 Rhaid i'r troi'r bwysigorion rhaid i'r cymdwysigorion mewn ffotocan ym 4703 o feithfeydd i'r bwysigorion yn cof Where it's going for Ukrainian refugees. Rhyw bwysigorion will be concluded without any questions being put. Rwy'n fawr, rwy'n gwybod amddai'n gweithio i ei rae, coni'i rhaid i ddweud i'r bwysigorion a mwyais i'r bwysigorion a mewn ydwysigorion i'r bwysigorion. Dw i ym 7. Rhef nhw'n ddwy i'n ddweud i ddwy i'r bwysigorion. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. To this we are gathered here at this debate with one driving purpose, we are here to speak up for those who are vulnerable and those who have been exploited. We are here to use our positions of power and political influence to condemn the trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation. escorts increased in the UK by 200 per cent and searches for Ukrainian women increased by 669 per cent compared to the year before. As the UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said, for traffickers the word in Ukraine is not a tragedy, it's an opportunity and women and children are the targets. The UK is a buyer's market. We live in a country where human traffickers draw profit from men who pay sexually to exploit vulnerable women and children, whether that be through prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation such as live streamed abuse. This financially motivated crime generates annual profits of £80 billion globally to put this in perspective £80 billion or $100 billion is more than double the profits of apple incorporated made in 2019. Scotland is not immune from trafficking for sexual exploitation, impunity for sex buyers and the consequent ability for traffickers and pimps to draw rampant profits is an egregious stain on this country and we must put a stop to it now. MSPs in this chamber are fully aware that the commoditisation of women and children through online child abuse material, pornography and in-person sale of sexual exploitation such as through strip clubs and prostitution is violence against women and girls. That has been the long-held formal position of the Scottish Government and the report into misogyny by Barnas Kennedy published in March reaffirms this understanding through a detailed assessment of the state of affairs of both hidden and prolific misogyny in Scotland. We know this moral standpoint inherently yet the abuse goes on. Worldwide, 92 per cent of victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation are women and girls making this a highly gendered form of exploitation. The OSCE report on discouraging demand for human trafficking also makes it clear that this is frequently an ethnically based crime. Human trafficking and sexual exploitation occurs at the hands of predators who use power imbalances, violence and coercion to force vulnerable women and children into abuse. So today I want to use my time here to speak up for those women and children who have been so mistreated. Today we say no more. I want to compel my colleagues across this Parliament to shake off any form of passivity about this subject because we actually have the power to do something about this. We can make Scotland hostile to predators who prey on the vulnerability of women and children by making it illegal for men to purchase sex. I commend the work of Ash Regan, Ruth Maguire, Rhoda Grant and Diane Martin, the head of a model for Scotland campaign and many others who are driving this issue to the forefront of Scottish politics. To those who have been abused, I want to say to you today that it is not your fault, it was never your fault, it was never okay and there is real hope. Hope is substantial and it can be trusted. Through my work in the cross-party group on human trafficking I've been overwhelmed by the commitment, drive and effectiveness of the organisations that are resolute in battling this issue head on. I want to thank UN House Scotland for their work in co-ordinating the cross-party group on human trafficking. Just last month the CPG had the privilege of hearing from international justice mission, or IJM, for short, who work worldwide to tackle all forms of modern slavery, including sexual exploitation. Due to their reputation with police authorities and criminal justice systems in eastern Europe, IJM was warned of the specific days in which war in Ukraine was expected to start and they were consequently in place to assist border officials in Romania when the refugee crisis started. That meant that every single Ukrainian to go through this major border crossing received information in their passports explaining the methods of human traffickers, how to avoid dangerous and false offers of aid and helplines to use if they were approached by traffickers. The strategies, commitment and hope carried by anti-trafficking charities are reverberating throughout Europe as people step up to ensure the safety of Ukrainian refugees and the many other women and children also vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Hope for justice is another example of a charity doing incredible work worldwide to rescue victims, restore lives and reform society. I want to thank them for their invaluable briefings to MSPs on how to protect Ukrainian refugees fleeing conflict. Their round table work with UCL highlights that new risks specific to war interact with existing systematic risks in the UK. Moreover, hope for justice has highlighted that measures to enable perpetrator accountability must be a key part of our response to the vulnerabilities created by the Ukrainian crisis. IJM and the Medell Trust have emphasised that tackling impunity and demand is a key part of effectively responding to modern slavery and helping to protect those in poverty who are vulnerable to exploitation. Here in the Parliament we must take action to tear apart the profits enjoyed by traffickers and pimps from sexual exploitation. Men purchasing sex will not ask of their own volition whether the victim they are raping was trafficked to the UK. Whether the girl is under 18 was previously a victim of child sex abuse or forced into prostitution from an abusive relationship. Even in Ireland, where the laws are much stronger in this issue, prevention operations reported by the OSCE found that over two thirds of men attempting to purchase sex through a fictitious ad proceeded to ask about sexual services on offer after being told that the woman or child was a victim of human trafficking. The issues that we are discussing today are clear and the answer is clear. Do not put the burden of proof of exploitation onto the women and children who are being abused. Rather, take away impunity from the men who commit sexual exploitation and create demands and profits from trafficking. To the survivors and the women and children who are still, as I speak, being exploited in Scotland, you have my resolute commitment that I will vote to criminalise the men who purchase sex. We will battle this issue head on again for this you have my resolute commitment. I urge my fellow parliamentarians to follow in line. All the work to be done in this Parliament is absolutely worth it for the one person protected from exploitation we protect them all. We will fight for you. I warmly congratulate Bill Kidd on securing this important members' debate on preventing trafficking and protecting refugees and on his excellent motion and speech, which powerfully joined the dots between the risk to women, causes and consequence of trafficking and violence and, importantly, highlighted the solution. It is a timely motion given the war in Ukraine and the perilous situation facing women and children fleeing that conflict, and indeed the support offered from the Government at this time. I want to acknowledge that trafficking is not a new concern that refugees from across the globe are at risk and that women are trafficked within Scotland and the UK, not just from outwith. That is a complex issue. From our relative safety here, it is hard to put ourselves in a place to imagine the terror of having to flee our homes as war waged. The dangers and risks of travelling to new countries is the extantiary. The risk to women and children does not end when they arrive. Last week, I raised the issue with the Scottish Government of the need for active safeguarding and safety planning to continue in the medium and long term. As a Government with a commitment to feminist foreign policy, I expect that our Government will have looked at this issue through a gendered lens and understand the unique risk to women and children. Of course, initially the areas of most concern, but at border areas and transport hubs. However, Scotland must also be aware of the indications or attempts to recruit potential victims of human trafficking and take action to counter and prevent them. With Europe warning about individual opportunistic abusers posing as volunteers, as well as criminal networks that specialise in human trafficking, there are increasing concerns about the potential for perpetrators of abuse and human traffickers to exploit our current response to the war. Minister Neil Gray agreed last week to consider my request to include violence against women and girls partnerships and services in the response of strategic and operational levels and commit to carry out gender-specific risk and safety planning, not just at entry to the country but also in the medium and long term. Helpfully, in a statement recently released by Glasgow Violence Against Women Partnership, it laid out in more detail the value that it would bring. In addition to the measures that I mentioned there, it also asks that responses include specific community integration needs of women and children and that they are cognisant of previous experiences of male violence against women and female specific war crime and importantly engage the Ukrainian community. It asks that we ensure that there is sufficient awareness of indicators of gender-based violence, including human trafficking and the particularly gendered nature of human trafficking, with front-line staff and key services such as health, social work, police, pharmacies, school and housing, receiving sufficient training and knowledge on the issues of the impact of violence against women. It must also fully understand and refer off pathways. Posts and supporters should be trauma aware and promote trauma-informed responses. In terms of monitoring, oversight of where Ukrainian refugees are residing, the Government should ensure disaggregation of data in terms of gender and age, and I hope that the minister can tell us in summing up that that is already happening. Of course, it goes without saying that there needs to be robust safeguarding, vetting and matching procedures in place that mitigate the current risks and that those are monitored and reviewed. To protect women when they are here, they need accessible, culturally sensitive, trauma-informed women-only services with access to interpreting, clear referral pathways to access support, and their medium and long-term needs to be met through rapid access to childcare and children's education. Those are things that are all in our gift to address to make our Ukrainian sisters safe and welcome here. Indeed, they do not necessarily require much more new resource or services, but rather a refocus and recommitment to existing policies. Many of those things should be happening already to ensure the safety of all women and girls in Scotland. Finally, while trafficking is a complex and wicked problem to address, there is a simple truth at the centre of it, which I know that the Scottish Government recognise. Truth that should spur them on to join the dots, act promptly and legislate. Trafficking in human beings is a financially motivated crime, and exploitation of prostitution in particular is motivated by the traffickers' knowledge of how much money they will make for men paying for sexual access to women and girls. Removing this financial incentive for criminals by tackling men's demand is the way to end this cruel trade in human suffering. Our words and policy intentions do not keep women and girls safe. We need legislation to punish those responsible, backed up by services to support victims. To end, not mitigate or manage this harm, requires change in law. I urge the Scottish Government to act now, Presiding Officer. Thank you, Mr Byr. I now call Donald Cameron to be followed by Rosa Grant up to four minutes, please. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. As you know, regrettably, I am unable to stay to the very end of this debate. I apologise to you and to Bill Kidd, and I hope that that is acceptable. I like to congratulate Bill Kidd on securing debate time for this important issue, particularly against the backdrop of the on-going war in Ukraine. Bill Kidd has done so much work on this issue in the quiet but effective way that is his trademark, and I pay tribute to that. I want to reiterate the support and solidarity of these benches to the people of Ukraine who continue to face military action from Putin, as well as truly awful violations of human rights. My colleague Sharon Dowey and I visited the Ukrainian Community Centre in March to hear of its work in supporting Ukrainians based in Scotland, many of whom are family in Ukraine. We also discussed its work in delivering vital aid to that country, and it is a truly desperate time and remains so. I welcome the joint working of both the UK and the Scottish Government on this issue. Some matters rise above party politics, and this is surely one of them. I particularly acknowledge the significant aid response of both Governments, including the Scottish Government's initial £4 million package in financial aid to help those in desperate need, and the UK Government's commitment of £220 million of humanitarian aid to save lives and protect people—fundable people inside Ukraine and in neighbouring countries. Although the response of both Governments has been welcome, particularly in their actions to offer a pathway to Ukrainian refugees coming to Scotland, this has undoubtedly given rise to people who seek to exploit the vulnerability of Ukrainian refugees. As Gillian Triggs, the Assistant High Commissioner for Protection within UNHCR, has warned, we are on high alert and warning refugees on the risks of predators and criminal networks who may attempt to exploit their vulnerability or lure them with promises of free transport, accommodation, employment or other forms of assistance. According to the UN, 90 per cent of refugees leaving Ukraine are women and children. As a result, we must be mindful of ensuring that those entering the UK and Scotland are doing so legally and safely. It is also important that those who offer sanctuary to Ukrainians go through rigorous treps. I welcome the approach of the Scottish Government in implying enhanced disclosure checks to all hosts, and not just where children are involved. As the Christian Charity Care for Scotland notes, it is essential that those refugees do not fall off the radar once they have been set up with hosts and that there must be adequate follow-up checks by local authorities who are trained to spot the signs of exploitation. They are going to recommend that online businesses crack down on unofficial social media groups being used to match prospective hosts with refugees because those sites can quickly become a forum for traffickers. I think that it is worth acknowledging the measures being taken by the UK Government to clamp down on modern slavery and human trafficking. In general, many of the reforms set out in the National Anti-Borders Act includes setting out circumstances in which confirmed victims will receive temporary leave to remain. That provides victims and decision makers with clarity as to entitlement in line with international obligations. There is also a modern slavery bill that will be coming to the UK Parliament to further strengthen the protection of support for victims of human trafficking and modern slavery. This is one of the most serious issues that will come before the Parliament. I heartily commend Bill Kidd for bringing it here for debate. Scotland and the rest of the UK must be at the forefront of tackling the evils of human trafficking and modern slavery, not just with the on-going crisis in Ukraine in mind, but in all events. Our ambition should be to eliminate it. I welcome the measures that have been taken to achieve this, the work of charities, Government and other organisations to support the victims of such crimes. I look forward to further developments in this area and to working together across Parliament, across political divides to end this scourge once and for all. Thank you, Mr Cameron. I now call Rhoda Grant to be followed by co-capture. Up to four minutes, please, Ms Grant. I too want to congratulate Bill Kidd on securing this debate and join him in paying tribute to UN House for their work as secretariat to the CPG on human trafficking. While there is a media focus on the war in Ukraine, it is clear that the standards and support that we would wish made available for those refugees should be extended to all refugees. They should be treated equally to be given a safe haven and support and the support they need to deal with the trauma that they have faced. However, the focus of the war in Ukraine has highlighted a number of issues regarding support of refugees. I have heard of cases where refugees accessing the homes for Ukraine scheme have found themselves at the mercy of those who would exploit them. I am pleased that protections are now being strengthened to weed out those people. However, we also need to prosecute those who would do this. We know that people who are escaping war are easily exploited by people traffickers. They often do not have identification or paperwork, and they are vulnerable and are a ready source of profit for traffickers. That profit can come from the refugees themselves using the little money that they have with them to be able to pay traffickers to get into a country. However, it is also clear that they are vulnerable to traffickers looking for modern-day slaves, to feed our need for cheap labour and also to feed the demand for the sex industry. The co-op party of which I am a member has promoted a modern-day slavery charter that encourages local authorities and organisations to look at their procurement processes to ensure that they are not inadvertently supporting those slavers' activities. We all have a role in that, especially those of us using cash-based industries. Remember, trafficking and exploitation go on in plain sight if you suspect it and report it. That exploitation is particularly prevalent in the sex industry. That is because there is a demand for purchasing sex, which is legal in the UK, and hence the attraction of sex trafficking to feed and to profit from that demand. Bill Kidd highlighted the OSCE and Thomson Writers Research, which had shown that there had been a 200 per cent rise in UK internet searches for Ukrainian escorts in the early days of the war. That shows the role of those pimping websites in the exploitation of trafficked people. It also totally undermines the myth that sex buyers are unaware that trafficked women are being used to fulfil their demand for sex. It shows clearly that, worse than that, worse than them being uncaring about it, many of them seek actively to exploit trafficked women and to assault them. That should not be a surprise because we all know that prostitution is violence against women. It is gendered and misogynistic. It comes from an age-old violence where men want to possess and control women. It is high time that we became a less welcoming country for traffickers. It is high time that we were a country where those who buy sex are held to account and that they are the ones criminalised and punished for their abuse. Every day they continue to be challenged. It is a day that we turn a blind eye to the misery of trafficking. I know that the minister is committed to changing this, but I would ask that she do this as a matter of urgency, because while we wait, more people are being traded into misery. Thank you, Ms Grant. I now call Cokab Stewart to be followed by Stephen Care, up to four minutes please, Ms Stewart. Thank you, Presiding Officer, and to all my colleagues for such powerful contributions tonight. I am especially grateful to Bill Kidd for providing such a detailed motion highlighting the disproportionate impact of trafficking on women and children. It should also be noted that when you drill down into the demographics of the victims of trafficking and piece together the names and faces of those who have been abused and traded as commodities, a disproportionate number are minority ethnic women and girls. Our hearts go out to them in these unimaginal situations of fear and abuse, and I take this opportunity to highlight their plight. The motion also refers to the Scottish Government's stated commitment to criminalising the purchase of sex. That commitment was first made following the passing of the Human Trafficking and Exploitation Scotland Act 2015, because it was highlighted during the passage of that legislation that removing the financial incentive for those who organise the sale of sex and those who buy it leads to a reduction in demand. That is an essential part of any strategy to tackle human trafficking effectively. It is now seven years since that law was passed. I hope that the minister will give us an update on the timetable for delivering on this commitment. According to the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees, over 2.5 million people have now fled Ukraine since Russia's invasion. In April 2022, reported by the independent anti-slavery commissioner at University College London, Dr Laura Wood notes that Ukraine hosted students from across Africa, Asia and the Middle East for many years. Since the war began, those who have not managed to return home have faced racism, discrimination and segregation within the refugee responses. Many of them are desperate and they are at considerable risk of exploitation by traffickers as they seek to find a way to escape the war, to complete the qualification or to return home—a truly dire situation. Overrepresentation of ethnic minority victims of trafficking has played out in countries all over the world. In the US between 2008 and 2010, 40 per cent of identified victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation were black, compared with 13 per cent of the general population. While a 2012 study of online sex buyers in the United States found that 85 per cent of buyers were white, highlighting the clear racial disparities between buyers and victims. However, while the data may be sobering, it is the stories that truly resonate, each too familiar and too harring to forget. Take Renata's story and Renata is not her name. This story has been highlighted in the Medell Trust. Renata was the law student from Latin America who was offered a job in Italy and was told that she should be working in a restaurant and could earn money and continue her education. She arrived safely but there were traffickers waiting there for her. She was abducted, raped and forced into prostitution. That lasted for years until finally she escaped, providing evidence to her about her experience to the Italian police thinking that she would then be safe. Unfortunately, they found her and the abuse continued. While Renata's story is now one of hope, because, ultimately, she managed to get help through the Medell Trust Foundation and was able to get back to her education, it gives us a devastating insight into the experiences of those who are consumed by this abhorrent trade. In finishing, the global situation that we are in is entirely unacceptable and, with annual profits for the sexual exploitation of trafficking victims, totalling more than £100 billion, we need to act urgently to effectively deter those who seek to capitalise on the degradation and dehumanisation of vulnerable women and children. Thank you, Mr Stewart, and I call Stephen Kerr, who will be the last speaker before I ask the minister to respond to the debate up to four minutes please, Mr Kerr. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. I say that I'm delighted to follow co-cab Stewart who, I think, gave an excellent speech and I congratulate Bill Kidd on not only bringing the motion to Parliament but also giving a very passionate, very strong speech and I wish to associate myself with his remarks. Whenever the conflict in Ukraine broke out and there was this mass movement of people, particularly women and children, out of Ukraine into neighbouring countries and further afield, I, along with many of you, will have shared the same concerns about the nature of the checking that was going on to make sure that the women and children would be safe in terms of where they were going, how they were being treated, the suitability of the sponsors, the suitability of the accommodation that they were being placed in. Central to my politics is the idea that you can't place an economic value on human life. We are simply not economic commodities as people, but people who have an equal and immeasurable worth and human trafficking is completely contrary to that idea. I can't find the English words to describe how much I detest the human traffickers and the misery that they bring into the lives, particularly of women and girls. Human trafficking sees people as objects to make profit and puts them through unimaginable pain and suffering, such as we have heard in the speeches that have been made this afternoon. I have to feel that there are some things that we have done as a United Kingdom that we should be proud of. One of those things is the modern slavery act, which was introduced by Theresa May when she was the Home Secretary in 2015. The modern slavery act is one of the reasons why I was proud to serve in a very lowly role in Theresa May's Government as probably the lowest possible rank—in fact, it probably isn't even a wrong that I was serving at, it was so low—but this act was world leading in terms of legislation when it was introduced. It is something that we should celebrate, but not become complacent about. We must build on the modern slavery act and ensure that the United Kingdom remains a world leader in tackling this abhorrent crime. Yes, the modern slavery act was the first legislation of that sort in Europe. It saw the introduction of tough new penalties for those behind human trafficking with the worst defenders facing long sentences—in fact, life sentences. It stopped anyone previously convicted of human trafficking from travelling to a country where they had previously exploited vulnerable people in the past by the creation of a new police intelligence tool. The modern slavery act also delivers enhanced protection and support for victims, as well as requiring businesses to show that human trafficking is not taking place in their company or in any of their supply chains. That particular aspect of the modern slavery act should be more rigorously enforced, in my view. With the trends in human trafficking consistently changing, it is important that we, as a country, revise and update the modern slavery act to ensure that it is designing the way to tackle modern practices. Therefore, I believe the United Kingdom Government and all of us as parliamentarians must look at the recommendations made in the independent reviews of the modern slavery act to see if those recommendations can be incorporated into legislation. Since the UK Parliament legislated the modern slavery act in 2015, many countries in the world have introduced their own legislation in this area. Actually, I believe that the United Kingdom Government and all of us can learn from the lessons of other countries. I hope that we will reach out to our allies around the world to improve global efforts and co-ordination in tackling human trafficking. We cannot stand still in this area. That is why amendments to the modern slavery act were part of the recent Queen's speech. I am sure along with all of you look forward to reading the details of the bill, which will be brought forward when it is released later this year. Human trafficking, modern slavery, remains one of the great human rights issues of our time. While we have shown some global leadership in this area to rid the world of this barbaric evil, it is right, as was highlighted by Bill Kidd, that we renew our determination to combat it and eliminate it. One of my great political heroes, as I conclude, is William Wilberforce. It was the United Kingdom that took a historic stand to outlaw the slave trade two centuries ago. One of the most wonderfully inspiring historic images of that campaign was the slavery medallion that was produced by Josiah Wedgwood, which is that of a kneeling man in chains with the words written and inscribed underneath. Am I not a man and a brother or am I not a woman and a sister, as would be appropriate to the tone of our debate? I hope that we will use this debate as Parliament aims to renew our commitment to stand up to the abhorrent crimes that we have been describing in our speeches and that we will use all of our energies and concentration of our efforts combined to preserve the values and freedoms that define and have defined our country for generations. I now call on Minister Ash Regan to respond to the debate up to seven minutes, please minister. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I would like to extend my thanks to Mr Kidd for the opportunity to discuss this evening such an important issue. No one can disagree with the premise that we want to make Scotland hostile to trafficking and a safe place for Ukrainian refugees. His moving speech to us this afternoon and the strong call to action that was contained within it I do heed. Scotland has a proud history of welcoming refugees and people seeking sanctuary from war and from violence, but ensuring the wellbeing and safety of those arriving from Ukraine is critical to that aim. Under our super sponsor scheme, displaced people are accommodated safely in temporary accommodation until disclosure and property checks have been completed mitigating those risks that unfortunately are inherent in the UK system. Those checks interrogate national and local systems and they have been designed to maximise opportunities to identify and to remove host applicants who may be unsuitable. We have pressed the UK Government to replicate our scheme and to develop a public sector matching service, which was mentioned by a couple of speakers this evening, and we will continue to do that. We have also published public protection guidance to support all operational partners that are involved in safeguarding. This guidance was developed with stakeholders and it takes into account the need for a gendered approach, which was mentioned this evening by Ruth Maguire. I note her other many practical suggestions that she raised during her speech. Additionally, we have established a new trafficking and exploitation strategy group to ensure that risks and concerns are identified or understood and addressed on a multi-agency basis. The Trafficking Awareness Raising Alliance, and Just Right Scotland, funded by the Scottish Government, have developed a leaflet that includes information on indicators of trafficking. That has been translated into Ukrainian and into Russian. That leaflet is available at Welcome Hubs and has been shared widely. That is very relevant to the aspirations of the Hope for Justice and Anti-Trafficking Partners website, Ukrainians Welcome, which has been referenced. I also want to highlight the practical information that is available in the Ukraine section of the Scottish Government website, both to those fleeing Ukraine and to potential hosts in Scotland. That, I know, is not a time for complacency, and we will continue to do everything that we can to stamp out all forms of trafficking and exploitation arising from this conflict and otherwise. My vision of Scotland is one where all women and girls are treated with respect and not one where we turn a blind eye to abuse, violence or indeed trafficking. Tackling sexual exploitation is key to realising this, and it is a key part of this work. It is also a programme for government commitment to develop a model for Scotland that effectively challenges men's demand for prostitution. That commitment is in line with our international obligations to incorporate the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women into Scotslaw. Article 6, in particular, compels Scotland to take all appropriate measures to suppress all forms of trafficking and exploitation, including prostitution of women. War in Ukraine has tragically highlighted—I think that Rhoda Grant's speech brought this out this evening—the need to take action to challenge and deter men's demand, and the conflict is putting women and girls at further risk of exploitation. We have seen the disturbing reality of this with the reports of the 200 per cent increase in UK internet searches for Ukrainian women, which was mentioned by a number of speakers this evening, including Mr Kidd. In addition to the international crises that are adding to the pressures that can fuel sexual exploitation, tackling the systemic disadvantages and inequalities that women face is also critical in that. The development of our model takes us into account, and the reality that this demand is linked to human trafficking. The Human Trafficking and Exploitation Scotland Act gives police and prosecutors greater powers to detect and to bring to justice those responsible for trafficking, as well as strengthening protection for survivors. Police Scotland actively investigates any reports concerning human trafficking and exploitation and will continue to work closely with partners across the UK and internationally to share intelligence and to co-ordinate work to tackle it. It is important that we tackle exploitation wherever it happens, whether that be on or offline. Pecuring for the purposes of prostitution is still in offence if it is committed online, and Police Scotland will actively investigate all reports of sexual exploitation, including those of online sexual exploitation. The online aspects are, I think, a forefront of our minds in the development of the model. We are continuing to liaise with the UK Government and OFCOM on the UK online safety bill, but our work to challenge men's demand will continue to require a collective response right across Government, the wider public and also the third sector. A short-life working group with representation from key stakeholders reflecting this was tasked with developing the fundamental principles to underpin the model, and it held its last formal meeting in April, with further targeted stakeholder engagement to follow as part of finalising those principles, which will be published later this year. Those principles will help to create a solid foundation on which we can uphold the aspirations and values that we want to see reflected in this model, and also helping to draw together our efforts to challenge and deter men's demand and raise greater awareness of some of the challenges that those involved in prostitution can face. We have committed to engaging with those with direct or lived experience to shape services and are committed to ensuring that our approach makes things better for all involved in prostitution. In the coming months, we will publish lived experience research, which we have commissioned to better understand the current support service provision and the needs of service users. That will also inform our developing model. Also to be published this year is an evidence review on international approaches to challenging demand, and that has been carried out by the Scottish Government's justice analytical services. That will also inform the development of the model, whilst obviously taking into account Scotland's unique legal and societal landscape. I will give my commitment to the chamber again this afternoon that I will continue on this work across Government, the chamber and with stakeholders as our approach to tackling sexual exploitation further develops, contributing to our aim to be a society that treats all with kindness, with dignity and with compassion. That is reflected in our response, supporting those displaced by war in Ukraine, and I would like to thank all involved in that response. Thank you minister. That concludes the debate and I close this meeting.