 First of all I would like to thanks the three speakers for the interesting and very exciting debates and presentation that they have made so far. Well it's very impressive to see the different angles of gender and development that they have raised, the varieties which give to all of us new direction on how to include gender in the development agenda. Well discussing about gender is far from being new. It has been discussed in several time, it has been discussed for several years but unfortunately we are in 2000 almost in 2016 and we still record a high number of women in developing countries who are left behind, left behind in terms of access to resources, left behind in terms of economic opportunities and many women in developing countries face different barriers in their daily life and this constant start first inside of their households where several social and cultural norms deprive them of autonomy inside but also outside of the houses. When you go to the labor market these women they still face a number of barriers. Women are less likely to get decent and productive jobs. In the political arena also women are disproportionately represented as it has been well expressed by Elizabeth. The world has experienced the MDG and the goal number three has expressed the importance of empowering women, social empowerment, economic empowerment and political empowerment. Today we are moving to something different. Here we are we are talking all of us about sustainable development goal and once again women is incorporated. Gender equality, gender opportunity, gender gender equality in terms of economic, social and social norms and political aspects. Well here I would use these opportunities you know this is a good occasion for me to ask some three questions to our three speakers and these questions are going to be related to the hot topic which is sustainable development. My first question is about education. Well the MDG has provided quite positive outcomes in terms of primary schooling right in many developing countries we have roughly equality in terms of access at primary school and even sometime we have more girls than boy at primary school so I believe maybe in the next coming years we will make some study on how to promote boys at the primary school rather than girls but unfortunately at the secondary school it's unfortunate that the MDG hasn't really go deeper into promoting girls at the secondary school so we expect that the SDG we try to fill this gap so my question is here well we are talking about promoting the number of girls at the secondary schools but at the same time we record a high number of girls that are dropped out from school for many reasons. First of them I can cite like forced marriage and also access the lack or in term of access to infrastructure mainly sanitation or toilets which is a big issue in many rural areas in Africa but also in India for instance so forced marriage can have different causes it can be due to poverty like parents they have many children and they would like to get rid of some of your girls it can be also a way to get some money through a bride price but it can also be cultural it's cultural norm so from the cultural aspect it might be difficult them to remove them in by 2030 which is the deadline for the for the SDG so to what extent do you think that by 2030 the world could achieve a gender equality at the secondary school in the circumstances where we have forced marriage and a lack of good and decent infrastructure. My second one is related to access to finance. Against the MDG has done good job in term of promoting microcredit promoting microfinance in order to promote entrepreneurship for women. Well if we rely on the World Bank statistic dating back to 2014 it seems that entrepreneurship is where women in sub-Saharan Africa entrepreneurship is where women are the more active outside of the agricultural sector so we don't have this issue of gender gap in terms of entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa but the problem is many of these women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa they are micro and small they run micro and small businesses and they are more likely to operate informally and they are more likely to be for cues on low added value goods so these women they face many issues and one of them it is access to big finance go we should go beyond the micro and micro microcredit and microfinance now the sustainable development should go beyond looking how these women entrepreneurs can have access to loans and credit from the financial sector from the banks so given your reading and your understanding of the sustainable development goal do you think that this aspect of the development of the financial sector and the inclusion of women in the financial sector is carefully taken into account and then I am ending to this point also related to access to finance when we take the group of the women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa many of them are entrepreneurs by necessity but not by opportunities so necessity because they have they are facing constraints in the labor market so when they have this microcredit it's a good opportunity for them to open these firms but the problem is if these women they may not have the sufficient entrepreneurial skills and ability so if they have access to this formal financial sector they may not provide good results so here come the question of efficiency to what extent the generally reducing the gender gap or promoting women to have access to the formal financial sector can be efficient I think I am unfortunately concerned by the time thank you so good afternoon my name is Anna michels I'm from the University of Namir and I'm also working on the gender and development project here at Wider okay I have some slides but I think I have to go very quickly so I was going to tell that I really liked lots the three presentations obviously I could not say something different something else about Jean Philippe he's my supervisor so but no I really liked the paper a lot I think I'm not going to give you a summary I'll just go to the comments okay one important assumption that he is making and I think that it's a bit too strong is that the legal system is gender neutral and I think this is really not the case there is a very interesting study new study by a paternal on El Salvador where she shows in fact that police the legal system the judicial system is not gender neutral at all she shows that men who are accused of severe forms of domestic violence they are excused by the police by the judges it's how men behave it's like this while women on the other hand to have done nothing illegal they can go for disney's to prison because they didn't act as mothers they are accused of fetal homicide they didn't do anything unlegal but they are mothers they should be mothers they should act like this so I think there are really some constraints also on the legal system it's here in Europe and you have exactly the same in developing countries another remark I think that is also for Professor Fox I'm not sure but you about economic opportunities I think that economic it has been shown that I think that economic opportunities do not necessarily lead to improved outcomes in fact Monchi and others have shown that there might be no effect and when women have an increase in their income there might be no effect effect on their bargaining power depending on the links they have to their family and their home community and if they really depend on those kinds of networks then they see no effect at all because for them it would be really really costly to give up those networks and so they cannot act against those social norms also there has been shown that even when you are have an increase in agency women don't always perceive this as something positive there is this work on migration in Morocco where they show that there is male migration women have because of this women have much more agency in the house of decision-making power but they perceive this as something very very negative because they are told you act as man so they get really stigmatized by their society and they don't like this at all you were speaking about the garment sector I think there's a new that I there's a new study by a zaki wahatch who shows that indeed you have an increased women working in the garment sector they have an increase in in the agency they can take bear more decisions within the marriage but again this is not perceived as something which is really positive because there's again a stigma associated also to working outside of the family home so this is perceived as something not always positive I'm going very quickly sorry I really liked a lot your presentation and I think you have touched professor you have touched on so many subjects that there's not a lot left to say you are speaking about migration I think indeed that migration is the major phenomenon which will certainly change the role of women it has been shown that there's an impact on generals even if there's some mixed evidence it has been shown that migration to western counties seems to have a positive impact on gender norms but that if you take for example the example of Egypt where migration has been mainly to Gulf states it has had negative impact and again there's work of Munchi who shows that whether it has a positive or negative impact again depends on family networks then there's also there has been shown that there's an impact on education on the health of children and this is especially positive for girls but I think there needs to be done a lot more work is on female migration in fact it has been shown that no it has not been shown there are different results some show that women tend to admit more other show that men tend to admit more than on health and education of children left behind there's not a lot of work and what is mostly done is descriptive there we don't know what is happening is this because who's is this because of a gender bias in the migration decision is it that households that send women away are completely different than households that send men away is it because men and women depend differently on their networks so I think there's really a lot to be learned and a lot of interesting things to be done and I would like to have your opinion on this also you have on migration you have for example there are some studies on the Philippines but I think they're not very conclusive on you have now women who leave their family and there's an impact on the adolescent girls who are left behind doing to have to take care of their brothers and sisters so it's not always so positive I think and just for the last speaker I think what you are suggesting is very similar to the beeman and to flow paper and so I just wanted to ask you if you also see an impact on the number of females who are enrolled in school you see you have this repetition rate which has but do you have also on the number of females enrolled in secondary education and the numbers of year of education and then I think as for me it's quite similar to the flow so it's really interesting I was just wondering whether what you think about this quota system in the political system but also in education thank you very much thank you for good remarks and good questions I think we could have a quick comments from Luis and Elizabeth Jean-Philippe escaped already he had to catch a plane and then I'm also saying but unfortunately there will be very little time for questions I don't know if yeah I asked okay fine I think we can take two questions here from the audience no audience questions okay okay I'm sorry about that so you catch up the speakers while we are walking out so if we can get a quick answers thank you okay I don't know does anybody want that everybody's leaving okay to quick answers number one yeah well will the sustainable development goals be achieved I don't know not in every country in every way but I think we have to be optimistic certainly it's possible to achieve improvements in female enrollment in secondary school and but obviously it's going to take improvements in in other areas as well and I think economic transformation will be a key element of it and I think you know I think I agree with Ann that the evidence on whether earnings leads to increased empowerment of women is mixed it first of all depends on how it's measured whether it's measured by bargaining power in the house whether it's measured by behavior or whether it's measured by how a woman feels so do they feel empowered or do they act empowered and so different people use different measures and they get different outcomes the evidence from South Asia is positive the Blatman's evidence from Uganda for example is not positive and there's rather mixed evidence from Munchi and his team and so and migration more work to be done yes I'm a very brief answer one liner this my research does complement to flow work bottom line females play an important role and it's very crucial in bridging the gender gap thank you