people participation it gives a sense of ownership. So, greater public involvement will be there and that ensures sustainability of the interventions which we plan within the watershed management perspective. So, when we will discuss about the watershed management we have to see the various issues or various problems faced by a watershed. So, here in the slides now we will be discussing about the watershed deterioration and watershed related problems. Generally, in a watershed the various problems also called a deterioration of the watershed happens when various project implementations or various activities are happening within the watershed in an uncontrolled unplanned and scientific way. So, generally what happens is uncontrolled unplanned and scientific land use that is a major issue generally as far as a watershed is concerned. Say for example, if we consider the agricultural land within the watershed then the various practices followed by farmers if they are not scientific, if they are not appropriate for the lands or the watershed which we consider then there will be problems or deterioration happens to the watershed. Then watershed erosion like due to the various faulty land management practices there can be soil erosion and then the top fertile soil will be rotted away from the watershed. So, that will make the soil unfair then some of the issues like shifting cultivation by the farmers. So, that also can be an issue as far as agricultural land is concerned. Then other resources like forest land and grasslands are concerned there can be uncontrolled tree felling and there can be issues like forest fire. So, that you can lead to reduction in the forest area for the considered watershed and then grassland is concerned gracing is done without appropriate management practices. Then the grassland will be reduced and then grass will not be available for the cattle. So, that can be an issue. Then other resources like minerals and stones like other resources then the issues can be unscientific mining and quarrying. So, that can lead to watershed deterioration. Then as far as various construction activities which you can take place within a watershed like barred road alignments then various construction activities which are not done in a scientific way. So, this all can lead to watershed related problems and that can lead to watershed deterioration. Then wherever industrial activities are there. So, if the industrial activities are not planned properly then that can also lead to deterioration of the watersheds. Then another major issue as far as a watershed is concerned it is people apathy. So, people are not concerned what is happening in their locality or in that watersheds. So, as I mentioned for the appropriate management of watersheds people participation is very essential. So, people should feel that the various developmental activities taking place within the watershed is for the development of that area and for the betterment of the people in that area. So, people should actively involve in the various watershed management implementations and maintenance of the system. So, now we have seen the various causes of watershed deterioration and what are the consequences. So, that are listed here. So, one of the important consequence is low productivity. So, the productivity of agriculture, grasslands, forests. So, there will be a total reduction in biomass. So, you can see that when we consider this watershed as a scientific unit. So, we will be going for the scientific management of the various resources within the watershed. So, most of the time the low productivity that means agriculture whatever agriculture practices are there the productivity is less and then the products from the forestry that is also reduced. So, that low productivity is a major issue. Then as far as water issues concerned there is lack of sufficient water surface water or groundwater. So, that way the farmers cannot go for irrigation. So, that can lead to say various issues related to say not only domestic water supply, but water for agriculture and other activities. So, it can be a declination of surface and groundwater availability. So, say for example, if groundwater is concerned the issue can be say increase in cost of irrigation say when the groundwater level is going down we have to use more power and then to drip water to lift the water. So, that can be another consequence. Then as far as the erosion and siltation problem is concerned. So, siltation of reservoirs, lakes and channels that can be a major issue of the watershed deterioration. Then other consequences like erosion and denudation. So, due to continuous erosion problems the overall contour of the watershed itself can change when we consider for a long time. So, that can be another important consequence. Then as far as water is concerned as we discussed it is not only the quantity of water quality is also major issue. So, the available water if it is not of good quality for various uses then it will be another issue. So, all these finally can lead to poverty in the area which we consider and then that also can lead to further social issues for the considered watershed. So, these are some of the important consequences of watershed deterioration. So, based upon this analysis of the watershed deterioration and its consequences let us look into typical watershed related problems. So, the problems can be the physical problems of the area which we consider physical problems such as steep slope, bad lands, soil erosion etcetera which we have already discussed. Then typical watershed problem can be resource use problems like agricultural practices happening within the watershed, then the forest management. So, agriculture practices like shifting of cultivation, then forest fire, then deforestation etcetera. So, these are some of the resource related issues the end problems. So, finally, all these leads to reduced yield then there can be flooding in rainfall season or monsoon season then there can be droughts in summer season. So, these are some of the end problems as far as typical watershed problems are concerned. Then all these finally lead to socio-economic problems for the people residing in that watershed. So, if there is no sufficient yield from the agriculture then there is no sufficient job and then sufficient money for the people then that can finally lead to poverty for the people in the watershed and that people may migrate to other areas. So, as far as socio-economic issues concerned mainly poverty, migration and other related issues. So, when we discuss, so what we have discussed so far is the concept of watershed, then the watershed deterioration and its consequences and when we consider typical watershed what are the typical problems as far as the watershed is concerned. So, when we discuss these typical problems we have to see that what are the watershed related complications. So, some of the complications are listed here. So, mainly the complications can be on the two issues one is land related issues and then second is water related issues. So, the land related issues are the issues due to the human interventions within the watershed. So, like as we discussed the changing of contour of lands and land use and then various pollution problems within the watershed. So, some of the remedies can be like appropriate land management then appropriate base management so that we can stop pollution at sources and then reduce the use of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides for various agricultural uses. So, like that depending upon the watershed there can be various remedies. Then second important issue or important complication as far as a watershed is concerned it is related to water. So, as I mentioned so water is one of the important resource which we use for domestic agricultural and industrial uses. So, the water is concerned we have to see in a holistic way like surface water availability, ground water availability and that should be in terms of the quantity of water available and the quantity of water available. So, within the watershed managing practices we can look into various issues like appropriate agricultural water management practices then we can look into rainwater harvesting then we can look into the changing cropping pattern and then of course, some other important issues like pollution problems, environmental problems. So, it can be soil pollution, water pollution. So, we can look into the pollution issues as far as the water and land is concerned. So, that we can achieve better environmental management. So, within this perspective we have seen in the previous slides the watershed complications and then its remedies. So, now coming back to the watershed management why we have to go for watershed management? What is the necessity of watershed management? So, some of the important necessities of watershed management are listed here. The watershed which we consider we are considering a specified a scientific area. So, we are looking for the better management of various resources within that area. So, within that perspective when we look into the necessity of watershed management the necessities include say better water and land management. So, we are looking for the best management practices. So, that is based upon the lands which we consider and then the water within the land which we consider. Then for stability of land use in lower areas. So, you can see that when we consider the topography of the watershed which we consider there can be upper land, middle land and lower land. So, whatever you are practicing within the upper or middle land that can affect the land use or its management within the lower land. So, we have to see the stability of land use in lower land within the perspective of what is happening within the upper lands. Then for arresting soil erosion. So, as we have seen soil erosion can be a major issue. Improving soil moisture reducing floods and droughts. So, as we have seen one of the important consequence of watershed related issue is floods and then another consequence can be droughts. So, we have to do watershed management. So, that the effects of floods and droughts are reduced. Then another necessity is for developing water land and biomass in an integrated way. So, that we achieve the social needs environmental needs in a sustainable way. So, also the watershed management necessity can be for judicious use of natural resources in a holistic way. So, within this perspective of watershed management we have to see the harmony of various players within the watershed say like the people within the watershed. Then the flora and fauna and then there is a harmony within the ecosystem for the watershed which we consider. So, now we will look into what are the important principles of watershed management. So, some of the important principles are listed here. The watershed management we consider the utilization of the land according to the capability of the land then maintain adequate vegetative cover for control of soil erosion. So, we have seen the soil erosion is a major problem. Then we look into a conservation of rainwater at places where it falls. So, this can be like a contour farming as shown in this figure. So, then draining out of excess water with a safe velocity so that we can avoid soil erosion and store it at appropriate location. So, like in a pond so that we can use the water for future use. Then preventing erosion so that we are stopping the water at different locations. So, water recharge will be recharge to the groundwater system will be improved. So, we will have better management or better availability of groundwater for the watershed which we consider. And finally, overall management of the available resources in a sustainable way. So, this is the most important aspect of or most important principle of watershed management. So, various resources like a land, water then the forest or the the minerals or all the resources available within the watershed in a sustainable way. So, these are some of the important principles of watershed management. So, now in this lecture we have seen the concept of watersheds. Then the watershed approach the various issues which we consider for a sustainable development and environmental friendly development. Then we have seen the watershed related problems like watershed deterioration then what are the consequences of watershed deterioration. Then we have seen the necessity of watershed management practices then the important principles of watershed management. So, as I mentioned we are looking the management of various resources within a watershed in a holistic way. So, that we are achieving sustainable developments for the watershed which we consider. So, within this perspective here now we will discuss a small case study how a sustainable environmental friendly watershed management is possible. Here we are considering a case study of upper lake watershed management upper lake watershed management. So, this case study is taken by a paper by Nandi the paper titled management of upper lake watersheds. So, this watershed is in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India it is called upper lake. So, the watershed area is about 361 square kilometer and there is a major lake in this area and water spread area is about 31 square kilometer. So, this lake was created in 11th century by obstructing a natural the natural flow of colons, a rainforest butry of Batva river by constructing an earthen dam. So, this shows the lake which is considered for this watershed. So, this is located this latitude of 23 degree 12 minutes to 23 degree 16 minutes and longitude of 77 degree 18 minutes to 77 degree 23 minutes east. So, as we discussed when we discuss about the watersheds. So, the area of the watershed the size of the watershed is important as I mentioned this is a sub watershed of the so called upper lake and area is about 361 square kilometer. So, next issue is how is the land use of the watershed. So, here the various land use for this considered watershed is listed here. So, the various land use are built up area then cropped lands open forest lands land with a scrub or without scrub then barren or rocky stone stony lands in other small lakes and ponds. So, like that the area is also listed here the total area of the watershed considered 361 square kilometer. So, when we look into the watershed management for the area which we consider we have to consider the watershed management in a holistic way. So, first one is the land then the water in the land and then of course, various resources within the watershed. So, anyway in this case study we are the main issue was the water related issue. So, some of the important information as far as this watershed case study is concerned. So, this lake which we consider in this watershed is the lifeline of for various farmers and fishermen about 500 families are there in this watershed. The principle source of whatever water for the city of Bhopal is from this lake for about 1.5 million people. So, before implementing some of the important watershed management practices which we will be briefly discussing in this case study. So, the various issues in this watershed where the polluted lake with the major lake and then the total agriculture practices were not scientific then the land were not properly managed. So, some of the important environmental concerns or the important watershed related problems for this area is listed here. So, deterioration of water quality. So, water available in the lake was not good then reduction of storage capacity of the lake the issues like the weed growth and then polluted water where some of the major issues then obstruction to smooth flow through the spill channel of the lake. So, the drainage system for the watershed was not proper then growth of invasive aquatic plants were there for this watershed. So, that you can see here. So, these were some of the important issues before implementing this watershed practices for this upper lake area. So, due to the various problems for this upper lake area a scientific study has been carried out in 1990s and then the ministry of environment and forest government of India and state governments believe say some plants were put for this watershed area in the late 1990s and then they designated an area called a Boch wetland along with the lower lake area for this of the downstream of upper lake and then initiation and of this project was by ministry of environment forest and the state government authorities. So, some of the interventions within the watershed perspective water related issues are mentioned here. So, this include a 50 meter wide strip of land all along the full tank level of the watershed of the of the main lake. So, this was demarcated for avoiding encroachments. Then a buffer shown has been created between the lake and the human settlements within that watershed. So, these were some of the important interventions in this watershed. Also intensive plantations were implemented in this buffer zone. So, about 73 check dams across 28 inlet channels were implemented in this watershed. So, these all these were done in the end of 1990s and this the effect of these interventions were studied in 2003 by Nandi in the in this paper. So, and also as we discussed some of the other issues were the pollution problems. So, development of appropriate sewage system were done for this area. So, that pollution management has been done. Also, sorted waste management practices appropriate solid waste management practices were carried out for this area. And also organic farming instead of inorganic fertilizers were implemented in this area. Another important aspect of this study was or this case study is stakeholder participation. So, due to the concentrated efforts of various officials and NGOs in this area well coordinated awareness programs were carried out. Then the refrostation of watershed area through participation of farmers, local people, schools, colleges, city administrations were carried out in this area and then promotion of organic farming also were promoted between the farmers. So, when this case study was analyzed in 2003 some of the results of implementations as reported are listed here. After five years of implementation various interventions. So, results of implementations are reduced in sedimentation due to plantations and plantations. Then improvement in general ambience of the area due to the buffer sowning. So, you can see this lake is now the water quality is improved sufficient water is there throughout the year. Then also for the as a total development job opportunities were created for the local people within the watershed management scheme by the various agencies. So, as I mentioned the water quality is improved drastically within this five years of the assessment periods. Then some of the important lessons for this case study considered are listed here. So, like the necessity of integrated watershed approach. So, as I mentioned for this case study it is the management of the land then water then the various issues for the people all these are considered in this study. Then importance of conservation practices like a necessity of a buffer sown. So, that has improved very much for the lake which is considered in this area. Then overall environmental management the necessity of legal framework to control anthropogenic activities. So, this lake was destroyed due to various human activities within the watershed. So, a legal framework has been also established by the various government bodies during the implementation of this watershed scheme. Then necessity of long time management plans. So, it is this program was implemented not on a short time base, but a long time base. And another important aspect which I have to I want to emphasis here is the people participation. So, the then the schools colleges then the various government organizations all the people came together and then participated for the overall management of this upper lake area. So, that was actually the success of this project as we have seen the effects of this watershed management practices done in upper lake. So, with this the basic concepts of this the first lecture what we considering this introduction to watershed management is over. So, before closing the lectures some of the tutorial assignments problem which will be coming related to this lecture are listed here. First one is some tutorial questions. So, most of these questions the answers are already discussed in the slides. So, the questions I have listed four questions here. First one is discuss watershed concept within the perspective holistic development of an area. So, this we have already seen. So, we have to see not only the land, but then water then other resources. So, we have to consider in a holistic way. Then second question is illustrate important watershed characteristics. So, we have seen various characteristics like size then the shape then hydrological aspects climate aspects or like that various issues we have to consider in watershed management practices. Then describe watershed deterioration and its consequences we have already discussed the various typical problems or typical issues related to watershed deterioration and then what it can lead like to it may lead to droughts, floods or poverty like that. Then fourth question is what are the important water related problems in a watershed. So, various issues we have already discussed. Then those who are going through this lecture with some questions as self-evaluation I have listed here like what is a watershed and what is the importance of watershed based approach in water management. Then second question is discuss watershed approach planning implementation and management and third question is what are the important principles of watershed management and fourth question is discuss watershed management as a part of sustainable development. So, these all these self-evaluation questions we have already discussed in various slides in the lecture. Then few assignment questions are also listed here question number one discuss the water management in a watershed as a part of hydraulic cycle. So, that all we have already seen in the initial part of the lecture and what are the typical watershed related problems. So, like the watershed deterioration then it is consequences and then watershed related problems. Then discuss the necessity of watershed management by considering various problems in an irrit zone watershed. So, in an irrit zone watershed there will be rainfall or precipitation will be less. So, we have to see let especially related to water related issues for the watershed management. Then last question is with the help of a case study show the importance of people participation in watershed management. So, we have already seen one case. So, similarly other case can be analyzed. So, as a last slide here one unsolved problem is put here. So, for the listeners who are going through these lectures. So, one of the unsolved problem is in your locality identify your watershed area list out the resources of water for the area. Then identify the nature of your watershed list out the water problems for your area. Then develop a plan presenting how will you apply the principles of watershed management to your area. Then list out both the short term and long term benefits from the interventions of the watershed management plan. So, this anyway within the perspective of the various issues we have discussed that you can prepare for the watershed which you consider. So, some of the important references which are used specifically for this lecture are listed here. So, in this lecture this introductory lecture we have seen concepts of watershed or the necessity of watershed management then principles of watershed management and also we have seen a case study related to various issues of watershed management. Thank you very much.