 Okay, so I will talk, as I said, I will talk about space technology and about climate change. And for me, thank you very much that you are coming, that you take this afternoon to discuss a little bit about that. The thing is, of course, we have challenges in the world, and you know all of these challenges, and each and every one has a specific priority list. So I have here a list of challenges from climate change to migration, really the communication energy shortage of resources, demographic development, conflicts, catastrophes, health. I did not put the election denial, but anyhow, curiosity. I put curiosity also on that list. I hope you can see it also from there, otherwise I will move away. Curiosity for me is the strongest driver of humankind, and we should never forget about it. It's clear these are really global challenges, but curiosity is what drives us finally. And space is really having contributions to all of these different challenges. But there must be something how to tackle the challenges, and I will explain in a minute what I believe is very important. First of all, ESA, the European Space Agency, is not part of the European Union. We are an intergovernmental organization created in 1975 by a convention, which is still valid. And our narrative today is that we are working in four areas, science and exploration. That means we are looking to the near field, meaning lowest orbit, moon and Mars, but also deep into the universe to the stars and galaxies. We are doing applications, Earth observation, navigation, telecommunication. We are doing enabling and support, enabling and support means also technology development, but also launchers. And then you see here a new pillar, which is safety and security. I will not go into detail of all these programs because we are talking today about climate change. For me it's important to have a destination of what you are doing. Goals is one thing, but first to have a destination. And for us the destination are three different types. The society at large, competition as such, and the environment. Explaining the environment as a surface of the earth, climate change, but also the environment around the earth. So these are the main destinations of ESA where we are very active. Space 19 plus, just to give you a feeling, is something, as I said, we are not part of the European Union, but we are an intergovernmental organization. Ireland is a member state and every three years the ministers of the different member states are meeting and the director general has to put proposals on the table what he would like to do and then the member states decide where they give their money for. So we are starting from scratch always, and if the proposals are bad then we get nothing. We were very lucky last time, it was in November last year, we got 14.5 billion euros for the next three years. And here you see the distribution according to the pillars I explained before. So it's science and exploration applications and everything support all three, something like 30% plus the safety and security pillar. Now Ireland also contributes to it, and here you see it as a comparison, the distribution of Ireland. And I tell you, this is very special because it's more or less the same as we have for the Oval ESA. This is not normal, I would watch what is normal. The average is of course the picture before, but many member states have specific points only and say we are going only in this field or only in that field. And I think it's a very clear strategic decision of Ireland to go in the same fields as ESA is working. And this is a very nice thing. Now just to mention also 70% of our money comes from our member states, 23% we are also getting money from the EU for Galileo, the navigation system and Copernicus, the Earth observation system and humankind and others. When you're talking about challenges, people sometimes make a step too fast and say okay, we observe it, we observe catastrophes, we observe climate change, we are observing this and this and this. And I believe one has to go a step back and first of all understand how to identify global challenges. It's not trivial at all. But first of all you have to discover something like climate change. It's not a given that you understand it. If you look outside and you see there is some weather, but weather is not climate. Climate is something bigger. So therefore if you look to the US, they had a very cold winter. They would say, well the hell is climate warming? It does not exist. And we had here a lot of storms. Is that climate, a change of climate? So therefore you first have to discover an effect. Then you can monitor it. You identify special parameters, metrics, with which you can explain the challenge. The next point is also important to raise awareness. If the scientists stop with just monitoring, giving data, thousands of numbers, nobody will understand. So the next very important step is to raise awareness. And then the final point is of course mitigation. And it starts again from scratch, again and again and again. So this one I will show you now. I will show you this one. I will show you this one. I will show you this one. And I will also show you this one. And what space can contribute to the different areas. Let's go first to the discovery. Discovery of climate change was not done on earth. Nobody found climate change on earth. It was found on our neighbour planet Venus. There was a mission to Venus and they observed Venus. And Venus has a greenhouse effect which is by far stronger than the one we have on earth. So therefore the discovery was done on Venus. And then some people said, okay, maybe we have exactly the same issue on earth. So this was the discovery part. It is so important because it's so difficult. Therefore I'm always saying this first thing, the discovery of an effect. This is at least as important as the whole rest. So okay, they found it and then we looked into it. And we are looking into it with different satellites from different point of views in different fields of frequencies in different areas. So we can really observe the earth. We can measure the melting of glaciers. We can measure the sea level. We can measure also the temperature as such. There are many parameters which can be measured through space activities. And that means more than 50% of the so-called essential climate variables can be measured only from space. And there are interesting things, for instance, how to measure sea level rise. You go there at the shore and measure it. Of course it's not possible. So therefore you need some specific method and the method I'm talking about is now to measure that from space. And there we can see, for instance, temperature distribution around the world. It's not important to see it just at the location, but around the world we can measure it. Here the sea temperature is shown around the world. We can show also the algae development because of course this has some relation with the temperature. Again we can do it from space. We can look also to the air pollution, NOx, the concentration in Europe. So you are in a good situation over there, it seems to be. But so we can measure that from space and by that also give them some first information. We can measure wind speed now. It's not trivial at all to measure wind speed. It took us something like 16 years to develop a satellite which could measure really wind speed. So it's flying around the earth and having a laser on board, ultraviolet laser and by measuring the reflection of the ultraviolet laser on simple particles in the air, dust particles, etc. It's measuring the velocity. Like you know if a car goes by this effect, the so-called Doppler effect this is measured from this satellite and we get the whole profile of wind velocities which is a very important thing. Of course we can also look from space into a situation of the hurricane for instance in this case it was in 2017 but there we don't measure the speed at a different location in this case it was just the temperature and therefore to bring these two sets of data together then you really have big data. Big data for many people is just a lot of data. This is wrong. Big data means you bring together several information from several sources and suddenly you have a better information. For instance if I know your name if I know the number of your credit card if I know what type of credit card it and I have the security number on the far side I have your money. So it's only four information I need and this is big data. So therefore big data means also to bring together temperature and velocity and some other information. So this is what it's all about to understand climate change. We can also see what is the origin of changing our climate. There's a lot of things. The pollution I mentioned already but another thing is of course deforestation. You see here the rainforest and power plant in 1985. It is in so-called false colors meaning healthy forest is shown in red. Now if you look to this picture and you're here in the first row you can see that here is a small road. I will now move to the next picture. It will be the same picture but only a couple of years later and you can justify in yourself that this road is still there. I can put my finger over there so that we don't forget it. So you see it's still the same road only some years later and there this picture I think is also for raising awareness much more impressive than just to see one tree falling down. That's a nice picture but what does it mean? Here you see really what is happening with what we are doing what we are doing with our world so we are really cutting the lung of our earth. We can also see by using big data again we can understand what the sea level rise is. If you have just one satellite these are many satellites for instance one satellite would capture a period of let's say five years or so you would not see really a tendency of sea level rise but using the data for many many satellites from 1994 to today you really suddenly you see it that there is something. Again these fluctuations year by year it's not important the tendency overall is there and yes the sea level is rising and get some problem and there is a nice quote from John Kerry the former Secretary of State of the United States of America and he said now I know there are still a few who insist that climate change is just one big hoax even the political conspiracy my friends these people are so out of touch with the fact that they believe rising sea levels don't matter because in their view the extra water is just going to spill over the sides of a flat earth I think there is a very nice quote and it shows that we really have an issue the Arctic ice you can see it from space you can see it and again you need data sets over many years and you see how the ice is moving so you see of course in summer and winter it's different but if you see it step by step it is really getting smaller and smaller and even a few hundred kilometers is already a big issue so you see here the timing and you see that sometimes it's going again but overall in average it is decreasing and this is of course causing big problems for our earth now raising awareness for me is always something which is not only number crunching not only these pictures but sometimes it's also a question of emotions and I would use always emotions to raise awareness if an astronaut looks down to the earth and says how beautiful he sees the earth I mean this is touching this is more touching than just the satellite picture because the astronaut has a soul and can say now it's so beautiful there is another picture later on which shows it again some people believe ok let's go to Mars and stay over there and I know one should never say a bad word about a dead person but Stephen Hawking he said humanity may have less than 600 years to leave earth and I think this is a very bad sentence he was a very bright scientist but to say we can leave the earth to go to another planet means we don't have to take care of our planet we have a good excuse we destroy it and then we find the next planet and people believe yes we can go to Mars and they believe this is the future of humankind on Mars and I just can tell you this is for me total nonsense colonization of moon or Mars is bullshit and there is no real positive image in it to stay then in cans and being not able to be out of the cans in the free world so this is for me not a solution at all so we as ESA we don't look for colonization of moon or Mars we believe to go there for research is fine but not for permanency if one should think about permanency then one has to go a little bit deeper into a universe the next place which seems to be interesting is just 39 light years away that means if we send a signal we are coming then in 78 years they can send back please don't come so therefore but this is anyhow it's an interesting place this trapeze one because it has a system of seven planets orbiting around their sun and some of them are in an area where we could believe that there is something like life so but we don't know and again 39 light years to go there is just impossible for humankind of today I will anyhow I will because I've always fascinated from this trapeze one I will give you another thing just to think about it because discovery means also to understand sometimes the things we don't understand and when scientists started to look to this system they did not understand they said this will not work this solar system will not work because the planets are too close to each other but obviously it works so what the hell is wrong with this system is the system wrong or is our calculation wrong and then discovery means sometimes to go beyond their own their own topic beyond their own discipline to go interdisciplinary and in this case it was a musician who found the solution because what he did he observed the frequency of the orbiting settler of the orbiting planets and multiplied them by 212 million don't ask me why 212, not 230, not 211 but anyhow why 212 and by that he got suddenly a sound out of it so this is just multiplying the frequency with 212 million now the next planet and you hear already there is something special with different tones now the next one so and I can go on and on so it's a harmonic sequence that means these planets are in a harmonic sequence and that is a solution which the scientists as such did not find out so it was a musician finding it and that's my plea is for discovery we need always people from different disciplines that's the idea from that point and again to go there is a little bit you have to go really in a different way so if you know the movie interstellar there is no way to go back we don't have the technology today therefore the place to be is this one this is the place to be we should take care of this planet whenever we can and a nice picture to make this even stronger this message again raising awareness is from Samantha Casteferetti a European astronaut with an Italian driver license and she took this picture of the earth and I mean this really shows what our world is you see here the very thin atmosphere if you reduce the size of the earth to the size of a football the thickness of air in which you can still breathe is less than the thickness of a single hair so reducing the size of the earth to a football the thickness of the atmosphere is thinner than the single hair that thickness of air we better take care of it therefore I like this picture which she brought back very much the other thing is her face this is after landing I don't know whether you have ever been in the step of Kazakh it's not the most beautiful place in the world but obviously her face is saying I'm so happy to be back and whatever she has over here I don't know what it is she's saying this is smelling really I have the smell of the earth so this is a positive message take care of this earth this is the message for this beach now we are facing climate change so discovery, monitoring now raising awareness now we should come to mitigation and many people say mitigation with climate change this is not possible climate change is just too big we cannot change it in 1930 when they were in the United States of America the so called dust bowl crate planes because of intensive agriculture they had really changed the environment and they had dust winds dusty storms like this like hell so it was really bad and then there was from Roosevelt he created the so called New Deal and he and this New Deal also defined let's counteract this big change and what they did is and I could not find the final numbers millions or billions it wasn't clear from literature of trees and they succeeded the thing is done it's positive now so therefore we should not say climate change is too big catastrophe we cannot tackle it we can and we have possibilities and we should immediately and we can do it in different ways I'm now looking just to the question what can space bring to that I'm not looking to all the different other possibilities politics etc etc I'm just looking to technologies coming from space one is satellite navigation with satellite navigation everybody is using it hopefully everybody is using Galileo and not this American copy which is called GPS Galileo is three times better and if you have a modern smartphone or whatever then you have already Galileo built in so it's working so you don't have to switch it on or off it is working so therefore so what can we do with satellite navigation I will give you some examples number one we don't look only for the fastest route or the shortest route we look also for the route which is the greenest route so it's very simple it's very simple we can do it so these are partially in our normal navigation system this option is not offered but it would be, it is possible so we should do it so there is no reason not to do it another example is contrails do you know that about 5% of the clouds are produced by planes 5% it's an enormous number the effect of contrails on climate change is not known it's unfortunately I asked the scientist several times it's not known but at least there is an impact on the clouds so we better try to reduce it and we can reduce it for instance through navigation to finding the right route and the right height where to fly the flight level by that you can reduce contrails and also like with the cars in the case of cars I said echo route here I would say the shortest route is the best also to reduce congestion in air because all of this is polluting so therefore we can, with navigation we can already do a lot another thing another example this is the mission we are going to to the planet Mercury it's a 7 year ride we have electric mobility everybody is talking about electric mobility right now and when you look to the cars they think about 300 or 400 kilometers of possible ways we go now 9 billion kilometers it's not fair because of course we are in the vacuum but it's electric mobility with an electric engine but this is not the point for this electric engine we need electricity and we get the electricity from these solar panels these solar panels have the same size of an airbus so it's really huge and the solar panels were developed from space for space because in space we needed them already 60 years ago there was no solar panel but we needed it now we are going on and the efficiency of these panels to go to Mercury had to be increased dramatically so Mercury is the closest planet to the sun so why the hell do we need more efficient solar panels that sounds a little bit stupid but the very simple thing is if you fly like this towards Mercury the sun will burn you so you have to incline it but by inclination you get less sun on your panels and therefore we had to increase the efficiency of the solar panels and we are now at 30% which is a world record for these panels and that means also we can use them on Earth and we had also some couple of days ago another launch where we are looking to the sun and again similar solar panels were used also because of the temperature they have to be inclined but again in order to have electricity they need higher efficiency ok if we have the sun but where to use it I know that island is a very nice place sunny place unfortunately it's not here but you see already this picture which is done by satellites to look to what are the best places to use solar energy and also it's a very nice country it's not the most sunny country of the world you see over here that we have areas in Africa areas in the US which have much better energy input coming from the sun that you still have some holes over here this is because of clouds which are there during the year so this is looking to the energy for full year so now there you should have your solar panels there you should have whatever you use to develop to move energy from the sun to electricity now the problem is you still here in island you need to have the electricity so you cannot say ok we are all going to Africa because there we have the electricity and now the question is where do we need the electricity and this picture shows there's island included and this picture shows where you need the energy a very simple method looking during night to the earth and seeing if it's bright over there then you know there is electricity so there you see that Europe and also here in the northern part of America but on the east coast while here this is on the west coast you need a lot of energy and therefore one of the ideas was this picture is to have the solar coming in Africa and then transport them to a Europe one further action is and this is something we try to do in ESA as well we said we will develop a digital ESA this is now where ever you look everybody is talking about digitalization but we believe that we can at the same time go for a green ESA which means that we are really taking care of this climate change by reducing and abandon any plastics we decided that now to do this within two years I said we can do it faster but two years is still challenging and by some other aspects of reducing paper reducing all of this using more the modern media we have and therefore this is also something where you cannot just say the responsibility of organizations but each and everyone can take care also with technology and this technology is available for instance also telecommunication with telecommunication you can have meetings around the world without traveling from one place to the other so telecommunication from space is also a big supporter for that and if there is a remark but telecommunication is not secured enough then we have solutions to have also telecommunication around the world so what I wanted to say is if you look back to what I said at the beginning these four different steps discovery monitoring raising awareness and mitigation one should always consider all at the same time and not just stay with one and complain about the others so with that I conclude my presentation but my final word goes back to the aspect I tried to explain the question of society competition and environment environment I hope I could show you but in order to move forward with acting against climate change we need motivated people and this is something which is very difficult you can try to motivate people by complaining this is the way which is right now done worldwide I am not convinced that that is the right way motivation goes through inspiration and inspiration goes through fascination and there space can also deliver something because there is nobody who is not fascinated by what is done in space so if something is done in space people are fascinated this is already a positive move in our brains if these people then think about it they might be inspired thinking about okay to understand that somebody had an idea an unbelievable idea to go with a spacecraft to Mercury or to Mars or whatever and he or she realized it so if this is the second step the third step is okay if somebody did that with his dreams then I can do it also with my dream and if these dreams are for dreams for a better world then climate change is not any longer the complain or fear but it is an opportunity for people and I think we have to move from seeing climate change only as something bad to see it as something for opportunity to make our world better for the future thank you very much for your attention