 Today is with Mr. Ratan K. Singh, a senior advocate and who is an international member Keating Chambers London. And those who have been connected on social media know it very well that Ratan K. Singh, a senior advocate is a well-known name, especially in the fields of construction law. And when we posted this on the social media on the aspects of construction law, I was sharing with Mr. Ratan to the effect that large number of people was asking, what is this construction law? How does it mean that there are different tiers and tiles on the system of constructions? Or it is a law which has its own field and its own niche. When we talked to Mr. Ratan, people also want to know how to advance their career in English and Hindi. So, primarily the session would be in English, but be that as it may, as they say, you cannot take the mother language as such out of the human being. And amongst us, without taking much time, we will talk to Mr. Ratan about how careers in construction law should be developed, how this law has been developed, because it is a very new topic for many people today. And we hope that you are all safe, safe and safe in life. What do you, Ratanji? Thank you, Vikas. Thank you. I know this question, which you got from lots of people who wanted to watch today. So, it's not unusual question to ask. In fact, this question is asked not only in India, but in lots of other jurisdictions as well. Yes, in the developed jurisdictions, construction law and related dispute resolution through courts and arbitrations are well known. Yes, in India, we do not teach construction law in our law schools. We do not teach construction law in law engineering colleges, but there are many jurisdictions where construction law is taught in law schools and engineering colleges. Construction law is famously said that it requires different treatment and is more than and beyond the law of contract. One very famous judge of US once had the occasion to talk about this and he famously said that construction law is a different breed of animal. Now, today I have been asked to talk about construction law and related litigations, which are resolved primarily through arbitration. Though I won't be talking much about construction arbitration, but yes, it will keep appearing in my talk. Construction law is a branch of law which deals with constructions in price structure, engineering projects and related fields like road, buildings, malls, airports, dams, power projects, so on and so forth. And we all know that substantial amount of GDP of any country for that matter is spent on such constructions, but still we do not have a developed jurisprudence on construction law, particularly in India. Before COVID started, I was speaking in a conference in Singapore and I was asked three questions. I was speaking in a construction law conference. Those three questions were whether we teach construction law in India, whether you teach construction law in India, do you have construction courts in India and do you have construction legislations in India? Ladies and gentlemen, answer to all the three questions were a negative. We don't teach construction law. We don't have specialized courts like technology and construction courts which we have in multiple jurisdictions. We do not have construction legislations like many other jurisdictions have. These legislations are colloquially referred to as SOPs, Security of Payment Legislations. In UK, you have Horsting Grants Act of 1996. Which is also referred to as Construction Act, Construction Law of UK. Singapore has this. Australia has this. New Zealand has this. Multiple states in United States has this. Latest in the row was Malaysia where they call it SIPA. Now, what this legislation does, this is something this may be of some interest to all of you. Such legislations ensures that the cash flow to the contractors and subcontractors and sub subcontractors and so on and so forth onto the vendors is not hindered. And these legislations also take care of other disputes which arise during the course of execution of the work. Whole idea is to keep it, to ensure that execution of the project is not hampered. And project goes on smoothly because if disputes are not resolved in timely manner, in timely fashion, what we see is cost overruns, time overruns, and sometimes which is substantial number. There have been lots of research, even in India. We say that we spend lakhs of crores because of time overruns and cost overruns. If you want to really stop them, what you need to do is you need to have proper construction legislation in place which ensures that work doesn't stop, payment doesn't stop, project gets completed and because what they do is under those legislations, you have provisions for adjudicators. So the moment dispute arises, adjudicator gets appointed and that adjudicator in a very timely manner, 45 days to 60 days, but depending on the legislation, in a very short time train, they decide the dispute. And the decision of the adjudicators remain binding till project is completed. And thereafter, party who feel wrong or who feel aggrieved by that particular order or decision of the adjudicator, they can go to court or they can initiate arbitration. So therefore it is very, very important that we all know what is construction law. It is an established branch of law and also brings into it law of contract. Yes, law of contract would be there, but apart from law of contract, you have law of thought, commercial laws, planning laws, procurement laws and various methods of dispute, avoidance and dispute resolution. And one can ask this question, if it is combination, it is law of contract and combination of other existing laws then how it becomes a separate breed of animal. Prior to 20th century, no subject such as construction law was recognized by courts or law schools anywhere in world. Contracts were construed or interpreted strictly in accordance with the terms of the contract and dispute arising in the construction peak were deemed to be subdued by contract law, thought law, equity law, security laws and so on and so forth. Then what happens is, so far as this construction, modern construction law is concerned, it owes its modern recognition as a separate field of law to the judiciary's acceptance of doctrine of contextual contract when courts instead of going as strictly by written terms started recognizing industry's own experiences, customs, practices. So it is industry specific customs, practices, implied conditions, implied duties which have got its genesis in common law as well as actual context of the underlying contract. So this is how we gain the journey from text to context. So it is no longer only the text of the construction contract. The decision maker or the lawyers have to also understand the industry that is construction industry, engineering industry, energy industry. They have to also understand the implied conditions. They have to also understand implied obligations. And these have got its genesis as I said earlier in common law, that is the case law. So that is a bouquet of all of this what I just said. For decades in common law and civil law jurisdictions, courts have started- Ratanji, network, is it audible? I think there was some problem with my connectivity. Am I audible now Vikash? Okay. So I think the bandwidth at your place is slightly lower. That's what I was saying there was voice echo. Just ask your associate someone to check it out. Otherwise, meanwhile you can continue. Okay, okay. Bandwidth of construction lawyer has some issue. I understand. Well, I'll get this fixed, no worries. So what I said was implied duties of good faith and fair daily. Mutual duty of cooperation and non-hindrance. Now, when I say this to some, it may sound something very innocuous or something very routine thing which I'm talking about that mutual duty of cooperation and non-hindrance. Let me give you an example. You will immediately connect with it. If there is a construction contract, let us say for a expressed way. Now, when parties go and dispute, one of the important aspects which come up for consideration before the arbitrators and the judges is whether employer or the contractor really acted in good faith. And secondly, whether they cooperated with the other side or whether they did or did not hinder the execution. These are big issues and that is recognized in construction. These are of paramount importance. Employers, employed duty of detail, design, document, adequacy. Who is employer? Employer is one who wants his work to be done. Lot of governmental agencies, they want the express ways to be constructed, power plants to be constructed, airports to be constructed. So then there are implied duties of construction contractors and construction employers. Employers, employed duty of full disclosure of facts critical, which would be critical to the construction. Contractors, implied duty of inquiry regarding patent ambiguities. Contractors, implied warranties of workmanship and product suitability. As I said earlier, Paul Hartman versus our power and life was a case, famous case in which judge of the US federal court had said, construction contracts are separate breed of animal. Some jurisdictions recognize construction law as a complex legal speciality, worthy of professional certifications. Now, the uniqueness of construction contract and in turn, construction law can be seen in certain peculiarities, such as use of massive contract documents. Some of you may be surprised to know that in construction disputes, you may have millions of documents which are brought before the arbitrators of the court. Thousands of documents are brought routinely in every matter. Why? Because the construction contracts are long-term contracts which goes on for months or years together. You have multiple parties involved, employer who awards the work, contractor who does the work, contractor may appoint subcontractor, subcontractor may appoint sub-subcontractor, he may further appoint sub-sub-subcontractor, then you will have suppliers, the vendors, you will have lenders, you will have engineers, you will have quantity servers, you will have project managers, you will have construction managers, you will have insurers. So the stakeholders are multiple and thousands of documents get, or hundreds of documents get generated every single day during the execution of the work or even prior to that or post that. Customs and practices are unique to construction industry. That is why it is said, the construction lawyers and construction arbitration. Hey, I thought what, because you said that I have to also speak in Hindi, I just reminded myself. Should I? You have to speak in Hindi. In between, you can do. I was saying that construction law is a subject which you do not mix with law of contract. This is not just a law of contract, and it is an advanced version of law of contract which we do not call construction law. Construction law has its peculiarities. Construction law has its developed jurisprudence. This is different. In India, our construction law has not developed that much jurisprudence. For the regions which I just mentioned that we do not study construction law here. Construction courts are not specialized. Like in London, there is technology and construction. We are not here. Now, if construction court was there and specialized judges who practiced construction law would have experienced it, then the quality of judgment is definitely different from that. As I was telling you, construction law has its uniqueness. That is why I said it is a different breed of enemy. Awareness is very important in all of us that construction law is a subject. Many people will be like this who want to know about construction law and the course. Where will construction law be studied? Many universities. In fact, you will get a good database of it. There is one organization called Society of Construction Law. This Society of Construction Law is the world's most prestigious organization which promotes construction law and research. There are papers and competitions like this. There is no other prestigious organization to promote construction law. They have a protocol which is called Society of SCL Delay and Disruption Protocols. I will repeat myself. There is a protocol. I am repeating it because all the people who are listening to it if they want to keep their interest in construction law whether they are engineers or lawyers or law students everybody must read this document. Take it on your side, bedside table as a Bible for construction law. It will be difficult to read new lawyers because there will be some turns in it although there is a glossary and there are definitions in it. But do read it. I will make sure that all of you do read it. It is called SCL Delay and Disruption Protocols. You will be surprised to hear that there was a fight between an employer and a contractor. Why? The contractor said that you did a delay. The contractor did not say that he did not do a delay. He said that he did a delay and you also did a delay. We all will think that if it is a delay, we will take it. We will take the paper and turn it. We will know how much delay it took. Ladies and gentlemen, it is not that simple. It doesn't work like this. You will be surprised to hear this. All the international big arbitration construction disputes or all the big arbitration in India you should know that 60% of arbitration in India in India are construction arbitration. You will be glad to know this because you are talking about construction law today. 60% of arbitration in India in mid-size and big size I am discounting those consumer thing leave it. If the consumer disputes arbitration is left to bankers and financiers, then 60% of arbitration is construction arbitration. This is a strange thing that such a large percentage of arbitration is construction arbitration but there is a lack of awareness about construction law. So how should we think about this and how should we think about this and how we should learn more about this. I just got a question one gentleman says here this where do we get this SCL protocol? I will tell you this society of construction law is headquartered in U.S. sorry UK and it has branches all across the globe. If the contractor rafer the protocol and give the construction courts judgments if the contractor follows the protocol of society of construction law that means the contractor follows the best practices so it is widely recognized. What can you do for that protocol? There is a branch in India I am the founder of society of construction law in India and I am the chairman SCL.ORG.India and what is that? SCL.ORG SCL.ORG you can go to SCL.India branch you will get SCL protocol Second is you can go to SCL.ORG.UK you will get this protocol and it is freely available you can read it Second is if you go to UK website you will get courses of construction law you will get that too Now very interesting thing that in fact King's College London has got MSC in construction law if you do part time it runs for 2 years if you do full time it is for 1 year construction law of King's College is very well respected all across the global industry you have got an university you have a Melbourne University has multiple modules on construction Professor Matthew Bell very old friend of mine is in charge of all those courses and modules Now let's see if you want to read construction law where to start I will tell you a book that book is written by Professor John F UWF Professor John F was the gentleman who started MSC in construction law in King's College and Professor F is my chamber met we both are from Keating Chambers London I also remember if you want to follow the construction law Keating Chambers is the top most construction law chamber and it is a member of Queen's Council it is headquartered it is best in London it has many resources you can trace those resources there you will learn new developments so that is another way of knowing about this now on construction law the world's biggest international conference Society of Construction Law in India I will head you it is a world's top most construction judges lawyers arbitrators we had in December in December 32-38 countries speakers it is a world's most international web site or it has started in a few days the programs international conferences in that world's speakers on construction law you will get to know about that you will learn about that you will hear that on youtube so scl web site has got youtube so you can go on the youtube of scl web site and you can watch them I was saying that you will get to know why I am saying that this is a very different subject and you need to read and understand I said an employer says that you took a long time to build this you delayed and therefore I have suffered losses if I would have made this mall 3 years earlier than what you have done I would have put it on rent I would have 1 crore and crore 100s of crores of rupees now I am doing a case in that I am representing the employer for a 2-300 megawatt power plant in that our claim is that after 28 months and after 32 months it has been made late because of that our claim of loss of revenue and other related claims that runs into around 5500 crores now because there are thousands of crores of investments if you get the revenue late then obviously you are in trouble and you are in loss now you said what was in the delay and you said who delayed had this been so simple then there was no need to have specialist construction law and I will give an example a contractor had to make a building and let us say he had to make a building in 2 years the employer had to approve all the drawings because the employer should know what is being made if the drawings are right or not there are obligations in these contracts if the contract form is like this now in one situation if I approve the drawing of the roof of the ground floor as an employer for 6 months or 3 months then what will happen the consequence would be that contractor would not be able to build 1st floor 2nd floor, 3rd floor, 4th floor and so on but if I approve the drawing in the ground floor I did not approve the drawing of a window and it took me 3 months so you tell me that the delay due to that the construction of the building 1st floor, 2nd floor, 3rd floor, 4th floor would stop the answer would be that it would not stop that means in technical terms that delay in providing the approval for the roof of the ground floor was a critical delay was falling on the critical path of the project unlike delay in providing the approval for the window of the ground so you will say I started talking about delay on the critical path that is why it is so simple now in order to determine I have given a very simple example that all of you will understand that you will not give the roof but when there are big projects you have to decide in that project which things are like which stage is like which event is like if there is a delay then the project should be delayed if I did not give and it has to be made in 2 years then it will make the window in between because of that the completion date of the project will not increase yes this delay will make the completion date of the project that I have finished in 2 years until now I have not approved the drawing of that window then it will be that you have not approved the drawing of that window for 2 years now it has come on a critical path and therefore you are liable for delay for 2 months so in big projects how to understand which activities are critical what is the critical path of this project what are its milestones and after hearing those who do not know they will be surprised that to do these things there are experts in the world they are called delay and disruption experts these are such things which lawyers cannot make judges cannot do it themselves for that delay expert has to examine rather delay expert to recreate the entire project on paper they have to refer to all the documents which were relevant documents and fundamental documents which were created during entire execution of the work daily progress report contractor will see that weekly progress report will see that monthly progress report will see that every time they sit together have a meeting will see that after seeing all of them then after using their experience they do a delay analysis sometimes help is taken of softwares as well like Prime Avera softwares so this is a very difficult problem now if the expert has to bring the lawyer engineer and arbitrator or the judge then what is the need to know about this the need to know that if the lawyer does not know that he has made right or wrong what are the fundamental flaws what methodology he has adopted now this takes me back to society of construction law delay and disruption protocol when you read this protocol there are 6 methods of delay analysis how to document and not based on the method of delay analysis will be explained and will be analysed accordingly now the project I was talking about I had an expert from Singapore he does not get an expert he is very rare in India he is very rare now the experts on the other side they said I have a method which is called APAB method as planned versus as built method the project which is completed then if the requirements of the initial protocol the requirements of the project the conditions of the document and the requirement of the dispute you decide or the tribunal which method of delay analysis can be done it cannot be that one party expert follows one method and the other party hope you understand him and the other party the expert applies the other method so what will happen both will go parallel you will not be able to understand judge will not be able to understand where is the meeting point what are the agreements what are the disagreements who is right, who is not so that's why courts or arbitrators give this direction that you apply this method to the delay analysis now the delay expert was doing cross-examination for 12 days just to prove the methodology applied though he said in his report that I have applied APAB method as per SCL delay and disruption protocol but when I saw his report I had to believe that the method was not applied it is a mix of two methods and the moment you have mixed of two methods it is born to give you wrong result therefore I had to cross-examine on many aspects now what happens it has its peculiarity as I was saying construction law, construction projects construction industry now the concept of critical path is not discussed in any branch of law now you will laugh that when you will read this judgment or the construction law like there is a famous book of construction law which should be read first you are on the book of John F after that for advanced level of learning you can refer to the book of John F this book of construction law that gets published from my chamber all the authors would be from Kitting chambers and in fact name you can hear so it is basically Kitting chambers now now we will talk about one more thing that when the contractor delayed for 28 months then the employer had another loss that the people of the employer would sit in the head office and see the project all those people had to see the project in the delayed period so the cost would be paid by the contractor if the employer delayed then the contractor also conserved its own head of claim and that is called over head claim that would be two types of over head claim a site office over head a head office over head now how we will calculate the head office over head calculate the head office over head again very complex very difficult and that is why you have certain formulas now on the basis of those formulas head office over head is calculated Hudson formula SLA formula if you want to know about those formulas if you want to know about their recognition if you want to know about their recognition if you want to know about their recognition generally you have a judgment of Supreme Court which is also read for scope of section 34 in arbitration this is a very good judgment which recognizes the requirement of these formulas and how Indian courts really apply them there are many such things which are peculiar for construction projects there are laws and expertise which are very peculiar I will talk about the site condition someone said I want to make a building I saw that I have to make a building there is a normal plain area but when they started the excavation they started getting many rocks he had not visualized this now it is called unforeseen site conditions now in this case I am defending an employer there is a claim of contractor that when I dug there I found out that there was a well there was a well that required additional cost and again it required a lot of time additional time and then the claim will go in cross you are tunneling you have to tunnel people have visualized people have kept the idea that if you are doing this in Delhi there is not much rocky area so there is no problem if you go inside someone said that you will find soft rock there is hard rock now what will happen what will be the cost that is all different now the question is what will be the cost for this in the world there are many standard form of contracts and PDIC is said to be the champion of PDIC in that in PDIC's form different types of procurement different types of contracts different types of rights of publications and different types of projects different types of forms of PDIC different types of forms of PDIC and this awareness in every construction law those who are interested should know what happens in India in India the big projects in which there are multinational contractors they will always follow PDIC forms other contractors a lot of people will follow CPWD forms Central Public Works Department but when you look at CPWD form you will find it is again influenced by PDIC even though it has its own forms but if you have to look at it carefully then you will find a similarity with PDIC we are going to quickly make a budget course on behalf of SCN India and we will also learn about PDIC forms now as you know Indira Gandhi International Airport is in India the contract that was NEC 3 at that time was its edition NEC New Engineering Contract U.K. form was developed I had advised on that let me give you an example one day a contractor came to me and said that I have invested Rs. 56 crore extra he wanted to do some additional work from the employer that contract was Rs. 100 crore so our employer said in the Airport Authority Indira Gandhi International Airport Dial had awarded the contract to LNT and LNT did all the contracts so one of the subcontractors from the multinational companies came running to me and said that when I was working my work was Rs. 300 crore but my employer LNT asked me to do some additional work so I did the value of the additional work was Rs. 56 crore so when we said give me the money then he said he did the additional work so in our contract what is the process and procedure to do additional work you did not follow the procedure the consequence was in the form if you did not follow the procedure you get nothing that is why it is infamously called drop dead clause that you did not follow the process you don't have any money now tell me I saw the form I understood the form I called all the project managers and contract managers they said we don't know so I said you don't know which form you are working on and then you come running to a lawyer so therefore it is very very important for all the stakeholders who are working for a project to know the standard forms what is the standard form and what does it mean by law these forms those are prepared by all the relevant stakeholders all the people sit together and it takes years to make it employer also sits contractor also sits vendor also sits insurer also sits quantity server also sits engineer also sits they make forms that are acceptable to the whole industry now what do you mean by acceptable what does it mean in any contract I am giving you a theory which is the theory of construction which you will get later because it is 6 or 7 months it is called allocation of risk a good construction contract is one which has and in even the manner allocated the risk for all the stakeholders such as contractor and employer whatever work which can be done whatever work which can be done which can take as much time to do which responsibility which party should be one thing construction contract is a very fluid contract very fluid contract now listen many people will laugh how fluid contract will be fluid in contract all things are breached all terms rights obligations in construction contract it is a dynamic contract it has got lots of fluidity I will give you an example it says if the employer delays then the contractor will have the right to ask for extension of time from the employer and if the employer has delayed it then the contractor will give the extension of time what will that mean if the project was to end in 2 years and gave the extension of time then instead of 2 years the extension of the day will end in 2 days now see its dynamism the contract to end in 2 years the contract to end in 2 days during execution of the work is not scheduled to get over in 2 and half years what will be the force major situation what will be the force major situation who will be defined in it who is not defined who will take responsibility who will take responsibility and who should take listen carefully any delay any contractual consequence who will take responsibility first and who should take who should take who is an important thing this is what extension reform does they will not allocate risk on a party which cannot bear it which should not bear it now write in this contract even if the employer will delay then I will not give you extension of time contract you can say brother you have written but see is it workable no it is not that is why this dynamism is required there are many situations I am running short of time I cannot take you through all of them that is why it is seen in different ways now a professor Neerji Bhuni he told 10 salient features of international construction contract or project the time to plan investigate design construct and complete a construction project spans greater than the period of cyclical recurrence known in engineering except in few cases contractor must complete the contract unless terminated rightfully under the control interestingly no two construction projects are alike or similar two projects are never one you will doubt for a year every project has its own complexities it has its own requirements identity big money is involved banks are lenders insurers suppliers many times the owner says I have to do this but you can do some other portion of work but that person will be the one who I will tell now he says or it happens I have given you portion of work why will you write that you can do some other work it is very difficult to find one single contractor who can complete the complex project on its own you will have to understand the dynamics of this construction project and that is why it is called it is dynamic project it is dynamic execution of the project dynamic nature of the contract you will have to understand then parties are multiple as I said to understand all these things if you are not aware of the construction law what are the construction contracts what are the standard forms what are the construction contract peculiarities what are the typical disputes which arise in construction contracts what are the customs of the construction contract or industry that is why you have all top law firms all across the globe have one vertical meant by very seasoned experience obviously new people also join them very heavy practice they will have of construction law they do contents work they do non-contents work in non-contents work document drafting contract waiting in contents dispute how to represent the party how to take things forward this happens in soft form now you will say how to learn this learn that the construction law has a different contract second thing the basic book I told you you should try to read the advanced level book read the S.C.L. Delay Disruption protocol the websites follow the S.C.L. website follow the S.C.L. India website program webinars, lectures visit our YouTube website on Top concerned people You will get videos in which the Seminar topic was made attend to the webinar so knowing all of this knowing that construction law is a subject and it is a different breed of animal it requires a different kind of expertise is most important. If you follow this, you are really going to be a good successful construction professor. My time is up. Thank you very much. If you want to learn accuracy of time, when you are talking about construction law, you are saying that time is the essence. So today you have shown how punctual you are, how you squeezed the topic and how you squeezed it. Like in cricket, you say how to pace your innings, same way how to pace the webinar is not to be learned from you. In construction law, there is a concept called pacing. Now let's look at cricket. There are a lot of people who say that today's player has already studied how to pace, what is the requirement and what is the run rate. In the same way, you have made a pace in this webinar. You have made people's minds and people are connected. So Professor Mohan is the principal down south in Karnataka. He also connects on our webinars. He says, is there any change in the perception of the construction law relating to PPP, that is public, private partnerships, projects in India? See PPP, a professor would know that this is one type of procurement. Come, the way you get the work done as an employer, employer has to get the work done. So therefore employer has to decide for himself or himself in which form, in which way he wants to get the work done. PPP is one of those procurement types where it is called public private partnership where public, the state, the public agencies also contribute in the execution of the project along with the contractor. So therefore financial risks are allocated in a manner which is different from other forms of contracts such as EPC and so on and so forth. Anod says with landmark judgments on the construction law. There are a lot of judgments that you should keep reading. First of all, I have told you about Dermot, he has written a lot of good judgments. Read Hind Construction. Read Senyong's judgment. There is a good judgment in which there is a section 34 on scope but it deals with construction projects. Read the judgment of ONGC 100 pipes. There are two deals in section 34 but again construction project related. Kailashnath versus DDA, read that judgment. That is also a construction. I had told you about Hind Construction. So there can be a lot of judgments. We are trying to do it on the Society of Construction Law website. We will start with Indian judgments and gradually we will move on to foreign judgments as well. So I hope that will serve the purpose that will really help the people. That's true. They say well begun is half done. The thought process itself coming is. You were so at ease in speaking in both the languages. That's an amazing part. There is an interesting question. Somebody has asked this question. Why do you need separate construction law when you have consumer court and RERA? Please appreciate consumer courts and RERAs are meant to address the grievances of the consumers. But the building that made that complex, I don't know how many arbitration I am doing. As an arbitrator in which I am sitting, as chair, as sole arbitrator. Because there is not a lot of construction law in India. So the responsibility of this land comes to my mind a lot. Whether you become a chairman, a sole arbitrator, a nominist arbitrator, a lawyer. So the building that made that building is a commercial contract. Where will the dispute go? And which law will the dispute go? This is where comes in construction law. This is from on YouTube Irfan Ahmad says. Respect from Pakistan and thank you to Honorable Ratan Kumar Singh. Meanwhile Rashmi says sir can you. Thank you, sir. I liked hearing what you said. Rashmi says can you please give a specific example or problem for which a regular contract act is insufficient and can be covered under the Independent Construction Act. Let me tell you one thing. I have already said that you have to decide the overhead. Implied obligations, let me tell you one thing. The law in India, let me tell you a very basic starting point. It's a nice question. In India, the common law, case law, if we talk about it broadly. That is also a source of law. The statutory law, the legislation, apart from that. Customs and trades are also a source of law. Now if the customs of the construction industry are different, or the common law is different. Judgments and judges recognize this as a separate breed of animal because it's a complex thing. I tried to make it very simple. To contract construction, the lawyers who go to look for it, that's why when the lawyer goes to look for it, the lawyer of that specialty is less because the structure is not education. I was the fortunate one to get, I am the first ever Indian who got, who became a member of Kitting Chambers in London. Because their construction law is taught here. Construction courts, construction legislations, we don't have anything here. They have developed jurisprudence here in the construction law. So for them, to take such a person from India, who is at their level, who is with their level, who doesn't spoil their reputation. So in this way, when they, in fact, when the head of chambers of the chamber, who is also a doctor of the UK court, Mr. Alexander said that we are glad and honored to have you with us. And he also said it is, you'll be interesting, you'll be relatively interesting to tell you that you are the first ever Indian who have been taken in our chambers set, or are set. So this is why I started this subject. I studied a different subject. Look, why should I consider anything in this? Why should I consider a separate subject? Why should I consider it a lob contract? Do you agree? Do you agree? Do you agree? You can do the lob contract mastery. It's a good thing. There is a big role in the law of contract. Nobody will, because at the end of the day, it's a contract. But difficulty is this contract has its own peculiarities, which cannot be addressed all the time by referring to the law of contract of your country. This is where peculiarity comes in. There are very, very expertise in this comes in. So it is, if you really want to learn the subject, you will have to recognize that this subject requires a special knowledge, a special attendance. You are better off with the law. This is by Mohammad Ehram. Sir, I'm a gate admirer of Mr. Singh, but first time I'm seeing him speaking English and I'm completely awestruck in the manner you are speaking. He's seeing me for the first time speaking English. Hindi. Hindi. Hindi. Ehram sir, it was nice to hear. I have once again said, once again, a group of chartered accountants of Rajasthan, they said that in Rajasthan, Hindi is spoken and people are more comfortable in Hindi. They requested me to speak in Hindi. So as soon as I started, I didn't have time to think about it. When you start, you are in a natural position. You have to write what you want to write. Then I was reminded that if you can be bilingual, he said. So then I tried doing that and at the end of the day, I think that I justified what I did there. So Vikas Ji said that if you want to speak in Hindi, then I tried. Since mother tongue is Hindi, what's in it? Advocate someone, if the constructed does not construct the building in time, what remedy will the consumer have, even permissions of concerned authorities have not been taken? Look, this subject, the first thing is the subject of RERA. This is the subject of consumer law. What we are talking about today is the construction of law. As I said, I did not take permission, go to RERA. It regulates. Basically, look, what is the purpose of RERA and consumer? We have to understand the objective of those legislations. The objective of those legislations is to see and ensure that consumers are not deprived of their legitimate interest. Consumers are not dupe. Why did RERA come first? Developers used to do many wrong things. Not everyone used to do anything. Many people got tired of it. They regulated the whole process so that any project developer should take money from someone and run away. If he leaves the work of money and runs away, then he should make sure that there should be expenses in the project of that person, that there should be a license, that their network should be like this so that that person can be caught if he does wrong. That has got nut. The consumer act is that the consumer gave money for services, and if they did not get it, then the service deficiency then the consumer should find it. But here what we are talking is a very different issue. How will the construction be? Who will do the construction? What form of contract will be done? How will their disputes be resolved? Which laws will decide their disputes and rights and obligations? We are talking about that. So there is a marked difference in the objective of these two registrations. Sir, thank you and thank you the way you explained everything to everyone in detail. Gradually they say when you change the color of the house, then the person gradually gets scared and comes into the room that he also tries in the same way. So everyone stay safe, stay blessed. Thank you. Thank you Mr. Ratnikesh Singh for the pleasure of connecting with you. The way you explained it I think people will like it. Construction law is a diversified field in itself. And as you said in English there are less sessions and in Hindi I think it is very less. So it will be good for those people. It will be good for all of us. Thank you and tomorrow friends we will be having a session at 6 p.m. That is on legal fiction by Shinghar Murali. Do stay connected with us tomorrow at 6 p.m. And the way the YouTube response is coming we will tell Mr. Ratnikesh that you come again and again and make people's interest. We will also do it online. Thank you. Thank you very much.