 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panini and Grammar. We have already studied at Sandhi, Hal Sandhi and Visarga Sandhi. We have also studied some part of the Swadhi Sandhi and we continue to study the next part of the Swadhi Sandhi in this particular lecture. What is a Swadhi Sandhi? Swadhi Sandhi is a Sandhi which substitutes the Swadhi suffixes, Su Adi suffixes. And this substitution happens in the specific environment of deriving a final finished form called Pada which is embedded in the derivation of a sentence. So here we have a template structure of a sentence in which there are three small square brackets within two big square brackets. These three square brackets within the two represent the Padas. Each Pada internally is composed of a Prakruti and a Praktyaya with the plus sign indicating the combining of both of them. So the Prakruti and the Praktyaya they make up a Pada and the Padas make up a sentence. As we have already seen the definition of Vaakya is Ekating Vaakyam. So there has to be one thing at least in the Padas in the Praktyayas. So there is one Praktyaya which is thing and the other Praktyayas are Sup. And the Prakrutis of thing and Sup are Dhatu and Pratipadika respectively. Dhatu is mentioned as Dha and Pratipadika is mentioned as Pra on the slide. So this template structure of a sentence gives us the picture of the Praktyayas Sup and thing on the right hand side of the Prakruti in the Pada. So this Sup is called Swadi over here. So if we consider this as a generic template of the sentence representing the earlier mentioned specific form of a sentence, we see that the right hand side which is a Praktyaya which is a Sup Praktyaya over here has got a final element which comes into contact with the first element in the second Pada. This is the Prakruti element. Similarly, the Sup in the second Pada comes into contact with the first element of the third Pada and then this final element in the second Pada and also in the first Pada this gets modified by another element over here and also over here. This is modified in the environment of the first element in the second Pada and this is modified because of the first element in the third Pada. This is precisely what is called as Swadi Sandhi. This is what we have been studying so far. So Swadi is generally referring to a Vibhakti defined by 14104. Vibhakti means Sup and Thing. Sup are 21 suffixes which are added after a Pratipadika or a nominal root and are stated in 412 and Thing suffixes, they are added after a verbal root or Dhatu and they are stated in 3478. The term Vibhakti also applies to some other suffixes, Thrall, etc. But as far as Swadi is concerned, there are only Sup and Thing. So what is the Swadi Sandhi once again? If you have Ramas plus Gramam plus Nayati, 3 Padas where Sa occurs at the end of the first Pada followed by G in the second Pada. So this Sa gets substituted by Roo first, then U, then A and U gets substituted by O and so we have Ramam, Gramam Gacchati or Nayati. Similarly Ramayana, Gramas, Gammyate. Once again Sa comes at the end of the second Pada followed by G in Gammyate. So the same process happens and Sa is substituted first by Roo, then by U, then A and U get substituted by O and we have Ramayana, Gramam, Gammyate as a sentence. These are the concrete examples of the Swadi Sandhi and there are plenty of examples in the literature of this particular Swadi Sandhi. These are the sutras dealing with the Swadi Sandhi, Sasajishoruhu, Athororapulutadapulute and Hashicha. This we had seen before. In the previous lecture we also saw Bhobhagoga, Apurvasya, Yoshi and part of Halisarvesham and we also looked at a part of Bhobhagoga, Apurvasya, Yoshi. So Apurva in 8, 3, 17 means the Roo which is preceded by a and by the word a, by the sound a all 18 varieties are referred to and so short a as well as long a they both are the conditions, the environments for this Sandhi to take place. In the previous lecture we saw examples where a was the environment, short a was the environment. What remains to be seen is when a is the left hand side environment what happens to be here and this is what we are going to see in this particular lecture. So part of Halisarvesham is what we are going to study in this lecture and then there are some other sutras, some exceptions that we also study in this particular lecture. Namely Roo Supi, Rori, Ralope Purvasya Dirhona, Etattadosa Lopo Akovaranai Samasehali, Sochilope Che Padapuranam, Prathamayop Purvasavarana and Nadi Chi. Let us first study Bhobhagawa Apoorvasya Yoshi. So Bhobhagawa Apoorvasya Yoshi is A317, Bhobhagawa Apoorvasya Yoshi is A317 and this sutra means immediately before Ash that is all vowels plus her plus semi vowels plus consonants 5, 4 and 3 in place of Roo which comes immediately after a and which is also a part of Bhobhagawa Apoorvasya Yoshi is substituted by year. I repeat immediately before Ash all vowels plus her plus semi vowels plus class consonants 5, 4 and 3 in place of Roo which comes immediately after a and which is also a part of Bhobhagawa Apoorvasya Yoshi is substituted by year. So here are the examples, we have Ash plus Ash this is the input where sir appears at the end of this padha followed by preceded by A, earlier we had seen examples where this sir was preceded by short a. Now we have long a. So a plus Ash this sir gets substituted by Roo, so we have a Roo plus Ash now A317 applies and substitutes this Roo by year I plus Ash. This is the example then what happens that next stage is what we are going to study now. So we have Lopez-Shakalyas here A319 which applies over here which says that immediately before Ash in place of year and work which come immediately after a substitute 0 odd deletion in the view of the grammarian Shakalyas. In a nutshell this is the view only of Shakalyas and not of any other grammarian especially Panini and therefore this is an option. So to re-read the meaning of the sutra is immediately before Ash in place of year and work which come immediately after a substitute 0 odd deletion optionally. So to put it in the form of an equation we can say that if R plus year or work plus Ash if this is the environment then in place of year or work substitute 0 that means delete them. So you will get the output R plus 0 plus Ash and this is however optional output in the other option this particular form will be retained and since Ash also consists of consonants here is another sutra which says Kali Sarvesham which also applies in the same environment. So it says that in view of all grammarians in place of year which comes immediately after a and which is part of bhos bhagos and aghos substitute 0 odd deletion I repeat in view of all grammarians in place of year which comes immediately after a and which is part of bhos bhagos and aghos substitute 0 odd deletion. So to put it in the form of an equation we can say that bhobhago agho a plus year plus hull eventually this means hush and then the output generated is bhobhago agho a plus 0 plus hull eventually hush. So this is how the two sutras Lopasakalesya and Kali Sarvesham will apply and the end result would be something like this on the left hand side we see ach as the right hand side environment which is of course part of ash and on the right hand side we see hush as the right hand side environment which is also the remaining part of ash in the environment of which Ruh is substituted by year. So let us look at the left hand side first if you have bhoh slash bhago slash agho slash a plus year plus ach this is the input and the sutra bhobhago apurvasya yoshi a 317 applies and substitutes this year by 0 and this is done optionally. So you can get this form as optional form as well and now when we turn to the right hand side on the slide we see that bhoh slash bhago slash agho slash a plus year plus hull that is hush in this case year gets substituted by 0 permanently by all in view of all grammarians. So this is the output and there is no optional form when hush follows. There are some other sutras which we are not dealing with in this particular course which also tell us that this year over here this year and the earlier this year they also become laghu praetna tara and so on that we reserve for the next level course. Now here are the template examples first we take the examples where ach is the right hand side environment. So we have r plus ach as the basic input this sir gets substituted by ru so we have aru plus ach and this ru gets substituted by year so we have i plus ach and then this i plus ach becomes the input and then what happens then this year gets substituted by 0 optionally this is what states these this particular set of examples template examples. Let us look at it one by one. So first we have r plus a and then sir becomes ru aru plus a then i plus a and then this year gets optionally deleted so we have 0 plus r 0 plus a slash i plus a as a returned example. Similarly r plus a and we have aru plus a and then i plus a and then r 0 plus a optionally similarly as plus e is the input and then aru plus e is the next derived state then i plus e is the next derived state ru is derived by sasajisho ru here is substituting ru by bho bho gogho apurbhasya yoshi and then lopasakallasya applies and this year gets optionally deleted so we have r 0 e optionally then you have r plus o and then next aru plus o then i plus o and then we have r 0 plus o optionally similarly r plus ru is the basic input from which is derived aru plus ru and then i plus ru and then r 0 plus ru optionally then we have r plus lu and aru plus lu then i plus lu and finally r 0 plus lu optionally similarly r plus a is the basic input from which is generated aru plus a from it is generated i plus a and then lopasakallasya applies and substitutes this year by 0 so we get r 0 plus a optionally similarly r plus o and it gets substituted by aru plus o and then i plus o and then this year gets substituted by 0 so we have r 0 plus o optionally derived form then we have r plus i as the basic input from which is derived aru plus i then ru is substituted by here so i plus i and then lopasakallasya applies and substitutes this year by 0 so we have r 0 plus i optionally and finally r plus o is the basic input from which is derived aru plus o then i plus o and finally r 0 plus o optionally these are the template examples and now let us study the concrete specific examples which illustrate these templates so first of all let us look at r plus a and here are the cases devas plus api in this case sir becomes ru ru then becomes here and then this year gets optionally deleted and we have deva plus api as optionally derived form then we have devas plus ahu where as is followed by ah then sir is substituted by ru ru by here and this year is optionally deleted so you have deva ahu similarly devas plus ih where as is followed by e sir is substituted by ru then by here and finally this year is deleted or substituted by 0 so we have deva plus ih optionally then we have devas plus utha where sir is substituted by ru then by here and finally this year gets optionally deleted so we get deva utha optionally similarly deva ritham devas plus ritham is the basic input sir is substituted by ru ru is substituted by year and then finally this year gets deleted and you get to form deva ritham optionally then we have devas plus lukaram sir is then substituted by ru then by year and finally year is optionally deleted so we have deva plus lukaram this is optionally derived form similarly devas plus adhante and we have deva ru plus adhante then ru is substituted by year and then year is optionally deleted by 0 and so we get the form deva adhante then we have devas plus om and then sir is substituted first by ru then by year and then this year gets deleted and so we get the form deva plus om optionally then deva plus akhyam so devas is the basic input devas plus akhyam sir gets substituted by ru by sasa jushu ru 8266 then ru gets substituted by bho bhagav ho apurvasya yoshi 8317 and then this year gets deleted optionally by lukashakallasya 8319 so we get deva plus akhyam with year deleted or devayakhyam with year retained similarly devas plus aushadham sir is substituted by ru ru by year and then year get option gets optionally deleted so we get deva plus aushadham optionally similarly bho s plus akhyam and sir gets substituted by ru ru by year and year is finally optionally deleted so we have bho atman similarly bhagav s plus atman and sir is substituted by ru ru by year and then year is optionally deleted so we get bhagav atman and finally aghav s plus atman sir is substituted by ru by the sutra sasa jushu ru is substituted by year by the sutra bho bhagav agho apurvasya yoshi and then year gets optionally deleted by the sutra lukashakallasya so we have aghav plus atman optionally now we have aush plus hush we have seen aush plus achh we already stated that if aush is followed by aush sir is substituted by year now we have seen the examples where aush was followed by achh now we have the example where aush is followed by hush and then sir is substituted by ru so aru plus hush is the next step derived then from this we derive i plus hush and then we apply halisarvesham and so this year gets deleted in view of all the grammarians so there is no option so here is the equation of this aush plus hush sir gets substituted by ru ru by year and then year gets deleted year gets zero substitution and there is no optional form here are the examples first is shivas plus hasanti where her follows aush sir appears at the end of the p other so sasa jushu ru who applies and then we get shiva ru plus hasanti then ru gets substituted by year so we get shiva plus hasanti by the sutra bhobhagavago apurvasya yoshi and then this year gets deleted permanently and so we get only one form shiva hasanti similarly shivas plus yanti sir is substituted by ru ru by year and then finally shiva yanti then we have shivas plus vandiyaha and then sir gets substituted by ru ru by year then we get year deleted and so we get shiva vandiyaha then we have shivas plus ramaha so we have shiva ru plus ramaha ru is substituted by year so shivaya plus ramaha year is optionally deleted so we have shivaya ramaha and shiva ramaha then we have shiva labhaha the input is shivas labhaha sir is substituted by ru ru by year and finally year is permanently deleted so we get shiva labhaha then we have shivas plus nyongovire where sir is followed by hash namely year and so this gets substituted by ru then ru by year and then this year is substituted by zero substitution so we have shiva plus nyongovire then shiva plus manyanti the input is shivas plus manyanti and the final output generated is shiva manyanti following the same procedure similarly we have shivas plus gavante as input we apply the same procedure and derive the output in the form of shiva plus gavante then we have shivas plus naka raha and the output generated following the same procedure is shiva plus naka raha then we have shivas plus naaha is the as the input and the output generated is shiva plus naaha following the same procedure where same sutras apply then we have shivas plus jhasha as the basic input and then the sutras apply and the process happens and the finally derived form is generated namely shiva plus jhasha with the zero or deletion of year then we have shivas plus bhara as the basic input and the same procedure happens and we get the final output in the form of shiva plus bharaha then we have shivas plus gavante as the input and the final output generated is shiva plus gavante following the same process then we have shivas plus dhokante the same process happens and so we get the final output in the form of shiva dhokante then we have shivas plus dharaaha and the same process is followed and finally we get shiva plus dharaaha then we have shivas plus jhasha the same process happens and finally we get shiva plus jhaha as the finally derived output these are all the hush and there are the last four over here shivas plus bandhaha same process happens and the final output generated is shiva bandhaha shivas plus gavante is the next example where sir is followed by g that is hush and so we get the same process applied and the finally derived form is shiva gavante then we have shivas plus dharaaha and the same process happens and then we get shiva plus dharaaha as the finally derived form then we have shivas plus deshaha as the basic input and finally we get shiva plus deshaha after we apply all the relevant sutras generating such next steps in the prakriya as are required for this sutra to apply so we get shiva deshaha as the finally derived form similar question can be asked to these examples why is there no further sandhi like deva plus ahuhu why is there no deva huhu why sabar naji rga sandhi does not apply similarly deva plus ihar why is there no guna sandhi similarly deva plus edhante why there is no vrudhi sandhi when stated specifically which reference to edha ethe the tutsu similarly deva plus awu shaham why there is no vrudhi sandhi stated by the sutra vrudhirachi what it seems is that these are not allowed in the language and these are not explained explicitly as well so why no further sandhi and the answer is because users did not use it but the question is how does the grammar explain this fact the grammar explains this particular fact by arranging the sutras in a way where the output of certain sutras is said to not to become the input for the other sutras the output of the sutra in the asin the section for example does not become the input for any previous sutra so here we see that the output of 8319 0 in place of year does not become our input for 6187 that is guna or 88 and 89 that prescribe vrudhi and that is why there is no further sandhi as per the explanation of the paninian grammar as well to summarize we studied more substitutes in place of ru which was stated as a substitute of sir at the end of a padha they are year and zero several occurrences like samaveta yud sabaha which is split as samaveta and yud sabaha they can be explained using the sutras that we have studied so lopashakalyas here as well as halli sarve sham due to the principle of the asiddha using which the sutras are arranged in the grammar absence of sandhi is explained by the grammar now we study the remaining examples and other cases which illustrate this particular swathi sandhi more let us do it in the next lecture thank you for your patience