 Okay, good day everybody. I'm Dr. Sanjay Sarayal. This is a quick demonstration of each lung separately as we have harvested them from a cadaver. I'm holding the right lung in my hand. How do I know that there's a right lung? Well, because it goes on the right side of my hand. But the other reason is that we can see two fissures. We can see the horizontal fissure here and we can see the oblique fissure here. The quick word about the fissure, the horizontal fissure is located at the level of the both ribs. It cuts the anterior margin of the lung at the level of the both ribs and runs along the both ribs. The oblique fissure, it cuts the rib line at the sixth and goes oblique upwards and backwards and it comes to the medial surface which I should tell you later. Okay, so that divides the right lung into three lobes. We divide the right lung into three lobes, the superior lobe, the middle lobe and the inferior lobe. So we can see the three lobes. Let's take a quick look at the external surface of the lung. We can see that it's covered by the serif flura. Part of it has been peeled off. Actually, it is inseparable from the lung. This is the serif flura that you can see here in front of you. We can additionally see some rib markings. That is how we determine that there's an external surface of the lateral surface because the ribs are in contact with that surface of the lung. This is the apex of the lung. This is the base of the inferior surface of the lung. This is the anterior border of the lung and this is the posterior border of the lung. The anterior border of the lung is sharp. The posterior border of the lung, which is in relation to the cost of vertebral recess, is more blunt. This is the inferior margin and this inferior surface is in contact with the diaphragm, the lobe of the diaphragm. Okay, so these are the salient points that we can see in the right lung. Now let's come to the medial surface. This is the medial or the mediestinal surface. This is the one which is in contact with the left lung. This is the right lung. The first landmark that we notice is this structure here, which I shall tell you just a little later. This is the region of the high lung of the lung. But before I tell you the details of the high lung, let me come to the fissures where we had left them off. You can see that the oblique fissure is coming from the superior aspect, from the posterior superior aspect and meeting the high lung. And the same oblique fissure is also coming onto the medial surface and meeting the high lung from the inferior aspect. On the other hand, the horizontal fissure is coming to the medial surface and meeting the high lung horizontally from the anterior aspect of the high lung. So that's about the fissures that we had seen them earlier. Now let's take a look at the landmarks. First impression that we see here, this is the impression or the impression produced by the right angel. So therefore this is the right angel impression. And because this is the right angel impression, this is the groove. This is the region where we had the right brictoscephalic pain continuing as the superior vinaigrette. And concomitantly this is the region of the inferior vinaigrette because this was the right angel, so the inferior vinaigrette and the superior vinaigrette they were going to the right angel. So that's the marking of the relationship, important relationship. The next important relationship that I would like you to notice and I have mentioned in the class is that going behind the bronchi is the aegis vein. And the aegis vein curves, hooks above the bronchus and opens into the superior vinaigrette. So this is the arch of the aegis vein impression. This is the impression of the arch of the aegis vein. The next important relationship that I want you to notice is this here, which goes all the way like this. This is the aegis of angel impression. So the upper part of the aegis is towards the right and as it comes down, it comes towards the lower part. So this is the relationship between the aegis impressions. So these are the important impressions that we can see of the vinaigrette cell. Finally, let's come to the hilum of the lung itself. So this is the region of the hilum of the lung where all the bronchovascular structures either enter or leave the lung. Basically they should contain three main structures and a few other structures. What are the three main structures? We'll see the bronchi. So right-principled bronchus, sometimes here actually as you'll see, the right-principled bronchus will divide into three lower bronchi. And we can feel the bronchi by the cartilage in its feet. So when we feel the cartilage, we know that it's a bronchi. So I can feel the cartilage here, I can feel the cartilage here, I can feel the cartilage here. So superior, middle and inferior lower bronchi. Additionally, we can see the openings of the pulmonary vein, the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary veins. Usually the right side of the pulmonary artery before it enters the hyalurvedic artery too. So there'll be two pulmonary artery openings. And there'll be multiple pulmonary vein openings which will ultimately unite on two right pulmonary veins. So these are all enclosed in the hyalur. Additionally, we can see a few other structures here, these black structures here. Those are the lymph nodes, the hyalur lymph nodes or the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes and why are they black? Because they have absorbed all the carbon particles and they are black in color. So those are the hyalur lymph nodes that we can see them here or the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes. The next point which I wanted to emphasize was this is the region where the visceral pleura becomes continuous with the medias channel, parietal pleura. So this is the region of continuation and there's a fold of the double fold of pleura which hangs down like this below the hyalur and that is called the pulmonary ligament. So these are the serial points which I wanted to show you on the right side. So let's come to the left lung. How do we know that this is the left lung? Again, the most significant is the single-speaker. One of the bleak fissure, as we mentioned, cuts the inferior margin at the reverse of the sixth rib and goes posterior superiorly and it comes from the medial-stream surface and joins the hyalur from the posterior superior aspect and also it joins the hyalur from the anterior inferior aspect. So therefore the left lung has got superior to the anterior. Next point. Again, we can see that the visceral pleura is here. It is closely adhering to the surface of the lung and we can see that the lip markings much more clearly here. You can see the costal impressions. You can see the costal impressions much more clearly in this specimen here. There are two additional points which, apart from the superior, the apex of the lung, the base, the anterior margin, the stream margin which all matches the same thing as mentioned in the right lung. Those I shall not repeat. I shall just mention some extra points which I have seen on the external surface. First of all, we see this depression here. What is this depression? This is called the cardiac notch. The left lung has a cardiac notch. The right lung does not have a cardiac notch. And just because the cardiac notch, can you see this small process predicting out? This is the lingual process of the lingular. Lingular is present just because of the cardiac notch. It is known in the left lung. So this is some extra things which are visible in the left. Now let's come to the biggest general service and see how it differs from the right lung. This is again the hylum which contains essentially the same bronchitis structures. Let's focus on something which is different from the right lung. Straight away, we notice that there is a big depression here. So what do you think is this big depression? This is the cardiac emotional obviously. So which part of the heart is related to the left lung? The left lung. So therefore, there is a left ventricular depression. That is the first important landmark that you don't miss here. The next important landmark that you notice here straight away is this big groove here which goes on the back, which curves like this. What is this? This is the arch of Evalda and the descending Evalda. This is the Evalda compression that you see here. That is another important landmark. And this is the left lung. So therefore, you can also see another groove here coming out from the arch. What is that? This is the left sublavian arch. This is the left sublavian artery depression. So these are the important relationships that you can see. You may be able to see a little bit of the sublavian area here. That is not so significant. It's the arch of Evalda which is more significant. And finally, here also you can see that this is the bronchobascular structures that I will see much more clearly here. Again, you can see the bronchi by their cartilaginous speed. Here there will be only two lower bronchi, the superior and inferior lower bronchi. And you can see the pulmonary arteries. There will be one pulmonary artery opening and one or two or multiple pulmonary veins depending on how many it has formed before it comes out. And you can see that this is also the remnant of the pulmonary ligament which is seen much more clearly here. Pulmonary ligament has also been seen clearly. Remember the pulmonary ligament is the place where the visceral and the parietal pulmonary ligament is located and a double fold of it hangs down below the hy�um which is called the pulmonary ligament. So this is all the scary things that I wanted to mention to you about the right and the left lung. Thank you very much for watching. Ladies and gentlemen, thank you camera persons. Have a nice day. Dr. Sanyal signing out.