 My dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic is chemicals and cement. We are studying these topics with reference to industrial revolution. You have to keep it in mind. My dear students, the chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemical. Dear students, central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials, for example oil, natural gas, air, water, metals and minerals into more than 70,000 different products. With the help of chemicals, 70,000 things are being produced in the world today. Dear students, the plastic industry contains some overlap as some chemical companies produce plastics as well as chemicals. My dear students, various professionals are involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers, chemists and lab technician. Dear students, as of 2018, the chemical industry comprises approximately 15% of the US manufacturing economic sector. Dear students, one of the first chemicals to be produced in large amounts through industrial process was sulfuric acid. Dear students, in 1736, the pharmacist Joshua Ward developed the process for its production that involved heating salt peter, allowing the sulfur to oxidize and combine with water. My dear students, it was the first practical production of sulfuric acid on a large scale. John Robock and Samuel Garbet were the first to establish a large scale factory in Preston, Pans, Scotland in 1749, which used leaden condensing chambers for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. Now let's move on to a very important chemical that is cement. Dear students, cement is also a chemical. Cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets hardens and adheres to other materials to bind them together but rather to bind sand and gravel together. My dear students, cement mixed with the fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry or with sand and gravel produces concrete. Dear students, concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most consumed resource. Chemicals have played a major role in the industrial revolution. In the industrial revolution, many things are synchronized and synthesized through chemicals and a lot of things are consumed by humans. Cement is a very fine class chemical. We should also talk about the benefits of industrial revolution. Now let's move on to discuss some industrial revolution's benefits. The rapid evolution of labor saving inventions took place during industrial revolution. Dear students, goods became affordable and accessible to the masses in abundance and there was rapid evolution of medicines for the masses at large scale and there was enhanced wealth and quality of life for common man. With this, another big benefit was that there took place the rise of specialist professions in the communities in the society. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.