 Hi friends, welcome to my channel, I am Arapata Karwa and in this video we are going to talk about research. So if you were wondering what I was doing a minute back, I was meditating and why was I doing so? Because I recently read a research paper which said that stress can lead to cancer. So it's very important for me to keep myself stress free. And if you too are preparing for net, for JRF and you're stressed, then beware of it because it can cause cancer. So this was how a research can help a person in making his or her life better. And there are so many students who keep on asking me that why research is taught in paper one? Why is it a part of paper one curriculum? So I would like to tell you guys that paper one is a general paper which is given to all the net students. And any student who clears the net has two aims. Either he wants to work as a professor in the university or he wants to further do PhD and research. So that's why research methodology is included in paper one. For a student to become a base for research. If you know some important terminology, some important types of research, then you will know that research will be done in the future. So it would be a cake walk for him. So in this video I am going to look at all the major areas which you need to cover if you are preparing for UGC net paper one. So let's get started. So the very first thing that you must study about research is what is a research? What is the nature of research? Research is a very simple thing. It is a systematic and logical procedure in order to get answers of certain questions. For example, I might have a question in my mind that elder sibling or younger sibling may say who is the most responsible? Is it the elder one or is it the younger one? Now this is a question. In order to get an answer for this question, I will undertake a research in which I will take a lot of elder siblings, a lot of younger siblings and then I will research who is showing the most responsible behaviour among them. And after a successful research, I will get an answer. So this is a research. And there are a lot of important things that you need to keep in mind. Which is the nature of research. How should a research be? So a research should be scientific. Scientific why? Because there is a science behind research. If I go out today and do research in the market, that would not be a proper research. There is a set procedure which I need to follow. So it is scientific. Then it is a very systematic process. There is a system. It is done step by step research. It is not that I first get into a data collection and later I will read the literature about it. And already later I got to know that such research has been done. So my research will be less valuable. So it is a systematic process. You have to go step by step towards the research. And then the most important thing, it is verifiable. I can verify any research. If I have done any research today, so anybody can go in the market and then can verify that research. All the theories that I have used, the data that I have used can be re-researched and verified. Whether my finding is good or whether it is not so good. So this is what research is all about. So first of all if you want to read about research methodology so become really clear about what is research and what are the nature of research. So after looking at what is research and what is the nature of research the next important thing that you need to understand is the objective of research. If a researcher does a research then there are many objectives behind it. We don't do any work like this. Government is spending so much money on research and development and is spending it with funds. That is because there are many objectives of research. So the first and foremost objective of research is to achieve new insight. If I want to develop a new insight or a new type of theory then research is very important. For example, I told you that there is a link between stress and cancer. So we got a new insight because there are more chances of cancer than stress. So it's a new insight for medical science. Then another important thing is to generalize something. If I want to generalize something if I want to tell a new theory at a universal level then research will help. Because if I research who is responsible for elder sibling and younger sibling so I will do a sample, a set of students or a set of kids to do this research. But later I can generalize this thing to the entire universe. I can say that every elder sibling in this world elder sibling, younger sibling is more responsible. So this is how research helps in reaching to new generalizations. And another important objective of research is that research helps you in knowing the difference or knowing the connection between two variables. So how two variables are connected research helps a lot to tell about this. For example, if I do a research and after that I get to know that the more a student's weight the more laziness there is. So these are two variables, weight and laziness. So the connection between these two variables research helps in finding that connection. If the weight is more then laziness is less. That means the student's weight will also be less. So laziness is directly linked to weight of a student. Now let's come to the next important topic which is types of variable. Before knowing what are the types of variable it is important to know what is a variable. I believe that you all must have studied maths in your student life. And in maths we used to study Algebra in which there are two things. Constants and variable. Constants are numeric value 2, 5, 7, 10, 25. Variables are X, Y and Z whose value varies. In some question it is X's value is 5 in some other question it is 26 in some other question it is 135. So variable is anything which can vary. Now if you look at the types of variables you will find that there are a lot of variables in any research. For example, if I want to test what is the relation between sleep deprivation and test performance. So these are the two variables. Test performance and sleep deprivation. Now one of these two is independent variable and one is dependent variable. Independent variable is the one which we vary deliberately. For example, if I take 100 students out of them I will give 50 students a good amount of sleep the first day of the exam and the second group I will keep them awake at night. So what am I varying in both the groups? I am varying the amount of sleep they are having. So sleep is one variable which is called independent variable which I vary independently in my research. The other thing is the dependent variable that is test performance. I cannot vary the test performance I cannot change it. That would depend upon the student. When these 100 students go to the exam because of sleep the kind of paper they can give that would lead to the test performance which is a dependent variable it depends on the independent variable. If I have made the students sleep well and the students have slept well at night so maybe they will perform well in the test. So test performance is linked to is dependent upon the sleep a student has got. There are many other types of variables in research. For example, extraneous variable. What are extraneous variables? Independent variable There are many other factors that influence your research. For example, if I give a student a very good solution but even after that he goes to the exam and that day he has fever so will he be able to perform well? No, that is an extraneous variable which is affecting the dependent variable but that is not an independent variable independent variable is sleep. But the dependent variable test performance if it is influencing more things like the temperature of the room if the room is very cold the temperature in the exam hall is very low and the students feel cold so maybe they will not be able to perform well. Now we will feel that because of sleep deprivation they are not able to perform well but later we will come to know that due to the low temperature the students were not able to perform well. So these are called extraneous variables which are not independent variables but still they are able to influence the dependent variable. So the next topic that you need to study for net exam is Hypothesis and types of hypothesis What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question it can also mean a proposed explanation to a research question. For example, if I am going to research what is the link between stress and cancer so before researching I think of a tentative answer that maybe my research will tell that the more stress there is the more chances of cancer. But after researching on several people who are living a stress full lifestyle I might come up with an answer after the research that there is no link between stress and cancer. So after researching a lot of stress-free people I might understand that many stress-free people have cancer that means there is no link between stress and cancer. So I started with a cancer which was that the link between stress and cancer has more chances of cancer but after the research I might find that my answer was wrong. So hypothesis is a tentative answer of a problem which you kind of devised before starting the research and this particular answer can either be proved right or wrong after the research. There are various types of hypothesis for example one common hypothesis is null hypothesis. Null means no. So null hypothesis is very simple it says that there is no link between the two variables. There is no connection between the two variables. Like there is no connection between stress and cancer. If stress is very much and cancer is that doesn't mean that stress is because of stress. So null hypothesis says that there is no relation between two variables. There are a lot of other hypothesis which you need to check you need to know before you sit for net exam. The next important thing about research is types of research. So we all know that there are various types of research. Experimentation is one such research. Experiments are laboratory when you go to a lab and then you research in controlled environment. After controlling all the factors when you do a research that is called experimentation. On the other hand there is another kind of research which is observation. So observation is one such kind of research which is in a normal setting. For example if I want to do research on animals I might go to a zoo and then observe the animals from a distance. So that kind of research is called observation. Another important type of research is exposed factor research. This particular research has been asked in net exam several times. Exposed factor research is a research in which you target the people who have already been through that particular condition. For example, if I want to do research on blind people I cannot blind people for my research. I have to take people who are already blind or if I want very fat people for my research I would not make people deliberately fat. That will impact their health condition. I have to take already obese people and then research on them. So exposed factor research is a research in which particular phenomena has already been occurred. So exposed factor means already happened. So exposed factor is a research which is done on a particular group of people who are already affected by a particular thing. The next important thing that you must study are the tools of research. If you do anything like building or furniture you need several tools which help you in making that particular furniture or that building. Similarly to do research you need a lot of tools, a lot of equipment which help you in research. So one such tool is interview. If I want to do any research then the best thing is to interview those people on which I am conducting my research. There are so many news channels which talk about a lot of issues and then they interview several people. After that we get some results which they publish. That is what a research is all about. Similarly we have questionnaire which is another tool. If you have a lot of students and give them questionnaire then what type of movies you like. So after that questionnaire data you might get new insights about students and the kind of movies they would like to watch. So we can come to know that students like science fiction and they are not so much inclined towards family melodrama. They are more inclined towards comedy or action. So this is a kind of research and questionnaire is a tool which will help you to collect data for the research. Another important type of tool is survey. If I want to do research on a big population then the best way is to do a survey. If a new act is launched in India then the survey is done. The survey is done. All the people are asked and information is taken from them and only after that strong finding they finally develop an act or they finally talk about a new law. And another important kind of research tool is projective tests. Projective tests are connected to psychology. In psychology there are a lot of tests which can give details about the subconscious or repressed desire of a person. For example, there is a very famous test called Roushak inkblot test. In this you will be shown pictures and in pictures you need to write a story. You need to create a story or you need to write what do you think this picture means. Now when a psychologist study your answer he will get to understand those repressed desires that are there inside you those suppressed emotions that are there inside you. So this is also another important and interesting way of researching. So these are some popular tools of research. The next important topic that you must study is sampling and types of sampling. Now what is a sample? A very simple example I take. If I want to research that on today's time an average student plays video games for so long so in today's world all the students will have to do this research on everyone. Now this becomes really impossible because millions and millions of students are there and collecting data about everyone how long they are playing video games this will be a very very dangerous task. So a researcher what he does? He collects samples. If we believe that there are one million students in this world. So maybe I take 10,000 students and I research on them and I generalize the finding of that research that if these 10,000 people are doing this then the other 1 million people are also doing this. This is what a sample is all about population that is the entire set of people on which you should be doing the research and sample is a part of population on which you actually do research and you generalize the finding on the entire population. Now there are various ways to get sample. One simple way is lucky draw like we have put all the students names and in that we have picked up any 10,000 students and those people are selected for the research. So this is called simple random sampling. Another a better way to do sampling is systematic random sampling. In this I arrange the students in one row and then I take up 1 every 10th student. So I pick up every 10 students for my research. So 10th number of student is picked up. 10th for 20th, 30th, 40th this way I gather a sample. And another type of sampling is cluster sampling. Now what happens is that rather than choosing all these students and creating a havoc in your life it is better you choose some cluster. For example I choose some 10 schools of India and I research on the students of 10 schools. And after that finding I will generalize it on the entire population. So that is cluster sampling in which naturally existed clusters in a natural set the students you will get the cluster you are choosing in order to research. So these are few important ways in which you can take a sample for your research. Now let's move on to the next thing which is important research methodology. Research is a very noble work. Many people who research give aid to the government then people living around them they also support that person in performing and doing his research. But research is an important and noble activity and it is also a very responsible act. So many ethical rules and regulations are to follow a researcher. For example in research a lot of information is collected. So it is a duty of the researcher that this information should remain confidential. If I have given any private information to a researcher for the sake of his research he should take care that my information is not leaked anywhere. Similarly if we talk about participation for every researcher whatever is in the research of the participants they should not be threatened by gunpoint their voluntary participation is very important. Plus they should have the freedom to withdraw from the research. It is not that today I want to do my research, tomorrow my family conditions may not permit me to participate in that research. So I can withdraw at any point. And the most important thing is that a researcher should ensure that no harm is done to any participant. So all these things should be kept in mind while researching and you should also know all these important research ethics because they are asked in that exam frequently. The next topic that you must study is about thesis writing. There is a way to write a thesis. A researcher has done research but the finding of that research is very important in front of the world. And the process of that research is called thesis writing. There is a set format of thesis that every researcher has to follow. First of all you need to look at the title. Then you need to talk about the abstract in which you give a synopsis about your research. Then the next thing is you talk about the literature review. Before doing any research you read a little about that research or that field. So that is the literature. Then you talk about the method that you have used in order to conduct the research. Finally you disclose the results. After the results you have a discussion. After that you talk about the appendix and then you give all the references all the places from which you have gathered the data. So this is a set procedure which you need to follow whenever you are drafting a thesis and this set procedure you must remember also because in net they might give you some other important step and then they will ask you that out of these steps which is not a step of research or thesis writing. So you must be aware of all the steps so that you can identify that wrong step in the question paper. Last but not the least we will be looking at some of the important statistical areas that you need to touch when you are preparing for the research topic in paper one because research is very closely linked to statistics and there are times when they put up questions talking about the statistical portions so there is a portion called hypothesis testing in which there are a lot of stats involved. You have to make a few calculations in order to get to the answer. So hypothesis testing can that there is t-test f-test, chi-square so you must be aware of all these things then when we look at the graphical representation then there is a thing called kurtosis. Kurtosis basically means the peakness of a curve. After research when you plot the finding on the graph, the curve is so peak that is what kurtosis is all about. Then there is another term called skewness which indicates the symmetry. There is a curve on the left there is a curve on the right which is inclined so that is a measure which is done by skewness. So you should know these terms because when I was looking at the previous year papers I found that these terms were also asked in net exam. So these are also some important things you must keep in mind when you are preparing for net. So that's it for this video lecture. I have tried to incorporate all the important areas which are important in research methodology. So do make sure that you read the important papers and you prepare accordingly. You can also subscribe to this channel because I am running a UGC net paper one series specifically for the students who are finding problem in channelizing their preparation for paper one. So every weekend I post videos concerning paper one so you can subscribe to this channel so that you are notified every time I post a video. Apart from that you can follow me on all the social media channels because I post all the important updates about UGC net about NTA on my social media pages. So if you follow them you will be notified about these important updates. I am also running a free go net quiz on all these pages. You can visit my website arpitaakarwa.com because in that I am posting all the previous year papers of paper one, two as well as paper three. So you can go to my website and look at the previous year papers which will give you an insight about how you need to start your preparation. So that's it for this video lecture we will meet soon in the next video lecture till the time we meet next happy learning, keep loving literature.