 not just that cities like the city of Portrait, but also in cities where we can see that we have a great, highly polarized society. So very high income, very modern, high rise, standardized formal development as well as informal development. So questions that we can have are really how can a digital trade approach be applied in informal or deprived areas to support discussions about any security, about community involvement, and to do that in a mathematical manner. It's very clear that technologies like unmanned aerial vehicles produce fantastic industry. What you see on the right is an image produced by a PhD student over at the University of New York. She was one of the first people to invent and use drugs to make imagery of a conformal settlement, and that industry was used in an upgrading project. And you can see a three centimeter spatial resolution, so you can really see enormous amounts of detail of what's going on if you compare it to the image on the left, which was formerly the best image available for example the same organism. And it also raises ethical concerns. You can imagine because the image on the left was collected by the buying aircraft or by a satellite. Nobody knew it was being taken, or the image on the right was taken. It was taken by the drawing, flying at 250 to 100 meters above the settlement. Everybody who lived there knew that that image was being taken. They were informed about it of course beforehand, but they did not fully trust what it was going to be used for and what the implications were meant to be. And it was interesting to see how quickly a community concerns become voiced in such a situation. I remember talking to Caroline who said they were the first to have a word there. Everybody was enthusiastic and it was fantastic. I thought it was fantastic to see this technology being used. They've never seen a drone before, they sort of fly, they sort of come back to the same place. It's sort of spectacular, you know. But on the second night already she was hearing concerns of people, what are you going to do with this? Why are you doing this? Are you making photographs of my house? Am I going to be elected or not? What can you see? When people see these images they also see you can have so much detail, you can almost recognize people because they're also going to be images. So it becomes issues of privacy or something like that. And actually those concerns ended up leading to a new research topic that Caroline talked about in part of her PhD research which was primarily technical in nature. How to produce the images and how to produce them. But she also added a component on the ethical issues. Finally, well, perhaps funny enough, as it turned out, the only issue that people here were worried about was whether or not somebody in the council would observe and publish on top of their proof because that must be human. The government or the President had announced that they wanted to have a very beautiful Kigali city and so anything which would detract from that image or something more than clean Kigali would be able to be punished. Nevertheless, it does point to the fact that you have to be aware of what this sort of data might be useful. The last little example I'll show is some work which was done for the city of Sampala by a master's student who graduated last week and looking at 3D modelling of slums in Sampala. And this was done by Shari Kawate. Also in the idea with the notion of trying to build a model or a 3D model of the city, of this neighbourhood or the city, which could be useful for planning purposes. The basic approach for the elements here are sort of combined here in one little process. You have a drone image producing very detailed photographs automatically. You have buildings put in shapefiles which are coming from the city, so this is data produced automatically. This is one of the traditional building for print back of the city. Generating a contour shape file from there and then combining everything into a sort of 3D point cloud. You can try to use all of those classes by the images automatically to come up with 3D model representation of the city. There are various problems associated with those technical problems in the model generation. The experts locally said it's insufficient quality for the land property registration process. But they did acknowledge there was a potential for community collaboration, improving the community, communication with the community about problems in the area that are accuracy limitations. There's further improvement in the methodology and certainly possible and they are going to be explored in the future. For example, combining these aerial images with terrestrial images is another way to proceed to get the side effects of this. And to try to lead to methods for collaborative planning and upgrading which can make really exploits these digital images and digital models more effectively. A little reflection on some of the technical issues. We're increasingly aware that the technologies that are available because of their extreme resolution and the ability to produce massive amounts of data, a very personal nature, have potential for harm. So we are also, my colleague here, I'll say, the birther is not here today unfortunately and is working with others within a project funded by the Dutch Scientific Council called Do My Harm, which is not about urban areas as such but it's about looking at areas which are affected by disasters and how the use of technology, many technologies, post-disaster can have effects, unexpected effects and unwanted effects perhaps on the communities who have been mapped. So this research is sort of talking to the notion of having a more accountable German intelligence. It's important to think about what these impacts are. We're not just looking for the best, most efficient technical fix to a problem after delivery of humanitarian aid to a particular affected community but also have to do that in a humane way which is also going to protect their interests other than pure survival. So a few conclusions. What does geospatial technology constructs mean for the other than youngers? Well, yeah, it's hard to say if you come to a sort of fixed conclusion but it's clear that the developments are really fast. At the moment it's mind-boggling how fast the technology is going and in that respect there's probably, Mr. Schwab was right, the velocity to change in this world is extreme. I think the move certainly in the more wealthier countries from 2D to 3D and 4D geospatial data is inevitable. It's already there in some countries. For example, if I were to go to Kigali tomorrow and wanted to show that there are 2D visualizations on the city they would say, come on, I need to see something dynamic, I need to see 3D, 4D, I need to see flyers. They are already in the grasp of a doctor in arms. This 4D digital twin approach. It's driven by this combination of technology, complex problems and the other cases that seemingly demand 3D and 4D solutions. But that's not the case. There's no reason why you cannot tackle problems without going down this digital twin approach. It's a choice that you can make. I think it's naive also to think that the needs and interests and values of the most disadvantaged groups will automatically be considered by the more powerful agents who are working in the geospatial knowledge infrastructure. If you look at this, this is very much a neoliberal power play, you could say. The geospatial industry today is dominated by commercial interests and that's groups like Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Facebook, but also the more traditional mapping groups such as ESRI and others who work together with governments to promote a certain view of what information is needed to manage a particular city in an appropriate manner. I think we need advocacy from NGO and CEO groups to engage in more local, if not in the global geospatial knowledge development process and to ensure that reliable and credible representations of their interests and their localities are introduced in these models. If you do so, if you do engage, it's not without risk of course of being in the model, it's just the same as being on the map, it makes you visible, it gives you access to certain things that also entails risks because if you are in an important community that is being mapped it could mean that you are drawing attention from people who are interested to make use of the same location or so that you might end up being evicted. It's important also to be very critical about what is the geospatial knowledge infrastructure process means in the tradition of science and technology studies and to be concerned with the exclude for what is excluded as much as what is actually needed. So to be critical about this digital treatment, I guess the big question is is this geospatial knowledge infrastructure fit for purpose in terms of government? I can't answer that question. Time will tell. Taking us into this fascinating world of digital twins, and so I can imagine it has raised a simple interest and questions. Let's see, can I have a show of hands who would like to make comment, ask a question. Did you have your hand up there? Were there, there, we have questions. Thank you.