 Studies comparing country by country cancer rates have shown up to a 70-fold variation in the incidence of prostate cancer worldwide, with low rates in parts of Asia and Africa, and high rates in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Northern Europe. Here's the map of prostate cancer mortality. Could dairy consumption have something to do with it, given Northern Europeans, Americans, Australians drink a lot of milk, whereas most non-cocasians in the world are lactose intolerant. But just because a country drinks a lot of milk and has a lot of cancer doesn't mean the individuals within that country that are drinking the milk are getting the cancer. That's why we need cohort studies, where you find out how much milk people drink, and follow those individuals over time, and see if those who drink more milk get more cancer. There have been dozens of such studies done, put them all together, and intakes of total dairy products, including low fat milk, were indeed associated with increased prostate cancer risk. The question is, why? Maybe it's just all the calcium? They found that the more calcium people consume, the higher their risk of prostate cancer. Yeah, but most people get their calcium from dairy, so how do we know this isn't just a dairy effect? Before we start worrying about kale and other non-dairy sources of calcium, it'd be nice to see dairy calcium teased out from non-dairy calcium intakes, and that's exactly what they did. Yes, the more calcium from dairy sources, the higher the risk of cancer, but non-dairy sources of calcium were found to be protective. So it wasn't a calcium effect, it was a dairy effect. This suggests that other components of dairy may be to blame. They suggest it's the animal protein boosting the levels of a cancer-promoting growth hormone called IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1. If you look at 28 studies involving nearly 28,000 people, this is what's called an albatross plot. Any study to the right of this line shows a link between IGF-1 levels and dairy product, milk specifically, or dairy protein consumption, and any study hitting this line or over shows a significant association with higher IGF-1 levels. This could also explain why plant-based diets can be so protective. Put watch and wait cancer patients on a whole food plant-based diet for a year, no chemo, no radiation, lifestyle changes only, and get a significant reduction in PSA levels, indicative of tumor shrinkage, their bloodstream becoming nearly eight times better at suppressing the growth of cancer cells. Do biopsies, and you can show changes in gene expression. A down-regulation of critical cancer genes, effectively switching off cancer growth genes at a genetic level. Whereas if you instead eat lots of dairy after a prostate cancer diagnosis, you may suffer a 76% higher risk of death overall, and a 141% increased risk of dying specifically from your cancer. Even without IGF-1, the milk protein casein appears to be a cancer cell proliferation promoting factor, increasing the growth of prostate cancer cells, at least in a petri dish, and the same thing with whey, the other major animal protein in dairy. See, nearly 100% of advanced prostate cancers thrive by up-regulating a growth enzyme called TOR, and dairy protein boosts TOR signaling even higher, which only makes sense, right? Caves have to grow like 40 times faster than human babies, and so cow's milk has to be packed with growth promoters, not to mention the hormones in milk, especially from cows who are already pregnant again. This commercialized milk production by pregnant cows releases uncontrolled amounts of bovine steroid hormones into the human food chain, and so the combination may well explain the observant association between high-daring consumption and increased risk of prostate cancer. From an evolutionary perspective, the persistent abuse of the growth-promoting signaling system of bovine milk by humans over their entire lifespan, not just drinking milk during infancy, maintains the most important hallmark of cancer biology, this sustained proliferative signaling to grow, grow, grow. And so there's this interest in trying to define the safe upper limits of long-term milk and dairy intake for the prevention of the most common dairy-promoted cancer in men. But if you look at diet and cancer guideline recommendations, yeah, milk may increase risk of prostate cancer. However, no recommendation was provided for cutting down on dairy because the evidence for prostate cancer conflicted with decreased risk of colorectal cancer. High dairy intake is associated with increased prostate cancer risk, but decreased colon cancer risk. So it's like alcohol may be an intoxicating carcinogen, but policy makers hesitate to introduce effective alcohol policies or even to support the addition of cancer warning labels for fear they might undermine any possible health benefits of alcohol use. Now I've talked about how the purported benefits of alcohol appear to be evaporating. Is dairy really protective against colon cancer? If you put all the cohort studies together, where they measure dairy consumption, then follow people for years to see who got cancer. Milk and total dairy consumption was indeed associated with a reduction in colorectal cancer risk, one of our deadliest cancers. Now people who drink more milk just happen to tend to exercise more, smoke less, drink less, eat less meat, which could explain some of the association. However, many of the studies adjusted for these kinds of confounding factors. More likely, it was the protective effects of the calcium, which may bind up pro-inflammatory bile acids in the gut, though high-fat dairy products like cheese may actually increase bile acids, explaining why the cheese appeared to cancel out the calcium benefit. So might we be able to get the best of both worlds by consuming non-dairy calcium sources? If you randomize people to calcium supplements, you can get a significant reduction in recurring colon polyps, which can otherwise turn into cancer, though calcium pills have been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. And so the best of all worlds, if you want to take a precautionary approach in terms of nutrition and cancer, is to obtain calcium through low-oxalate dark green leafy vegetables, bean-split-based chickpeas and lentils, or, if necessary, calcium-portified foods such as soy or almond milk.