 Yeah, hi. How are you? Okay, who are there? Okay, so and who are from Kormangala? So how are you doing? How is the preparation going on? What are you doing nowadays? Only board or jaymen. You're not considering on boards right now, right? Okay, so today I think we are going to have the last class as per our syllabus we have. Today we are finishing, we are probably finished biomolecules today. And last half an hour we'll do some problem practice, okay? Yeah, yeah, we'll do an ionic. Are you comfortable? Have you revised? Okay, so we'll do some questions on ionic. And let's see what all portions we can finish of biomolecules in two and a half hour, okay? Whatever it is left, we'll do it in the next class, okay? If it is there. Anyways, so you see this biomolecules as far as the jaymen exam is concerned. This chapter is not that much important. Only one or two things that they have asked, okay? We'll discuss actually most of the things, right? But the structure of proteins and all they haven't asked in the jaymen exam. So those are not important. And one more thing, let me tell you that biomolecules for chapter likes biomolecules, polymers, metallurgy, whatever is given in NCRT that is more than enough, okay? So NCRT you just read thoroughly from beginning to end. And then you'll see the questions that has been asked in the previous year exam, okay? It's not like any other chapters, any of the books you have to study for these kind of chapters, okay? So NCRT is more than enough. What all things are given in the exam, they have asked, whatever things they have asked, that you can go through from the archives question that you have, and then the solution if it is. Those portions are only important, okay? Since in jaymen you're going to have 30 questions only. So these kind of chapters are not that much important, okay? So whatever things are important, I'll tell you. Again, here in this chapter we'll have reactions again, right? There are a few structures and then reactions, so all those things we'll discuss. And then you have to go through the NCRT. You must go through NCRT today itself, okay? Once we finish this chapter, okay? So biomolecules are what? These are the, let's start this chapter first. These are the first again. Yes, you are there on Skype, right? Okay, I have shared it on YouTube. Anyways, we are live on both. No, it's fine. Is it fine now? No, it's not. Oh, this is it. Okay, so you must understand first thing that NCRT is more than enough for this kind of chapter. Okay, so let's start with this. And first of all, biomolecules is what, right? Biomolecules are the organic compounds. First of all, these are the organic compounds, organic compounds, right? Present as the essential constituents, right? Biomolecules are the organic compound present as the essential constituents, essential constituents of living organic, constituents of living organism, not organic, living organism in different cells, okay? So in all these cells, what all different organic compounds are present, those compounds, we call it as biomolecules, okay? These biomolecules helps in the building up of all the living system, right? Whatever the living organism you see around yourself, those organic systems are organic organism, living organism that you have, all those living organism that builds up according to the compound and that compounds that we have, which is nothing but the organic compounds and we call it as biomolecules. So basically these biomolecules are organic compounds present in living cells, okay? And these organic compounds, actually we can also say in different words that living cells like organism, that living organism that you have, those organisms, living organisms are made up of cells and cells also contain some organic compounds and that we call it as biomolecules, okay? These living, these biomolecules responsible for the building up of the living organism, building up of living organism, it helps us in reproduction or it also helps us in growth, responsible for growth or maintenance, okay? So everything that is responsible, that is required for any living organism that is somehow related to the biomolecules, which are nothing but the organic compound present in the living cells, okay? These organic compounds or biomolecules contains mainly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus or sulphur, etc. Mainly these compounds, these kind of elements, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, oxygen, etc. Okay? So now you see these compounds which are the organic compounds present in the living cells are classified into mainly four categories. Those are carbohydrates, the first type of compounds we have carbohydrates, which is also one of the biomolecules. Second is amino acids, amino acids and with the help of amino acid we get proteins, okay? Amino acids and proteins. Third one is nucleic acid, nucleic acids and the last one we have that is lipids. So mainly the biomolecules are of four different types, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, okay? In all these compounds that the portion which is important for our J exam is amino acids, proteins and carbohydrates. Mostly it is carbohydrates, okay? So we'll see first carbohydrates and then we'll move on to the amino acid protein. Lipids and nucleic acid is not that much important, okay? So write down your heading first, that is carbohydrates. So write down the heading here, carbohydrates. So what are carbohydrates? First of all, the first question is what carbohydrates is? Carbohydrates are those organic compounds which provides energy to the body, right? Anybody, like any living organism, right? This actually provides energy to the body or anybody, right? As the name suggests you can see carbohydrates means what? It is the hydrates of carbon, okay? That is also we can understand. Carbohydrates the name suggests it is the hydrates of carbon. And when I say the hydrates of carbon, it means the general formula for this we can write is CXH2OY, right? Hydrates of carbon, the general formula is this, carbon associated with the hydrogen molecule, okay? But this definition of carbohydrates was given initially when we were studying about, when we have started, then we had started studying about the carbohydrates, right? So initially, in the initial days, we used to see the carbohydrates are the organic compounds, which contains, which are the hydrates of carbon basically. But later on, when we continue with this study of carbohydrates, we found that this definition was not correct, okay? So this definition in which we says that carbohydrates are the hydrates of carbon was not found to be exactly correct. This definition is not exactly correct. Why it is not exactly correct, I will tell you. And for this to make you understand this thing, I'll give you a few examples over here, right? Suppose if I write this molecule, which is HCHO, what is this molecule? What is the name of this molecule? This is formaldehyde, right? This is a formaldehyde. And if you want to represent in this form, we can also represent this as C1H2O1. Yes or no? Yes. So we can represent this formaldehyde in the form of this CXH2OY. Another example you see, if you write down acetic acid CH3COOH, this we can also write down as C2H2OY, isn't it? C2H2O2, isn't it? We can write down this in the form of this also CXH2OY, right? Another example you see, which is nothing but the lactic acid, and the formaldehyde of lactic acid is CH3COHCOOH, right? Which is nothing but if you write down in this form, it is C3H2O3. Yes. See how many hydrogen we have, 6 hydrogen. So 1, 2, 5 and 6, 6 hydrogen and 3 oxygen. So we have 3 oxygen here. All these molecules you see, we can represent this molecule, right? All these molecules you see, these are not carbohydrates. This is aldehyde. This is carboxylic acid. And this is also carboxylic acid. This is lactic acid, right? So these are not carbohydrates. So write down here, these molecules which can be represented in the form of this CXHY, okay? These are not carbohydrates. The thing is what here, but the formula representation, formula representation is same as the carbohydrates. Yes, these molecules are not carbohydrates, but the formula representation is same. It means whatever we have explained or the definition of carbohydrates we have given initially, which is nothing but the hydrates of carbon, which is found to be wrong in this case. Yes or no? So after all these examples that I have given you, there will be some modification required in the definition of hydrocarbon, okay? So what we can write here, so this definition of hydrocarbon and what is the definition? The definition is these are the organic compounds which are the hydrates of carbon. This definition was found to be wrong, write down. This definition was found to be wrong and a new definition is introduced and hence a new definition of carbohydrates is introduced. Now what is that definition? And one more thing that you can understand here, that these are the examples I have given you. For these compounds, the formula representation is same as the carbohydrates formula that has been given initially, right? These are not carbohydrates basically, but one formula of carbohydrates if I give you, which is nothing but Rhamnose, okay? So write down the definition, write down the name, that is Rhamnose, okay? R-H-A-M-N-O-S-E, Rhamnose. This is a carbohydrate, right? Rhamnose is a carbohydrate and its formula is C6H12O5, okay? You see this formula, you cannot represent in this form, yes or no? So we cannot represent one of the carbohydrates in this form, but other molecules which are actually not carbohydrates, but we can represent in the form of this, right? So that's why we have understood this fact that the formula that we have given initially or the definition of carbohydrates that we have given initially, which is nothing but the hydrates of carbon is wrong. So we need some modification in this definition, okay? So these are the reasons why we have given the new definition of carbohydrates and you write down the new definition of carbohydrates here, right? So the definition of carbohydrates we write down, okay? The definition is these are the optically active, I'm not writing down the definition, you just write it down, these are the optically active polyhydroxy, aldehyde or ketone and it can also be broken down and it can also be broken down into, it can also be broken down into the smaller polyhydroxy, aldehyde or ketone through hydrolysis. It can also be broken down into a smaller polyhydroxy or ketone through hydrolysis, okay? So this is the actual definition of carbohydrates or biomolecules, okay? Example, if you see here, the example of carbohydrates, or biomolecules, the first very common example we'll see here that is glucose, right? And the structure of glucose that you have is, we have aldehyde C-H-O and here we have O-H-H-O-H-H-C-H2-O-H. This is glucose, right? This is glucose. Now in this glucose you see, how many functional group are present into this? Anyone? Okay, first let me write down the, first let me write down another example also. This is glucose, another one is fructose and the structure of fructose is C-H-2-O-H, C-Double bond O-H-O-H-O-H-H-O-H-H and C-H-2-O-H. So there are two functional group into this, right? Fine, so you see one of the functional group here which is present in glucose is aldehyde and other one is glucose, right? So two functional group we have here, the first one is aldehyde which is C-H-O and the second one is alcohol, O-H, right? And in these two we have done the nomenclature already. So obviously the primary functional group is aldehyde according to the preference and secondary functional group is secondary functional group, alcohol is secondary functional group, right? Here in the case of fructose the primary functional group, PFG is ketone and the secondary functional group is again alcohol, alcohol, right? So here you see there are two functional group present, one of these functional groups are primary other one is secondary and how do we assign this primary and secondary according to the preferential order that we have already done in nomenclature, okay? And the definition if you see the definition of carbohydrates these are the compounds which are polyhydroxy, aldehyde or ketone and which can also be converted into a smaller hydroxy, aldehyde or ketone through hydrolysis, okay? So this hydrolysis part that I told you in the definition if you see the example of that and that will be what suppose if I write down this compound which is CHO, right? And this is connected with one oxygen here H this side and here we have OH, H, CH2 OH and this is connected with suppose here we have CHO, H, OH and H and here we have CH2 OH when you do the acidic hydrolysis of this which is nothing but H plus H2O so what happens this ethyl oxygen that we have which contains two lone pair here and we have discussed in the like in the ether chapter that this lone pair takes part in the reaction this lone pair will attack onto this H plus and we get OH here with positive charge on this oxygen and one of these bonds will break and will get the compound, okay? So the compound that we get here that could be this we have OH this side, H this side OH this side, H this side here we have CHO, CH2 OH plus the another compound here it is is H OH, OH H this is CHO and this is CH2 OH this is OH not CH2 OH, right? So these are what any compounds that we have which under acidic hydrolysis gives you polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone are also known as carbohydrates, right? So this is also the carbohydrates this is also carbohydrates and this is also carbohydrates this is what the definition we have for carbohydrates understood? Okay, so now this is the definition of carbohydrates we have now the another thing in this that there is a configuration we call it as DNL configuration, okay? So next heading you put on that is T, L configuration first of all you understand one thing that this DL configuration has nothing to do with that small d and L configuration that we have done in optical isomerism understood? This capital D and capital L is completely independent of the small d and small n configuration these two has no relation these two has no relation now how do we assign this DL configuration this D and this L configuration for that we have taken a reference compound, okay? So this you write down here this DL configuration is assigned for assigned for carbohydrates carbohydrates and amino acids carbohydrates and amino acid and for this method a standard compound is taken a standard molecule is taken and for that the standard molecule is this standard molecule is nothing but glyceroldehyde now glyceroldehyde structure you see if it is C-H-O-H and this C-H-O-H is connected with C-H-O and C-H-O-H right? This is the formula of glyceroldehyde now when you see the structure of glyceroldehyde it is found to be this this is the central carbon connected with C-H-O here one side we have OH other side we have H and the fourth one is C-H-O-H this is one possible structure you can draw another possible structure is what? it is C-H-O-H-O-H and here we have C-H-O-H this is the structure of glyceroldehyde okay? now in this one how do we assign D and L configuration right? so to assign D and L configuration we should know the position of OH group now the reference that we take here if the OH group is present on the right hand side this particular thing is known as D-Glyceroldehyde right? this is the reference we are taking if OH group on the right hand side then this is D if OH on the left hand side then it is L this particular thing is L-Glyceroldehyde right? so in sugar also whether it is glucose or fructose the configuration D-L-L we always define by the position of OH group right? now we are going back to the last slide that we have done okay? the structure of glucose and fructose in this one you see there are so many OH group present right? like here in this case in glyceroldehyde there is only one OH group is present so this is not polyhydroxy or aldehyde or ketone whatever it is right? however you see there are two OH group present right? so whenever we have two OH group present in the molecule we call it as polyhydroxy right? so when the OH group is more than two two or more than two then it is considered as polyhydroxy group right? and it can be carbohydrates also so glyceroldehyde is what? glyceroldehyde since it contains only two hydroxy group here so this is the smallest carbohydrate that we have or that we know understood? for carbohydrates for carbohydrates we have at least two hydroxy group present with aldehyde or ketone as the primary functional group right? now what is polyhydroxy it means the number of OH group present should be more than or equal to two right? so glyceroldehyde you see there are two OH group present right? and one aldehyde group is there so obviously this is the smallest unit of carbohydrate this is the first molecule of carbohydrate series right? and what we say then when it is D and when it is L when the OH group on the right hand side is D when the OH on the left hand side it is L right? now when we go back to the previous slide here there are too many OH group present in which one of them are left hand side and some of them are right hand side also so which one will consider so that we can say it is D-glucose or L-glucose did you get my point? so the group that we consider here also one thing you can understand let me tell you this thing first if I ask you how many carol carbons are present in glucose what is the answer? how many carol carbons? four carol carbons and what are those carol carbons? this one is first this one is second third and fourth right? so to assign D or L configuration D or L configuration we have to see the carol carbon which is at the which is at the highest or at the maximum distance from the primary functional group right? so when the OH group present on the right hand side of the carol carbon which is present at the maximum distance from the primary functional group then the carbohydrate is said to be D-carbohydrates like you see in this example of glucose right? these are the four carol carbons we have right? and this carol carbon is at the maximum distance from the primary functional group correct? primary functional group so now we have to see the carbon atom or the carol carbon which is at the maximum distance from the primary functional group right? so the maximum distance from the primary functional group PFG and this carol carbon is at the farthest distance and the OH group is present on the right hand side and when it is on the right hand side you see what I told you when glycerol dehyde OH on the right hand side it is D when it is on the left hand side it is L so according to this reference this particular molecule is D-glucose right? and this particular molecule is D-fructose understood? so this is how we assign D and L configuration whenever the OH group on the carol carbon atom which is at the maximum distance from the primary functional group when this OH group is present on the right hand side it is D otherwise it is L understood? so this compound is D-glucose and this compound is D-fructose this is what about the configuration we have right? and we know mixture of D and L D and L gives you what? enantiomers equimolar mixture of D and L compounds are enantiomers ok one more thing here you see and this question also they have asked in the exam for this particular compound that is D-glucose here which is the first carbon this is the first carbon we have primary functional group second third fourth and fifth right? ok so at the second carbon you see OH is present on the right hand side ok so this we call it as 2D since OH on the right hand side comma at third carbon the OH on the left hand side so this will be 3-L fourth carbon OH on the right hand side so this is the fourth dash D fifth carbon OH on the right hand side so it is fifth dash D this is also the representation of D-glucose yes so like this also they frame the option ok 2D, 3L, 4D and 5D this is also you have to understand that whenever D is OH is present on the right hand side it is always D ok OH on the left hand side it is always L similarly on this basis if I write down the structure of fructose will be what this is first carbon right this is second third fourth fifth and sixth third fourth fifth and sixth so the third carbon OH on the left hand side is 3L fourth carbon OH on the right hand side it is 4D and 5D this is also the representation of glucose so whenever the OH is present on the right hand side it is always D on the left hand side it is always L is it clear ok so this is the general thing when we say D-glucose when we say L-glucose ok so reference of this is what crystalline dehyde and crystalline dehyde is the smallest carbohydrate we have basically which contains only 2 hydroxyl group that you must remember now you see the classification of carbohydrates so there are actually 3 different classification we have for carbohydrate and the first one is monosaccharides C-H-A-I-I A-I saccharides those are I-D-E-S monosaccharides then we have oligosaccharides and the last we have that is polysaccharides monosaccharides oligosaccharides and polysaccharides ok classification of carbohydrates so here monosaccharides are actually those compounds right on here which cannot be hydrolyzed any further means hydrolysis of monosaccharides is not possible hydrolysis is not possible and monosaccharides are actually the smallest carbohydrates monosaccharides are the smallest compound we have right so this is nothing but the smallest which we cannot be hydrolyzed further for example you see the example of monosaccharides we have that is glucose fructose glucose fructose galactose etc carbohydrates which cannot be hydrolyzed further those we call it as monosaccharides which has only one units now this oligosaccharides are what which on hydrolysis you write on here only which on hydrolysis gives 10 units monosaccharides 2 to 10 units of monosaccharides that is the definition of oligosaccharides now polysaccharides are what which on hydrolysis gives on hydrolysis gives more than 10 units monosaccharides gives more than 10 units of monosaccharides so whenever there is only one compound we have and hydrolysis is not possible the compound is said to be monosaccharides oligosaccharides on hydrolysis like in the previous example we have syn here you see this compound on hydrolysis gives 2 hydroxy aldehyde right polyhydroxy aldehyde this is basically if this compound if you are talking about this compound is basically disaccharides because it is giving 2 molecules on hydrolysis but the similar thing we have here if we have only one there is no hydrolysis possible monosaccharides polygosaccharides the number of units if you get is 2 to 10 it is polygosaccharides right now in this again we can discuss 2-3 more things here which is nothing but like here in this the possibility is what if you have on hydrolysis you are getting 2 units then the carbohydrates are disaccharides right if you get 3 units under oligosaccharides you are talking about then the carbohydrates we call it as trisaccharides and the number of units if it is 4 we call it as tetra saccharides ok so depending on the number of units we are getting upon hydrolysis we call it as di tri tetra and so on right so this is the classification of carbohydrates now in this the example of disaccharides you see which is important so example of disaccharide I am giving you now which we will see later on also example of disaccharides you write down the first example we have if you have sucrose on acidic hydrolysis which is H3O plus it gives glucose and fructose this is glucose and fructose if it is maltose and when you do acidic hydrolysis of this it forms 2 unit of glucose itself when it is lactose and when we heat this or hydrolyse this we get one other compound is glucose which is common in all these and other one is galactose is it clear these are the few examples of disaccharides why we are calling it as disaccharides because all these examples whether it is glucose maltose and lactose upon hydrolysis it gives 2 units of monoseccharides right which is glucose fructose glucose glucose and glucose galactose and hence we call it as disaccharides which comes under oligosaccharides only so this is the classification of biomolecules now the first thing that we are going to understand here is monoseccharides right on the heading monoseccharides right on the definition into it these are the single unit these are the single unit carbohydrates single unit carbohydrates which cannot be broken which cannot be broken into lower sugar upon hydrolysis which cannot be broken into lower sugar upon hydrolysis monoseccharide next slide write down next slide example of this is glucose or fructose anything monoseccharides next slide write down monoseccharides with three to nine carbon atoms are known monoseccharides with three to nine carbon atoms are known and these monoseccharides are of two types the first one is aldose or aldosis we call it as now in this aldosis aldehyde are the aldehyde are the major functional group major functional group right and the general formula of aldose is this general formula of aldose is this we have C-H-O the primary function seen aldose the primary functional group is always aldehyde and general formula is this C-H-O-H-N and here we have C-H-2-O-H C-H-2-O-H what is the maximum possible value of N 7 why it is 7 three to nine carbon atoms are there so N value can be anything the value of N can be anything from 1 to 7 so now when N is equals to 1 if you have you can write down the formula if it is and this we call it as if N is 1 how many carbon atoms are there you tell me 3 and what is the primary functional group aldehyde correct so for aldehyde we write aldo here A-L-D-O and since 3 carbon atoms are there so we call it as aldo trios is it clear when N is equals to 2 what can we write 3 when N is equals to 4 what can we write in all these cases in the same pattern yeah when N is equals to 4 so we call it as aldo tetros this name also they use sometimes in the exam in the question aldo tetros nothing but when N is equals to 4 and when N is equals to 3 the carbon value is 5 so we call it as what aldo pentose and when N is equals to 4 we have so we call it as aldo ok so when N is equals to 4 if you write it becomes aldo hexose and if you see this why this name is important because this aldo hexose is nothing but glucose if you see the structure of glucose it also contains 6 carbon atom is it clear so aldo hexose is glucose that you have to again keep in mind yes ok so first type is aldose the second type we have here is ketose now what is the difference in ketose and aldose we have yeah in this case the primary functional group is ketone and the general formula we have in this case will be CH2OH when CH2 just a second this is not the thing we have general formula is CH2OH and then we have the primary functional group is ketone CHOH N and then we have CH2OH fine this is the general formula of ketose where N value can be vary from what is the value of N possible value of N from 0 to 6 N can be anything from 0 to 6 because the total number of carbon should be 9 so these are 2 possible values now when N is equals to 0 you substitute the name of the compound will be what we have done that will be keto triose when N is equals to 1 that will be what then keto tetrose when N is equals to 2 it is keto hexose and this keto hexose is nothing but what we have we call it as ketose if you substitute N is equals to 4 then the number of carbon will be what 4 here 5, 6, 7 okay then N is equals to 2 if you have okay we have 2 no no it's not true so it is ketose pentose 5 it is ketose pentose right when N is equals to 3 it is what ketose hexose and why this ketose hexose is important why because fructose belongs to this family yes or no right so this is the general formula of a keto hexose we also call it as fructose that is what you have to again memorize okay now we are going to discuss one by one about this glucose and fructose which is important the various structure and reactions so write down the heading glucose okay just give me a second I am coming so you see the glucose another name of glucose that we also known as dextrose okay just a second write down the another name of glucose we have this glucose we also known as dextrose G-R-O-S-E so glucose and dextrose are the same thing okay and we know this is found in sweet fruits any sweet fruits you take there is glucose present into that fr E-U-I-T-S okay the preparation of glucose you see only we have two reactions in this which are not that much important but I just give you this preparation of glucose now if you have sucrose right only we do the acidic hydrolysis of this H2O in presence of HCl or H plus acid alcoholic solution we are using this sucrose the general formula is C12H 22O11 and when you do the acidic hydrolysis of this you will get one molecule of glucose the another molecule of fructose right this is the laboratory preparation of glucose we have this reaction we use as the laboratory preparation now in the larger scale you see if I have to prepare this in larger scale in large scale it is prepared by the acidic hydrolysis of starch a starch H2O H plus and this is starch C6H12 O6 and this is the polymer actually and molecules of this are present and when you do the acidic hydrolysis of this you heat this at 100°C 120°C maybe then you will get N molecules of glucose these two are the preparation method which is not that much important but you just keep in mind that when we do the acidic hydrolysis of this ok of a starch or sucrose we get glucose sucrose we use for laboratory preparation and starch we use on the larger scale of preparation structure of glucose we have already seen in the previous slide how this OH and H are present but let me tell you how do we get this idea of the structure of glucose right and that we call it as the structure elucidation right on the heading here next structure elucidation of this A is one there D A T I O N D A T I O N is stress elucidation of glucose in this section we will try to understand that how do we get the idea of the glucose idea of the structure of glucose ok the way I am writing down here the same way you write down just once one single page you take and you write down all reactions here into this so first of all you see the structure of glucose that you have which is nothing but this write down as it is in the middle of the page you write down this structure which is C H O H and this contains first O H on the right hand side H on the left hand side and then here we have H O H O H H O H H and the last we have C H 2 O H now in this section we are going to understand that how do we understand this one you know aldehyde group and then alcohol group are present ok that's the purpose of this thing how do we get the idea of the structure of glucose one thing let me tell you here that we are not going to understand that all these carbon atom contains O H group on the right hand side left hand side and right right like this so why this is on the right hand side or on the left hand side that we are not going to understand here because it is not there in our syllabus right but how do we know there are 5 hydroxy group present 1 carbonyl group present and that carbonyl group is nothing but aldehyde so all this information how do we have ok so for this to understand there are certain experiments that we have done which is nothing but the reactions ok the first reaction we did here is what we allow this structure you have taken this glucose this is nothing but glucose we have and we allow this glucose to react with the red phosphorus and H I so this reaction is nothing but the same reaction we have as we have already done in alcohol and in the high step when we reduce this with red phosphorus and H I all these groups will get reduced and will get N hexane here normal hexane right so when we get net N hexane this actually represents that there is no branch present into this this is the key point we have here when we get normal hexane it means there is no branch present whatever the structure of glucose we have that will be a straight chain structure this is the first information we get when we allow this to react with red phosphorus and H I ok now the second reaction that we used to perform here is the reaction with hydroxyl amine hydroxyl amine which is nothing but NH2 OH hydroxyl amine nothing but this now in this what happens if you see the reaction of it is with any carbonyl group H2O comes out and the formation of oxyme takes place see when if you try to recover if you try to recollect the reaction of andyhyde with hydroxyl amine it forms oxyme right and the structure of oxyme will be like this H C double bond N OH and all other things are same we have OH H here H OH here OH H here OH H and the last we have CH2 OH so this is nothing but oxyme we have formation of oxyme takes place so this formation of oxyme actually confirms the presence of carbonyl group ok listen to me carefully here confirms the presence of confirms the presence of carbonyl group now one more reaction we have here when this is allowed to react with HCN hydrogen cyanide and it forms cyanohydrin and if you see see this reaction is same that we have done in andyhyde chapter and the structure that we get here is HC OH CN here and again all other things are same where the OH on the right and then OH on the left and then the two OH group on the right inside OH here we have CH2 OH H and H this actually known as cyanohydrin if you remember cyanohydrin so again the formation of cyanohydrin confirms the presence of carbonyl group confirms the presence of carbonyl group if you have any doubt in this that how do we get this cyanohydrin just go through the andyhyde ketone chapter there I have done this ok you will understand this ok so now you see these two reactions oxylamine and reaction with HCl this confirms the presence of what carbonyl group but carbonyl group can be aldehyde also and can be ketone also fine so still we do not know whether it is aldehyde or ketone present in the glucose structure are you getting this what we are trying to do in this particular section we are trying to understand the structure of glucose like we said the structure of glucose contains one aldehyde group and five hydroxy group then the point is how do we get this information that we have one aldehyde group and hydroxy group that is what we are trying to understand with the various chemical reaction so when we do these two reactions formation of oxyme and cyanohydrin confirms the presence of carbonyl group but still we do not know whether this carbonyl group is aldehyde or ketone yes now here what happens to confirms the presence of aldehyde and ketone we will do the oxidation reaction to confirms the presence of aldehyde and ketone we will do the oxidation reaction now why oxidation reaction I will come to this slide again let me tell you one thing here why we are doing oxidation again here because we know aldehyde contains one hydrogen with the carbonyl carbon and hence it is easily oxidizable oxidizable easily oxidized simply in comparison to ketone ketone does not contain any hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon so it is comparatively less oxidized or we call it as reluctant towards oxidation fine means what the oxidation of aldehyde is easier than the oxidation of ketone so if you use any mild oxidizing agent right if you use any actually the oxidation of ketone is little bit difficult so to oxidize ketone we use we have to have a strong oxidizing agent right but the thing is what when you take a strong oxidizing agent which can oxidize ketone that will obviously oxidize aldehyde also yes or no so when you take a strong oxidizing agent you cannot differentiate whether we have aldehyde present or ketone present but if you take any weak oxidizing agent or mild oxidizing agent and if the oxidation takes place it means what the aldehyde group is present in the molecule yes so for this purpose actually we cannot use KMLO4 and K2CR2O7 okay but what we use the oxidizing agent that we use here is bromine water bromine water actually it is a weak oxidizing agent right so what happens here since we know the fact that there is one carbonyl group present so whether this carbonyl group is an aldehyde or ketone to confirm that the oxidizing agent we are using here which is nothing but bromine water we are doing with H2O now this bromine water when it reacts with this glucose molecule then the oxidation of aldehyde takes place yes or no the oxidation of aldehyde takes place what we get oxalic acid right sorry carboxylic acid the carboxylic acid is what we have here COOH and every other thing will be same as it is OH H then we have OH H OH H and here we have CH2OH so when you take any mild oxidizing agent like we say bromine water here and if oxidation takes place it means there is an aldehyde group present not ketone is it clear so this oxidation reaction confirms the presence of aldehyde in glucose this compound we call it as gluconic acid the name is important you must remember gluconic acid okay so why we are using BR2 and H2O because BR2 and H2O is a mild oxidizing agent and why mild oxidizing agent is required because strong oxidizing agent we cannot take since we have to differentiate the presence of aldehyde and ketone is it clear now the point is what till now we have understood that with this reaction we have understood that there is no branch we have and then we have one carbonyl group present and that carbonyl group is aldehyde now the point is how many hydroxy group are present into this that is the next question okay now I will just write down this in the next slide I will come to this slide again okay just a second here you see to determine how many hydroxy group how many hydroxy group are present we can have actually two types of reaction possible let me tell you this reaction can be acetylation also acetylation reaction is what suppose I have taken this alcohol ROH and when it reacts with CS3 COCl this is the product we get can you tell me ROH COCl how this ROH COCl will get among ROH CO ROH COCl actually you see see one thing you just keep in mind this lone pair will take part in the reaction and this lone pair will attack onto this carbon term because it is positively charged right because of the electronegative difference we have here yes so this OH will attack over here right and then when this attack takes place this oxygen will have positive charge right and to stabilize that positive charge this hydrogen will come out and same time Cl- will also come out and we will get SCL out plus we will get RO C double bond O CS3 all these reactions we have done in alcohol chapter right right now instead of this acetylation which is acetyl chloride we have here we can also use acetic anhydride the only difference is what if you have this alcohol and when this reacts with RCS3 C double bond O O C double bond O CS3 which is nothing but acetic anhydride the compound that we get here is RO C double bond O CS3 plus instead of this HCl we get here CS3 COH fine this lone pair will attack onto this carbon and this H will take this oxygen so it will take CS3 COH fine yes so to understand how many hydroxy group are present in the glucose right it depends on how many HCl or CS3 COH group is releasing right if you have suppose you see here if you have only one OH group then how many HCl will release one HCl because this hydrogen this HCl these two compounds will take in excess in the reaction fine number of HCl or the number of CS3 COH that actually gives you the number of OH present into the glucose compound if number of HCl is 1 number of OH is 1 number of CS3 COH is 3 OH is 3 number of HCl is 5 number of OH is 5 like this did you understand this ok now you see the previous slide here sorry in this if I allowed this molecule of glucose to react with CS3 C double bond O O C double bond O CS3 when this reaction takes place then the compound that we get here is C H C O A C which is the acetic acid we have here C H O and here we have CS2 O A C this is the compound we get and here it is 4 actually in this reaction 5 molecules of CS3 COH goes out fine so 5 molecules of CS3 COH goes out it means it presents the confirmation of it confirms the presence of 5 hydroxy group is this clear means what in this reaction we come to know that there are 5 hydroxy group presents you see 1, 2, 3, 4 5 hydroxy group are there so by all these reactions they understood that there is 1 carbonyl group is present which is nothing but aldehyde and 5 hydroxy group is present that's why the structure of glucose is this one more important point we have here which is nothing related to this that just you write down when we allow this reaction this glucose to react with HNO3 which is an oxidizing agent right this oxidizing agent will oxidize the alcohol also here this alcohol also and this aldehyde also so here we'll get COOH and everything will be same in between and finally also this CS2 COOH CS2 OH converts into COOH so we have OH here OH here H here and OH here then we have H OH H and H this formula we call it as gluconic acid the name is important that's why I'm giving you this gluconic acid or we also call it as saccharic acid saccharic acid spelling I'm not sure but the name is saccharic acid so gluconic acid and saccharic acid are the same thing when we have COOH COOH group present at the first and last that is glucaric not gluconic this is glucaric C A R I C this is glucaric not gluconic so when we have both side we have COOH COOH present then it is gluconic otherwise COOH COOH gives you glucaric acid okay now you write down next this actually these three flow reactions gives us the information of present of a carbonyl group what carbonyl group it is and how many hydroxy group are present okay so on this reaction also few questions they ask in exam so you just remember this reaction okay now the next reaction the next slide we have okay so you write down in the next slide that is the hemicyclic hemiacidal structure this is important cyclic hemiacidal structure to understand this first of all we should know what is hemiacidal structure okay so let me tell you one this thing first what is hemiacidal structure whenever you have an aldehyde R C double bond OH and when this reacts with any alcohol R-OH in acidic medium the product the product that we get here is R COOH OR dash and H this H plus will come over here on this oxygen and OH- come on to this carbonyl yeah so we have done this already why this reactions are common for aldehyde because we have aldehyde group present over here and few reactions are common with alcohol because your alcohol also present here okay the structure is hemiacidal structure right this is hemiacidal how do we recognize hemiacidal structure that the structure in which the carbon atom contains one OR group ethyl oxygen and one hydroxy group so when there is an OR and OH group present at the same carbon the structure is known as hemiacidal structure that's the thing next write down here hemiacidal structure shows hemiacidal structure shows toluz reagent and felling solution test important this one hemiacidal structure shows felling solution and toluz reagent test next write down hemiacidal cyclic hemiacidal structure of glucose for glucose you see the structure is this for glucose C double bond O as we have here now you try to compare these two reactions these two reactions you see in this reaction what happens this lone pair attacks on to this carbon atom and then the reaction proceeds yes or no this lone pair comes over here and finally this H plus goes out because oxygen will have positive charge H plus goes out will get OR attached to this carbon atom and this H plus will attach over here yes or no so this is intermolecular reaction because you have two different molecule here yes but in glucose in glucose what happens since the OH and LD present in the molecule so these lone pair will also have the tendency to attack on to this carbon atom is it clear now you see first of all you tell me that whether this glucose is D or L this is D or L this is D glucose and I have given you this is D plus plus glucose plus and minus sign will assign according to the behavior of the molecule towards the polarity right why it is D because OH on the right right hand side name is glucose plus is the information I am giving you is it right according to the behavior of the molecule towards the polarity okay so plus thing is the information that I am giving you D why because OH on the right right hand side name of the compound is glucose clear now you see this lone pair tendency to attack on to this carbonyl carbonyl this carbonyl fine and now you see when it attacks over here this oxygen will have positive sign fine yes or no now if this oxygen has positive sign to stabilize this oxygen this H plus will come out right and since this reaction takes place in acidic acidic medium so this H plus from the acid attacks on to this OH oxygen right yes or no now before going into the product of this reaction first of all you tell me what is the hybridization of this of this carbon sp2 sp2 hybridization means geometry is what planet but the geometry is planet it means this attack can be from the top also and from the bottom also yeah so two different sides of attack are possible here yes or no so we will get two different structures when the lone pair will attack from the two different sides possible so in the two different structure that we get here the product that we get here will be like this you see one of the structure will be like this COH H H OH OH H and here we have CS2 OH plus another possibility is what that this OH on the left hand side when the attack is from the backside fine possible yes or no ok now this carbon is sp2 here when the attack takes place this converts into sp3 this also converts into sp3 right now the point is the compound was D plus glucose so this also will get here D plus glucose only and this will be also D plus glucose but one thing here that you have to understand that since these two are different compounds these two are actually di-stereomers what are di-stereomers non-superimposable mirror image yes non-superimposable mirror image oh sorry di-stereomers are the two different compounds which are not mirror image of each other right ok these are what the two different compounds which obviously are not the mirror image of each other because this carbon the first carbon has OH group on the right hand side and this OH group on the left hand side and this is possible in two cases one is what when this lone pair is attacked from the top and when the lone pair is attacked from the bottom why top and bottom because this carbon is what planet is it clear so now another important thing here it is what when the OH is present on the right hand side the convention that we take here it is what whenever the OH on the right hand side you like right it is alpha d plus glucose fine and whenever the OH on the left hand side it is beta beta d plus glucose clear this you have to again memorize this again the convention we have OH on the right alpha OH on the left beta why d plus glucose because we are forming these compounds from d plus glucose only from two sides attacks are possible if OH on the right alpha if OH on the left beta and then d plus glucose is common is it clear now the point here is what these are the structures of glucose alpha and beta when you take the solid form of glucose this exist in the form of beta d plus glucose this is the important so at this point you write down as note you write down in solid state in solid state glucose found in glucose found in these cyclic hemiacetyl structure glucose found in these cyclic hemiacetyl structure now why we are calling it as hemiacetyl sorry wait hemiacetyl structure in bracket you write down in which beta form is more stable in bracket you write down beta form is more stable finished why beta form is stable that we will also discuss later on just to write down it now so since beta form is more stable that's why in the solid form it will exist in this structure which is the beta form here now there is one term here that we use is anomers it is important so you write down the next line here which is anomers anomers these are the carbohydrates these are the this is important so you must remember this these are the carbohydrates which differs in configuration these are the carbohydrates which differs in configuration only at the anomeric carbon which differs in configuration only at the anomeric carbon now the question is what is anomeric carbon so next I will write down anomeric carbon you write down anomeric carbon this is the carbon atom this is the carbon atom this is the carbon atom which contains hydroxy group OH group this is the carbon atom which contains hydroxy group and ether linkage and ether linkage so now you see why these are the hemiacidal structure so what is hemiacidal structure the carbon contains hydroxy group and OR group fine so in this structure you see this carbon the first carbon that we have it contains hydroxy group also and OR group also here you see fine this OR group that's why it is hemiacidal structure this one you see OH group and OR group hemiacidal structure okay now this is the first carbon we have that is anomeric carbon why you see because this carbon contains OH and OR group OH and OR group so these carbons are what anomeric carbon and the configuration obviously it is different because in one group one compound the OH on the right hand side and other compound OH on the left hand side fine so these two compound which is alpha D plus glucose and beta D plus glucose are anomers of each other alpha D plus glucose and beta D plus glucose are anomers of each other fine and what kind of anomers we call it as C1 anomers why it is C1 anomers when we write like this you see here first C-1 anomers because the first carbon is the anomeric carbon right and when and since the configuration differ differs at anomeric carbon only so we call it as anomers of each other like in the isomerism we have discussed diastereomers anomers sorry diastereomers and insumers right there also if you remember there are a few questions in that isomer isomerism chapter also which is related with EP anomers anomers and all if you remember and I told you there also that we will discuss this thing in biomolecules right so now apart from diastereomers and enantiomers we have two different terms now the first one is anomers and the second one that we will see now which is EPimers right so first thing you have to understand what are anomers anomers are those molecule in which the configuration differs at anomeric carbon now what is anomeric carbon anomeric carbon are that carbon atom which contains OH and OR group is it clear fine so alpha deglucose and beta deglucose we also call it as C1 anomers I hope it is clear now yeah so there are few examples into this that we have to keep in mind like sometimes they ask in the exam that which one of these molecules are EPimers of each other which one of these molecules are anomers of each other ok so first of all you write down the next example here which is actually more important this question they don't ask ok but what they ask here you write down the next heading sorry which is epimers anomers you have done and alpha deglucose beta deglucose are anomers of each other next term you write down which is epimers EPI M E R S epimers definition you write down first these are the carbohydrates these are the carbohydrates which differ in configuration these are the carbohydrates which differs in configuration only at one carbon only at one carbon other than anomeric carbon only at one carbon other than anomeric carbon yeah right done these are the carbohydrates which differs in configuration only at one carbon other than anomeric carbon but you know this definition is not important because they don't ask you what are epimers, okay? Sometimes they ask you which of these compounds are epimers of each other. So again, you have to memorize this. Example, if you see, if I write down the examples as this one, suppose I have, if I write down D-glucose, so now I think you can easily write down the structure of D-glucose. First carbon is this, second carbon OH on the right, H on the left, then H on the right, OH on the left, then the two OH on the right, H on the left, and the last one here, we have CH2OH. This is D-glucose, yes or no? See, the purpose I am writing down this structure again and again so that you will memorize this structure, okay? Now, if I write down the structure of D-manose, D-manose is this, and I am giving you this information. H, this side, OH, left side, and everything is same. H, OH, OH, H, OH, H, and this is CH2OH, fine? So, what is the difference you observed? First of all, you tell me, I told you this formula is for manose, is it D or L-manose? D, obviously, because the primary functional group is this, and we have to see the position of OH group, which is a OH group at the carbon, which is at the maximum distance from the primary functional group, yes or no? So, primary functional group is this, and this is the chiral carbon, which is at the maximum distance from the primary functional group, and on this carbon, the OH on the right-hand side, so it is D, yes or no? Fine? Now, what do you find the relation in these two molecules, where the configuration is different? C2, the configuration is different in second carbon, right? Only at this carbon, this carbon and this carbon, right? Not C2, it's C3, oh, sorry, it's C2, right? I'm sorry, this one, this one and this one, okay? These two carbon. So, since you see anomeric carbon is this carbon, anomeric carbon is always the carbonyl carbon, right? So, apart from carbonyl carbon, if the configuration differs at in only one carbon, apart from anomeric carbon, then we call it as epimers, right? So, these two are what? These two are epimers of each other, yes or no? According to the definition? Yeah. And what kind of epimers? Epimers is fine, but you should also know that at what carbon the configuration is different? So, at what carbon the configuration is different? It is C2 carbon, right? C2, so we call it as what? C2 epimers. C2 represents the position at which the carbon atom has different configuration, right? So, the point that you have to memorize here that D-glucose and D-manose are C2 epimers of each other. This is what you have to keep in mind. So, if you know the structure of glucose, you can draw the structure of mannose also, possible? Yes, because we know these two are C2 epimers. So, configuration of carbon at second carbon will be different. So, if the OH group is present on the left-hand side or right-hand side of the glucose, then in mannose it will be on the left-hand side on the second carbon, yes or no? So, basically, when you know the relation of glucose and mannose, which are C2 epimers, structure of glucose, I hope you can memorize this easily. This is very common thing. You can draw the structure of mannose also whenever it is required. This is one example that we have to memorize. Another example, I'm not going to draw the structure here, but I'm just gonna write down D-glucose and the structure of D-glucose, you know already, D-glucose and D-galactose, D-galactose. Are C4 epimers, right? This one is very, very, very important, okay? So, if I ask you to draw the structure of galactose, can you do that? Easily, right? Only at C4 carbon, you have to change the position of OH group, one, two, three and four. So, for galactose, this OH group will be on the left-hand side and edge on the right-hand side. Fine? Okay. Now, these are the few examples that I have given you. Now, this is structure you see. Now, this is structure you see here, this one. Yeah. This one you see. Now, the question that you can ask me over here, why this lone pair is taking part in the reaction? Why not this lone pair or this lone pair or this lone pair, fine? This is a genuine question, right? Yes or no? Because all these hydroxy group has lone pair on it. Any of these lone pair can take part in the reaction. So, the lone pair which takes part in the reaction depends upon the compound that you are getting here which is more stable or not. Or which is stable or not. So, when you see, when this lone pair takes part in the reaction, then the ring that you are getting over here, it is a closed ring, right? It is cyclic ring, fine? And this contains six-membered ring, one, two, three, four, five, and six. So, this is a six-membered ring which contains oxygen into the ring and hence it has less least angle strain, possible, right around. So, when the six-membered ring is there, the angular strain will be minimum and hence the stability of the compound will be maximum. That's why this lone pair will take part in the reaction, fine? Now, the thing that you have to focus on that this structure is a cyclic structure which has six-membered, right? Fine? Now, on the basis of this only, we have given a different structure of glucose and that we call it as cyclic, sorry, hewarth structure of glucose, right? So, next you write down hewarth structure of glucose. Right, and that will discuss this after the break. Okay, I'll take 10, 15 minutes of breaking now. I have some few work here, right? So, hewarth structure you write down. Hewarth structure of glucose and this structure will do after the break. Only one thing you have to keep in mind that this structure is a cyclic structure which contains six-membered ring in which there are five carbons and one oxygen. Am I clear? Another thing is this, when you understand this structure, why we are calling it as hewarth structure because this is the name of the scientist. Hewarth is the name of the scientist and he is the one who has given this structure, right? That's why we are calling it as hewarth structure of glucose. And when you see this structure, you will easily understand why beta form is more stable and alpha form is less stable, right? So, we'll do this structure after the break, fine? Okay, so we'll start classes 6.45. Okay, thank you. Try to compare with this, you will understand. First carbon is this and why it is first carbon?