 Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayes Academy for the date 24th October 2019. These are the articles chosen for today's analysis. The page numbers for these articles in the different Hindu editions, namely Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi, Tiruvannapuram and Hyderabad editions is also given here. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping for the displayed articles is given in the description box below. And for the benefit of smartphone users, the time stamping is also given in the comment section. Along with this, the link for the answers of yesterday's practice questions in the PDF format is given in the description box and also in the comment section. And before starting our news analysis, one small announcement for our viewers. On the occasion of Diwali, there will be no Hindu News Analysis video till Monday. You can catch the next Hindu News Analysis on Tuesday. Now this news article discussion is based on the first ever survey that is to be conducted to estimate the population of snow leopards in India. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. Yesterday, that is 23rd October is the World Snow Leopard Day. On this occasion, the Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change has launched the first national protocol on snow leopard population assessment in India. This national level protocol is called as the Snow Leopard Population Assessment of India or in short SPAI. Now also yesterday and today, an international conference and steering committee meeting of the Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program is being held at New Delhi. Now let us see few information about this program. This program is an initiative of 12 snow leopard range countries in the world. These countries are Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. If you observe, all these 12 countries are in the Asian continent. Also, if you observe 5 members of South nations are in this initiative except Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Maldives. This initiative is the result of Global Snow Leopard Conservation Forum which took place in Bishkek which is the capital of Kyrgyz Republic. This conservation forum took place during World Snow Leopard Day in 2013. Now being a snow leopard range country, India is also a member in this program. Under this program, the 12 countries have agreed to work together to identify and secure at least 20 snow leopard landscapes across the geographical range of snow leopards and this has to be done within a period of 7 years that is by 2020. As a result, this target is also called as Secure 20 by 2020. Under this Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program, the governments of these 12 countries have jointly initiated an effort to conduct a population estimation. This is called as the population assessment of the world's snow leopards. This is shortly called as PAWS. That is PAWS. This PAWS is the Global Protocol and from these global efforts, we have evolved our national protocol called as the Snow Leopard Population Assessment of India or in short, SPAI. Now let us see the geographic range of these species in India. Snow leopards are found in the high altitude cold mountainous regions. They are found in the mountainous areas at elevations from 540 meter to even more than 5000 meter. In India, we can see snow leopard in six regions in the Himalayan region. They are Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. So the snow leopard is the flagship species of conservation in the Indian Himalayas. So what is a flagship species? A flagship species is a species that is selected to act as an ambassador or icon for a defined habitat. So as to campaign with respect to environmental cause. So the conservation of the flagship species improves the status of many other species which share the same habitat of the flagship species. Now one fact with respect to this snow leopard is that it is most active at dawn and dusk. Here dawn refers to the time in which there is first appearance of sunlight that is early in the morning. Simply we can say early morning and dusk refers to the time when sun sets in the evening. So simply we can say it refers to the time when daylight has almost gone but it is not completely dark. So these snow leopards are active at dawn and dusk. Now also know that the snow leopard is the apex predator of its ecosystems and therefore it sits at the top of the food web. Now the news article mentions that this assessment is going to be the first assessment of the animal that is snow leopard in the country. So far such an exercise was not carried out because of the difficult and inhospitable terrain in the Himalayan regions and it was also not carried out because of the reclusive nature of the animal. So what is this reclusive nature? This means they avoid the company of fellow animals or other animals. Like most of the species of cats these snow leopards are also solitary animals. They wish to be alone so it is very difficult and dangerous to visit its place of aloneness. So if it is difficult then how India will carry out its assessment. This assessment will be carried out by relying on technology tools such as camera traps. However other scientific surveys will also be used to estimate the population. Now let us see the status of the animal snow leopard. This snow leopard species is threatened with extinction. In India snow leopard is protected under schedule one of the wildlife protection act of 1972 and at the global level it is listed in appendix one of convention on international trade in endangered species that is sites. Then it is also listed in the appendix one of the convention on migratory species that is CMS. It is listed under convention on migratory species because snow leopards move to different altitudes along with the summer and winter migrations of their prey animals. So now coming to the status in the IUCN red list at present snow leopards are listed as vulnerable. Now remember that before 2017 snow leopards were listed in the endangered category. Now along with all these measures now apart from these conservation measures Indian government also launched a conservation measure to protect snow leopards. This measure was launched in January 2019. The conservation measure is named as project snow leopard which is to conserve the species. This project is currently implemented in six regions in India which are the geographical range of the species in our country. So with this we come to the end of this news article discussion. This news article is about the recent guidelines released by the union health ministry. The guidelines are for establishing peritoneal dialysis services under the Pradhan Mantri national dialysis program. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. Before discussing about peritoneal dialysis and Pradhan Mantri national dialysis program let us see some facts related to kidneys. The kidneys are among the most vital organs of the human body. The kidneys are located at the upper and back side of the abdomen they are located on either side of the spine. They are protected from damage by the lower ribs of the body. They have two important functions one is to flush out harmful and toxic waste products from the body and the other is to maintain balance of water fluids minerals and chemicals such as sodium and potassium etc in the body. So if there is a malfunction of the kidneys then it can lead to serious illness or sometimes even death. Now one condition that is associated with kidney is the chronic kidney disease or in short CKD. It is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. Chronic kidney disease is recognized as a health crisis globally because 10 percent of the world's population is affected by it and millions die each year because they do not have access to affordable treatment. Now with respect to India the proportion of chronic kidney disease patients eight to 17 percent of the total population. The number of cases of kidney failure is expected to increase disproportionately in developing countries such as India. This is especially due to the increase in non-communicable diseases risk. Now another condition with respect to kidney is the end stage kidney failure or in short ESKF. This end stage kidney failure is the most advanced stage of kidney failure when survival without some form of renal replacement therapy is not possible. Reinal replacement therapy includes kidney transplant or maintenance dialysis etc and about 10 to 20 percentage of those who are with chronic kidney disease are expected to develop end stage kidney failure. Now the commonly available treatment for kidney failure is dialysis. Dialysis is a treatment that filters and purifies the blood using a machine. This helps to keep the fluids and electrolytes in balance in the body when the kidneys cannot do their job. Now there are two main types of dialysis. One is hemodialysis and the other is peritoneal dialysis. Now when there is hemodialysis in short is known as HD it is also known as blood dialysis. In hemodialysis the blood is filtered through a machine that acts like a artificial kidney and then the blood is returned back into the body. Hemodialysis needs to be performed in a designated dialysis center and this hemodialysis is usually needed about three times per week for kidney failure patients and each episode takes about three to four hours to complete. Now coming to the peritoneal dialysis in short it is known as PD and peritoneal dialysis is also known as water dialysis. In peritoneal dialysis the blood is cleaned without being removed from the body. This happens with the help of the abdomen sac which is present in the body and this abdomen sac acts as a natural filter. So in the peritoneal dialysis a solution which is made up of salts and sugars is injected into the abdomen. This solution encourages filtration such that the waste is transferred from the blood to the solution. Now under this peritoneal dialysis there are two types one is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or in short CAPD and the other is automated peritoneal dialysis in short APD. Now when the CAPD needs to be done three to five times every day but it does not require a machine and APD uses an automated cycler machine. This machine performs three to five exchanges during the night while the patient is asleep and also close medical supervision is not required for most peritoneal dialysis cases. So peritoneal dialysis is the most feasible option for patients who may want to undergo dialysis in the home sitting. Now with this background in mind let us see the step taken by the government of India to tackle kidney failure. In 2016 the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched the Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Program or in short PMNDP. This was launched under the national health mission. We know that this national health mission encompasses two submissions one is national rural health mission and the other one is national urban health mission and the main components of national health mission includes health system strengthening then reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health and then communicable and non-communicable diseases. This national health mission envisages the achievement of universal access to equitable affordable and quality healthcare services that are accountable and responsive to people's needs and this NHM has been extended till March 2020. Now coming back to the Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Program it was rolled out for providing hemo dialysis services under public private partnership mode. This PMNDP envisaged the participation of private dialysis service providers in government hospitals as per the guidelines the private partner will provide medical human resource dialysis machine etc and the government will provide the space, drugs, power and water supply within the district hospitals. Now in this you should note that till now the Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Program only included hemo dialysis it did not include peritoneal dialysis but today's news is that the new guidelines also includes peritoneal dialysis under this program. So what are the advantages of peritoneal dialysis? Under peritoneal dialysis many costs are reduced such as the substantial costs for infrastructure such as hospitals then cost for maintenance and staffing is reduced then it also reduces the demand on the healthcare system and it offers patients autonomy because PD can be done in the home setting so the present move to include peritoneal dialysis is expected to improve the quality of life as well as it will be cost effective in the long run. It helps the patients to avoid the need to travel to and fro to district hospital for treatment because we saw that under peritoneal dialysis every day the dialysis has to be done 3 to 5 times then this move will also reduce the out of pocket expenditure of the patient because it offers dialysis services at home itself. Since the services are available within house the consistency of patients will also improve. Now the news article also states that the union health ministry has requested all states to include proposals for establishing peritoneal dialysis under their respective program implementation plans and this move is intended to benefit 2 lakh Indians who develop end stage kidney failure every year in India. The news article also states that children who are with kidney failure will also be benefited because until now children were disadvantaged due to the exclusion of peritoneal dialysis under Pradhan Mantri national dialysis program. The young children who are especially below the 5 years of age are often unsuitable for hemo dialysis. So that is why peritoneal dialysis is done for children and after the new guidelines now children can also undergo peritoneal dialysis at their home but adequate facilities at home and the support of parents or the caregivers are essential and the guidelines also envisage for providing training to community health workers or non-physician health workers so that they can provide support to persons for peritoneal dialysis at home or in primary healthcare settings. So that is all about this news article. Let us move on to the next news article discussion. This discussion is based on this editorial which talks about intermediaries. It talks about the proposed rules which are nothing but the intermediaries guidelines rules then it also talks about the threats of social media. It also raises important concerns with respect to the proposed requirement of the intermediaries to decrypt the end to end encrypted messages for the government whenever needed under certain circumstances. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. First let us deal with what the author calls as proposed rules for online intermediaries. These are the information technology intermediaries guidelines amendment rules of 2018. These rules have not yet come into force however according to the government it could be one of the important mechanisms that it aims to make enforceable by the January of next year to regulate the social and telecom media. These rules are for the intermediaries. So who are these intermediaries? The intermediaries are those with respect to any particular electronic records. An example for electronic record can be a WhatsApp message or a Facebook post. According to the information technology act of 2000 the term intermediary means any person who on behalf of another person receives stores or transmits the electronic record or provides any service with respect to such records. It also includes telecom service providers, network service providers, internet service providers, web hosting service providers, search engines, online payment sites, online auction sites, online market places and also cyber cafes. So obviously from this we can say that intermediaries include Facebook then WhatsApp because it is an internet service provider for instant messaging then even Google which is a search engine and also other telecom service providers. So now let us see some of the proposed rules. One of the proposed rule is that the intermediary shall observe and follow due diligence while discharging his duties. Due diligence means taking responsible steps to avoid the commission of an offense and one of the duties of the intermediary is to publish the rules and regulations, privacy policy and user agreement for the access or usage of the intermediary. These rules and regulations, privacy rules and user agreement shall inform the users not to host or display or upload, modify, publish, transmit, update or even share any information that belongs to another person or to which the user does not have any right. So this applies to the information that is grossly harmful harassing, blasphemous, defamatory, obscene, pornographic, pedophilic, libelous etc. In this blasphemous information means information that disrespects God or sacred things of our community and by pedophilic we mean pedophilic content. Pedophiles are those persons who have sexual interest in children. So those contents which show any sexual interest in children will not be allowed in the social media. Then libelous information means information that assassinates the good character of other person. So all these kinds of information will not be allowed in the social media and the telecom media. Along with this the rules shall inform the users not to upload or share the information that are invasive of privacy of another persons and they shall also not upload or share the information which contains any hateful information or the information which is having a content which is racially and ethnically objectionable. So any disparaging or derogatory content shall not be uploaded or shared or transmitted and the content relating to or encouraging money laundering or gambling or any other unlawful content shall not be displayed, uploaded, shared and transmitted by the users. Such information shall also should not violate any laws that are in force and the information that threatens critical information infrastructure shall also be covered in these policies so that legal actions may be taken. In this critical information infrastructure refers to the computer resource. These resources if they are weakened or destroyed then the actions shall have debilitating or weakening impact on national security, economy, public health or safety. So by having such rules and regulations privacy policies and user agreements the intermediaries are asked to observe due diligence in discharging their duties. Then another proposed rule is that the intermediary shall inform its users at least once every month that in case of non-compliance with rules and regulations, user agreement and privacy policy the intermediary has the right to immediately terminate the access or usage rights of the users to the computer resource of intermediary and the intermediary can also remove such non-compliant information also. Then another proposed rule is the intermediary shall provide information or assistance within 72 hours or 3 days of communication from the government. This is to enable the tracing of the originator of the information on the intermediaries platform and this will be done as required by the government agencies who are legally authorized to do so. Then one more important provision is if intermediary who has more than 50 lakh users in India or the intermediary is in the list of intermediaries that is specifically notified by the government of India then they shall be a company incorporated under the Companies Act of 1956 or the Companies Act of 2013. Along with this they should have a permanent registered office in India with physical address and more importantly they have to appoint a nodal person of contact and alternate senior designated functionary in India. Now this is for 24 into 7 coordination with the law enforcement agencies and offices so that the law enforcement agencies can ensure compliance to their orders or requests. So these are some of the important proposals of the governments for the intermediaries. Now the argument of the government is that much of hate speech, fake news and objectionable content originates in social media who are the intermediaries. Now once originated these unlawful contents are transmitted shared by numerous other users and sometimes even without going through the entire content people share the information and the content. So these are detrimental against individuals rights as social media is also used for stalking women and other genders by sending repeated messages or otherwise and they are also detrimental to the societal fabric of harmony and peace and then it can be used by the terrorists or rebels to wage terrorism or information warfare or to wage cyber warfare against the nation. Then in the online media there is also undesirable objectionable online content such as child pornography then other unregulated porn sites which may lure or attract children for wrong purpose or it may also lure adults into porn addiction etc. However now if you closely observe the things and terms that are proposed in the rules that we just discussed these provide ample loopholes and space for the law enforcement agencies to misuse them under the pressure of the political masters if such masters have malign or bad intention. The proposed rules can be even misused by the law enforcement agencies by themselves if they have a bad intention and mostly we don't hear any punishment for such misuse. So even a criticism against a policy or a criticism against any law of the government could be unlawful or objectional content according to some government authorities. So an affair can be registered and the individuals could be harassed for such things and all these amounts to increased surveillance or monitoring on the personal messages posts etc and this will be done by the state through appropriate mechanisms. So these may violate the right to privacy which is an implied fundamental right under article 21 of Indian constitution. Now this was held by the Supreme Court in one of its famous judgment in the Justice case Putta Swami versus Union of India and others case. In addition to these the measures will be complemented with provisions to arrest and prosecute those who have posted or shared or forwarded such objectional unlawful content. Now because of this the public may fear the harassment by the law enforcement agencies so as a result they may not speak anything about the policies or laws or directions and orders of the government in social media or in any other media by using telecom intermediaries. So from this we can clearly say that the rules will hamper right to freedom of speech and expression in our democracy which is again a fundamental right under article 19 of Indian constitution. Now you may have heard that at present Supreme Court is hearing various petitions regarding the web content regulation, intermediaries and other related matters. Therefore the author mentions that this is time of both opportunity and challenges. It is an opportunity because the principle of proportionality and legitimacy that was mentioned in the Putta Swami case can now be tested. Also in the Putta Swami case law the court stated that there shall be provisions for limiting the discretion of the state in interfering with privacy. Now this is under the principle of proportionality and legitimacy and under this principle the court stated four yardsticks for the actions of the government and the first yardstick is the action must be sanctioned by law and the second one is the proposed action must be necessary in a democratic society for a legitimate aid. Then the third yardstick is the extent of such interference must be proportionate to the needs for such interference which means when there is a need then only there should be interference. Then the fourth yardstick is there must be procedural guarantees against abuse of such interference. Now this fourth point means that there must be procedural guarantees against the misuse or abuse. This is an opportunity to see whether the government will impose severe punishment to its staffs in case they misuse the provisions with respect to privacy and the regulation of social media and its intermediaries. Now it is a challenge because there is a need to strike a balance between requiring access to the originators of encrypted content and respecting individual privacy. So this means while getting access to the encrypted content an individual's privacy must not be violated. Now with respect to this the author states that the appeals made by the government are vague with respect to security and sovereignty and the government also states that there is a crime prevention contingency or there is a contingency to prevent such crimes which are emanating from social media and telecom platforms. According to the author these are vague because the circumstances in which a person may be arrested and prosecuted are not narrowly defined which means the scope of such circumstances does not have any limit in the proposed guidelines and this can have a devastating effect on privacy of individuals. Such circumstances have to be limited because the state or the government should not have wider powers to arrest and prosecute its citizens for such matters. If you see the draft rules it states a content violating any law in force shall be subject to action by the intermediaries. Now this is not narrowly defined which means it is not specifically defined in the rules. So there should be mechanisms to identify when someone's account is hacked or used for publishing or used for hosting or sharing unlawful and objectionable content. When there is an absence of such mechanism any person can be easily wrongly framed in a case by a law enforcement agency even though she or he has not committed the act of hosting or sharing the information. So the author calls for a clear demarcation of the balance between national security and public interest versus the individual rights and this balance line between the public interest and individual rights should be thick and clear so that no one's privacy is violated and no one is harassed. With this we come to the end of this news article discussion. Moving on to the next news article discussion. This news article is about the level of participation of India in the non-aligned movement summit. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. The non-aligned movement was formed in 1961. After the second world war the world was largely a bipolar world till 1990s. Now in this USA and USSR were the two poles and we know that USSR is the union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is also known as Soviet Union. These two poles had exercised rivalry but the rivalry was short of a full fledged military conflict and this rivalry is what we call as Cold War. So both the nations sought for allies to support them so that they will defeat another and the winner will become unilateral superpower or the great power. But for other countries supporting them meant aligning the foreign policies to suit the interest of one of these two countries. Therefore since 1950s leaders from India, Egypt, then Yugoslavia, Indonesia and Ghana were having an alternative idea that is forming an alliance of states that did not wish to formally align either with the United States or with the Soviet Union. Hence these are the states that sought to remain independent or neutral. As a result of this in April 1955 an Asian African conference was held in Bandung in Indonesia. Now in this know that Bandung is the capital of Indonesia. Now in this conference around 29 heads of state from Asia and Africa participated. The aim was identifying and assessing world issues at the time and about pursuing joint policies in international relations. At the end of the conference 10 principles of Bandung were proclaimed by the participants. One of the 10 principles was recognition of the equality among all races and recognition of the equality among all nations both large and small. According to historians this Bandung Asian African conference is the most immediate antecedent or the kind of precursor to the creation of non-aligned movement. Therefore with the 10 principles of Bandung as the basis the non-aligned movement was established and it was launched at the first summit conference of Belgrade. This first summit conference was held from September 1st to 6th in the year 1961. This conference was attended by 25 countries including India and 29 countries joined this movement in 1961. Now it has grown to 120 members so at present the movement has 120 member states, 17 observer countries and 10 observer organizations. So the Bandung principles were adopted as the main goals and objectives of the non-alignment policy of the movement. One of the important criteria for the membership is that the participating country should not be a member of a multilateral military alliance that was concluded in the context of great power conflicts. If you see the theme of this year NAM summit is also upholding the Bandung principles to ensure concerted and adequate response to the challenges of contemporary world. So from this we can say that non-aligned movement or NAM is a movement and it is not an organization. It does not have a formal constitution or permanent secretariat and its administration is non-hierarchical and it is rotational. Now the next two years are important in the context of non-aligned movement. It is because 2020 will be celebrated as the 65th anniversary of Bandung principles and 2021 is the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the non-aligned movement. Now the present news is that the 18th NAM summit is to be held in Baku which is the capital of Azerbaijan. This summit will be held on 25th and 26th October that is tomorrow and day after tomorrow. Now earlier if you see the 17th summit was held in Margarita island of Venezuela. This summit was held in September 2016. Now in both the summits India has decided not to participate at the level of Prime Minister which means Prime Minister did not represent our country. Now this has raised eyebrows among the foreign policy experts as the non-participation at the level of Prime Minister symbolizes the lack of high level political commitment in the non-aligned movement from the Indian side. Now though India is a founding member of non-aligned movement in the upcoming summit the vice president of India will be leading the Indian delegation. Then the news article also mentions that India has participated in all the NAM summits at the level of Prime Minister except in 1979. In 1979 Mr. Chaudhary Charan Singh was serving as the caretaker Prime Minister. This was due to several local domestic politics and rivalry. However after 1979 India did not participate at the level of Prime Minister in the 2016 summit only and even this year India will participate in the same way. Now this has created speculations that whether India has started to align or take sides in international conflicts. However it is also said that it may not be possible for Indian Prime Minister to attend all multilateral events because there is a huge demand on his time and also this time vice president of our country will be leading the delegation. So therefore the non-participation of Prime Minister does not mean downgrading of India's representation at the NAM summit. Then the news article also mentions about the statements made by the Indian Minister of External Affairs at the NAM Ministerial Summit. At the summit he spoke about the importance of reforming international structures at a time when multilateralism is undoubtedly under strain. Now in this multilateralism refers to multiple countries that are being recognized in the international area and they should have an effective say on the global affairs or regional affairs. But if you see at present much of the global affairs are either being dictated by USA or by China or in some cases it is dictated by Russia. As a part of reforming international structures our Minister for External Affairs also called for the expansion of the United Nations Security Council. Then reforming international structures will also mean reforming the World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund and other international agencies that require correction and reformation. The Minister for External Affairs has also stated that the NAM members must resolve to fight terrorism collectively and across all fronts and he also advocated finalizing of the comprehensive convention on international terrorism in short CCIT. This CCIT was proposed by India in the year 1996. We will see about the CCIT in some other discussion so that's all about this news article discussion. This discussion is based on this article which is about the upcoming missions of PSLV. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. The news article states that the upcoming three missions of PSLV will carry 14 small foreign satellites. These three missions are PSLV C-47, C-48 and C-49 missions. So in this context let us first discuss about PSLVs. We know that PSLV is the acronym for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. A launch vehicle or a launcher is used to carry spacecraft to space. See India has two operational launchers. One is Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle that is PSLV and the other one is Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle that is GSLV. But today our discussion will be focused on PSLV only. This PSLV is third generation launch vehicle of India. It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages of fuel. The first mission of PSLV was in 1993 but it was not successful. The first successful launch of PSLV was in 1994 and after that PSLV emerged as a reliable launch vehicle. So from 1994 to 2017 period PSLV has launched 48 Indian satellites and 209 satellites for customers from abroad. Now you should remember that PSLV has successfully launched two Indian spacecrafts. One is Chandrayaan 1 in the year 2018 and the other is Mars Orbiter Mission in the year 2013. And also remember that Chandrayaan 2 was launched by GSLV Mach 3. So because of its successful missions and consistency PSLV has earned the title the workhorse of ISRO. So now let us see some of the other features of PSLV. PSLV is used for delivering satellites to low earth orbits. It is designed mainly to deliver the earth observation satellites or remote sensing satellites which has a lift off mass of up to 1,750 kilograms. It will deliver to sun synchronous orbits or polar orbits of 600 to 900 kilometer altitude. Now in this low earth orbit is an orbit around earth which is high enough to cross all the mountains and also which is high enough that the atmospheric drag will not disturb the satellites. This atmospheric drag is caused by the collision between gas molecules and the satellites. So this will not disturb the satellites. Most of the communication satellites are sent to this orbit due to good service and low cost. So what is polar orbit? Any satellite with an orbital path which is going over or near the poles maintains a polar orbit. Polar orbits are usually low earth orbits. Eventually earth's entire surface passes under a satellite in this polar orbit. A satellite in a polar orbit has a 90 degree inclination. This is the angle of the satellite in the orbit with respect to the equator. Now this sun synchronous orbit is a nearly polar orbit. A satellite in the sun synchronous orbit passes over any given point on earth's surface at the same time of a day. Now the satellites in the sun synchronous orbits use their inclination and altitude to get constant illumination from the sun. So now let us come back to the features of PSLV. PSLV is a four-staged launch vehicle. Its first and third stage uses solid rocket motors and the second and fourth stage uses liquid rocket engines. The most recent launch of PSLV was the PSLV C-46 mission which was launched in May 2019. It carried RISAT-2B which is a radar imaging earth observation satellite of ISRO. So now let us come back to the news article discussion. The news article says that 14 small spacecraft of four international customers will be accommodated as minor secondary passengers in the next three PSLV flights. According to the article ISRO will have one of its earth observation satellites as the larger primary payload on each of the three PSLVs. For example, Cartosat-3 of ISRO will be the main payload of PSLV C-47. So what is a payload? Payloads are nothing but the modules that are carried by the rockets or the launch vehicle. The payloads will carry out the assigned activities such as weather forecasting, reconnaissance etc. So now let us see the foreign customers and their payloads. One of the payload is the spacecraft mesh bed which will be carried by PSLV C-47. This payload belongs to analytical space international corporation which is in USA. This payload is aimed at providing an antenna technology that will enable faster access to satellite data including strategic communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. Now the next payload is from Japan. It is the IQPS payload. It will be carried by PSLV C-48. It is for testing a revolutionary 100 kilogram synthetic aperture radar micro-satellite for all weather and 24 into 7 earth observation. Then the next payload is from a Luxembourg based Cleo space which is launching a three Cleo's scouting mission satellites on the PSLV C-49. So these are the three new foreign customers of ISRO. One of the old customers is Spire Global. It is sending a four Lemur nanosatellites for earth and sea observation, then for weather and aviation and weather monitoring also. These foreign missions are arranged by spaceflight which is a US based space company that arranges flights for agencies that are seeking to put their spacecraft into orbits. So from this we can say that the continued success of ISRO and its workhorse PSLV is beneficial to us because it acts as a reliable and dependable launch vehicle not only for Indian satellites but also for the foreign satellites. So this helps to increase our profits and it will establish India as a leader in space research and technology. With this we come to the end of news article discussion sessions. Next the questions based on today's discussions is given here for your self-evaluation. Try to answer these questions after listening to the analysis and you can also post the answers in the comment section. From our side the answers for these questions will be given in the next Hindi news analysis video. So with this we come to the end of today's Hindi news analysis. If you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation and happy Diwali to all.